RESUMO
Tumors represent ecosystems where subclones compete during tumor growth. While extensively investigated, a comprehensive picture of the interplay of clonal lineages during dissemination is still lacking. Using patient-derived pancreatic cancer cells, we created orthotopically implanted clonal replica tumors to trace clonal dynamics of unperturbed tumor expansion and dissemination. This model revealed the multifaceted nature of tumor growth, with rapid changes in clonal fitness leading to continuous reshuffling of tumor architecture and alternating clonal dominance as a distinct feature of cancer growth. Regarding dissemination, a large fraction of tumor lineages could be found at secondary sites each having distinctive organ growth patterns as well as numerous undescribed behaviors such as abortive colonization. Paired analysis of primary and secondary sites revealed fitness as major contributor to dissemination. From the analysis of pro- and nonmetastatic isogenic subclones, we identified a transcriptomic signature able to identify metastatic cells in human tumors and predict patients' survival.
Assuntos
Ecossistema , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Humanos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , TranscriptomaRESUMO
Inflammation is a major risk factor for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). When occurring in the context of pancreatitis, KRAS mutations accelerate tumor development in mouse models. We report that long after its complete resolution, a transient inflammatory event primes pancreatic epithelial cells to subsequent transformation by oncogenic KRAS. Upon recovery from acute inflammation, pancreatic epithelial cells display an enduring adaptive response associated with sustained transcriptional and epigenetic reprogramming. Such adaptation enables the reactivation of acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) upon subsequent inflammatory events, thereby limiting tissue damage through a rapid decrease of zymogen production. We propose that because activating mutations of KRAS maintain an irreversible ADM, they may be beneficial and under strong positive selection in the context of recurrent pancreatitis.
Assuntos
Células Acinares/patologia , Carcinogênese , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Genes ras , Pâncreas/patologia , Pancreatite/fisiopatologia , Animais , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/imunologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/fisiopatologia , Transformação Celular Neoplásica , Células Cultivadas , Reprogramação Celular , Cromatina/metabolismo , Proteína 1 de Resposta de Crescimento Precoce/genética , Proteína 1 de Resposta de Crescimento Precoce/metabolismo , Precursores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Epigênese Genética , Células Epiteliais/patologia , Células Epiteliais/fisiologia , Feminino , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases , Masculino , Metaplasia , Camundongos , Mutação , Pâncreas/metabolismo , Pancreatite/genética , Pancreatite/imunologia , Esferoides Celulares , TranscriptomaRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Understanding the mechanisms by which tumors adapt to therapy is critical for developing effective combination therapeutic approaches to improve clinical outcomes for patients with cancer. METHODS: To identify promising and clinically actionable targets for managing colorectal cancer (CRC), we conducted a patient-centered functional genomics platform that includes approximately 200 genes and paired this with a high-throughput drug screen that includes 262 compounds in four patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) from patients with CRC. RESULTS: Both screening methods identified exportin 1 (XPO1) inhibitors as drivers of DNA damage-induced lethality in CRC. Molecular characterization of the cellular response to XPO1 inhibition uncovered an adaptive mechanism that limited the duration of response in TP53-mutated, but not in TP53-wild-type CRC models. Comprehensive proteomic and transcriptomic characterization revealed that the ATM/ATR-CHK1/2 axes were selectively engaged in TP53-mutant CRC cells upon XPO1 inhibitor treatment and that this response was required for adapting to therapy and escaping cell death. Administration of KPT-8602, an XPO1 inhibitor, followed by AZD-6738, an ATR inhibitor, resulted in dramatic antitumor effects and prolonged survival in TP53-mutant models of CRC. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings anticipate tremendous therapeutic benefit and support the further evaluation of XPO1 inhibitors, especially in combination with DNA damage checkpoint inhibitors, to elicit an enduring clinical response in patients with CRC harboring TP53 mutations.
Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Mutadas de Ataxia Telangiectasia/antagonistas & inibidores , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/tratamento farmacológico , Carioferinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Mutação , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/administração & dosagem , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Animais , Proteínas Mutadas de Ataxia Telangiectasia/metabolismo , Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Células HCT116 , Células HT29 , Humanos , Indóis/administração & dosagem , Carioferinas/metabolismo , Camundongos , Morfolinas/administração & dosagem , Piperazinas/administração & dosagem , Piridinas/administração & dosagem , Pirimidinas/administração & dosagem , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/metabolismo , Sulfonamidas/administração & dosagem , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Proteína Exportina 1RESUMO
Tumor functional heterogeneity has been recognized for decades, and technological advancements are fueling renewed interest in uncovering the cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence tumor development and therapeutic response. Intratumoral heterogeneity is now arguably one of the most-studied topics in tumor biology, leading to the discovery of new paradigms and reinterpretation of old ones, as we aim to understand the profound implications that genomic, epigenomic, and functional heterogeneity hold with regard to clinical outcomes. In spite of our improved understanding of the biological complexity of cancer, characterization of tumor metabolic heterogeneity has lagged behind, lost in a century-old controversy debating whether glycolysis or mitochondrial respiration is more influential. But is tumor metabolism really so simple? Here, we review historical and current views of intratumoral heterogeneity, with an emphasis on summarizing the emerging data that begin to illuminate just how vast the spectrum of metabolic strategies a tumor can employ may be, and what this means for how we might interpret other tumor characteristics, such as mutational landscape, contribution of microenvironmental influences, and treatment resistance.
RESUMO
Alterations in chromatin remodeling genes have been increasingly implicated in human oncogenesis. Specifically, the biallelic inactivation of the SWI/SNF subunit SMARCB1 results in the emergence of extremely aggressive pediatric malignancies. Here, we developed embryonic mosaic mouse models of malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRTs) that faithfully recapitulate the clinical-pathological features of the human disease. We demonstrated that SMARCB1-deficient malignancies exhibit dramatic activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER stress response via a genetically intact MYC-p19ARF-p53 axis. As a consequence, these tumors display an exquisite sensitivity to agents inducing proteotoxic stress and inhibition of the autophagic machinery. In conclusion, our findings provide a rationale for drug repositioning trials investigating combinations of agents targeting the UPR and autophagy in SMARCB1-deficient MRTs.
Assuntos
Autofagia , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático , Proteostase , Tumor Rabdoide/metabolismo , Proteína SMARCB1/deficiência , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/genética , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos da Linhagem 129 , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Inibidores de Proteassoma/farmacologia , Proteostase/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/metabolismo , Tumor Rabdoide/tratamento farmacológico , Tumor Rabdoide/genética , Tumor Rabdoide/patologia , Proteína SMARCB1/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/deficiência , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Resposta a Proteínas não DobradasRESUMO
Adaptive drug-resistance mechanisms allow human tumors to evade treatment through selection and expansion of treatment-resistant clones. Here, studying clonal evolution of tumor cells derived from human pancreatic tumors, we demonstrate that in vitro cultures and in vivo tumors are maintained by a common set of tumorigenic cells that can be used to establish clonal replica tumors (CRTs), large cohorts of animals bearing human tumors with identical clonal composition. Using CRTs to conduct quantitative assessments of adaptive responses to therapeutics, we uncovered a multitude of functionally heterogeneous subpopulations of cells with differential degrees of drug sensitivity. High-throughput isolation and deep characterization of unique clonal lineages showed genetic and transcriptomic diversity underlying functionally diverse subpopulations. Molecular annotation of gemcitabine-naive clonal lineages with distinct responses to treatment in the context of CRTs generated signatures that can predict the response to chemotherapy, representing a potential biomarker to stratify patients with pancreatic cancer.
Assuntos
Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Heterogeneidade Genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Transcriptoma , Idoso , Animais , Antimetabólitos Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Células Cultivadas , Evolução Clonal , Desoxicitidina/análogos & derivados , Desoxicitidina/farmacologia , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , GencitabinaRESUMO
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) catalyze the removal of acetyl molecules from histone and non-histone substrates playing important roles in chromatin remodeling and control of gene expression. Class I HDAC1 is a critical regulator of cell cycle progression, cellular proliferation and differentiation during development; it is also regulated by many post-translational modifications (PTMs). Herein we characterize a new mitosis-specific phosphorylation of HDAC1 driven by Aurora kinases A and B. We show that this phosphorylation affects HDAC1 enzymatic activity and it is critical for the maintenance of a proper proliferative and developmental plan in a complex organism. Notably, we find that Aurora-dependent phosphorylation of HDAC1 regulates histone acetylation by modulating the expression of genes directly involved in the developing zebrafish central nervous system. Our data represent a step towards the comprehension of HDAC1 regulation by its PTM code, with important implications in unravelling its roles both in physiology and pathology.
Assuntos
Aurora Quinases/metabolismo , Desenvolvimento Embrionário , Histona Desacetilase 1/metabolismo , Mitose , Peixe-Zebra/embriologia , Acetilação , Animais , Genes Reguladores , Histonas/metabolismo , FosforilaçãoRESUMO
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are modification enzymes that regulate a plethora of biological processes. HDAC1, a crucial epigenetic modifier, is deregulated in cancer and subjected to a variety of post-translational modifications. Here, we describe the generation of a new monoclonal antibody that specifically recognizes a novel highly dynamic prophase phosphorylation of serine 406-HDAC1, providing a powerful tool for detecting early mitotic cells.