Effects of different strength training protocols on sarcopenia influencing parameters in older adults: a systematic review / Efeitos de diferentes protocolos de treinamento de força sobre parâmetros influenciadores da sarcopenia em idosos: uma revisão sistemática

INTRODUCTION: Sarcopenia is characterized by the reduction of skeletal muscle mass and its functionality. Several of the parameters that influence sarcopenia are modified by strength training. OBJECTIVE: To review the effects of different strength training protocols (frequency, duration, and intensity) on parameters that influence sarcopenia. METHODS: This is a systematic review of original, quantitative, observational studies, published between 2010 in 2020, in English, Spanish and Portuguese, and indexed in the SciELO, PubMed, and CAPES databases. The terms used search were: "muscle strenght" ("força muscular", "fuerza muscular"), "sarcopenia" ("sarcopenia"), "aging" ("envelhecimento", "envejecimiento"), "olders" ("idosos", "ancianos"), "strength training" ("treinamento de força/resistência", "entrenamiento de fuerza"). 215 articles were retrieved and 11 met the inclusion criteria, being included in the review. RESULTS: Among the 11 studies analyzed, it is observed that strength training applied in different protocols was efficient in improving parameters such as muscle mass and strength, body balance, and performance in diagnostic tests of sarcopenia. CONCLUSION: This review highlights the benefits of the practice of strength exercise in different protocols on parameters that influence the onset of sarcopenia in older adults. The exercise of strength is presented as an applicable, practical, and non-pharmacological means of preventing sarcopenia.

INTRODUÇÃO: A sarcopenia é considerada uma patologia caracterizada pela redução da massa muscular esquelética e da sua funcionalidade, sendo que vários dos parâmetros que influenciam sobre a sarcopenia sofrem interferência do treinamento de força. OBJETIVO: Revisar os efeitos dos diferentes protocolos de treinamento de força (frequência, duração e intensidade) sobre parâmetros influenciadores da sarcopenia. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática de estudos originais, quantitativos, observacionais, publicados entre 2010 a 2020, em inglês, espanhol e português, e indexados nas bases de dados SciELO, PubMed e periódico CAPES. Os descritores utilizados foram: "força muscular" ("muscle strenght", "fuerza muscular"), "sarcopenia" ("sarcopenia"), "envelhecimento" ("aging", "envejecimiento"), "idosos" ("olders, "ancianos"), "treinamento de força/resistência" ("strength training", "entrenamiento de fuerza"). Foram recuperados 215 artigos, entre eles 11 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, sendo incluídos na revisão. RESULTADOS: Dentre os 11 estudos analisados, observa-se que o treinamento de força aplicado em diferentes protocolos foi eficiente em aperfeiçoar parâmetros como massa e força musculares, equilíbrio corporal e desempenho em testes diagnósticos de sarcopenia. CONCLUSÃO: Esta revisão evidencia os benefícios da prática de exercício de força em diferentes protocolos sobre parâmetros que influenciam na instalação do quadro de sarcopenia em idosos. O exercício de força se apresenta como meio aplicável, prático e não farmacológico da prevenção de sarcopenia.

Baseline Diet Quality Is Related to Changes in the Body Composition and Inflammatory Markers: An Intervention Study Based on Resistance Training and Nutritional Advice.

Habitual food intake and physical activity can affect chronic low-grade inflammation, which is common in the elderly, because of changes in the immune system and body composition. Thus, the present study proposes an evaluation of the influence of past eating habits on the effects of an intervention of resistance training plus dietary advice on the inflammatory profile of the elderly. We conducted an intervention study with 40 elderly people. The Revised Diet Quality Index (HEI-R) and the dietary total antioxidant capacity (dTAC) were calculated before the intervention based on a food frequency questionnaire validated to the elderly population. Participants were categorized according to the median of HEI-R and dTAC to assess the influence of the habitual diet quality on anthropometry and inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-8, CCL-2, and leptin) before and after the intervention. The 19-week intervention provided a long-term progressive resistance training associated with dietary advice focused on foods rich in compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. There was a greater reduction in weight, body mass index (BMI), and body fat (%) in the group with the lowest HEI-R and a greater reduction in the body fat (%) in the group with the lowest dTAC, indicating that the group that had a worse diet quality before the intervention responded better to it. The index HEI-R correlated negatively with Δweight and ΔBMI. dTAC correlated positively with Δmonocyte 1 chemotactic protein (CCL-2) and ΔC-reactive protein (CRP). In this scenario, elderly persons with bad habits can benefit from interventions to lifestyle change, while the better diet quality including dietary antioxidant sources can be useful to control weight and inflammatory biomarkers in this population.

Resistance Training Associated with Dietetic Advice Reduces Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Elderly.

Aging is a biological process during which chronic low-grade inflammation is present due to changes in the immune system of the elderly. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of resistance training associated with dietary advice on chronic inflammation in the elderly. We conducted a prospective intervention study in which we evaluated anthropometric parameters and inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, IL-8, CCL-2, and leptin) in 40 elderly people before and after long-term progressive resistance training (19 weeks) associated with dietary advice. The participants trained twice a week on nonconsecutive days, and the training lasted one hour with an intensity of 60-85% of 1-MR. Dietary advice was explained in person and individually focusing on foods rich in compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Participants were instructed at the beginning of the training program, and dietary advice was reinforced verbally weekly. There was an improvement in body composition evidenced by a reduction in waist circumference and body fat percentage and by the increase in arm circumference, calf circumference, and corrected arm muscle area. In addition, there was a reduction in the inflammatory biomarkers CCL-2 (p = 0.01) and leptin (p < 0.01). Resistance training associated with dietary guidance can contribute to a healthy aging due to observed improvements in body composition and in the inflammatory profile of the elderly.