RESUMO
Two APPLE II undulators installed on the Diamond I10 beamline have all four magnet arrays shiftable and thus can generate linear polarization at any arbitrary angle from 0° to 180°, as well as all other states of elliptical polarization. To characterize the emitted radiation polarization state from one APPLE II undulator, the complete polarization measurement was performed using a multilayer-based soft X-ray polarimeter. The measurement results appear to show that the linear polarization angle offset is about 6° compared with other measurements at 712 eV, equivalent to an undulator jaw phase offset of 1.1 mm. In addition, the polarization states of various ellipticities have also been measured as a function of the undulator row phase.
RESUMO
We study fluctuations in the force at the boundary of a 2D granular flow. The forces are mainly impulsive at all flow rates. The probability distribution of impulses decays exponentially at large impulses, as do the forces in a static granular medium. At small impulses, the distribution evolves continuously with flow rate with no indication of the transition from collisional flow to intermittently jamming flows. However, the distribution of the time interval between collisions tends to a power law, P(tau) - tau(-3/2), showing a clear dynamical signature of the approach to jamming.