Axillary ectopic breast tissue in the adolescent.

AIM: Ectopic breast tissue (EBT) includes a spectrum of disease that entails other entities based on the presence of glandular tissue, nipple, or areola. The diagnosis in adolescents is infrequent. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed including girls with axillary EBT (class IV or V of Kajava's Classification) operated in 2006-2020. Imagining studies, clinical and surgical reports, and histopathology were reviewed. RESULTS: Eleven girls from 13 to 16 years old were included. Two patients (18.2%) presented bilateral EBT. The most frequent clinical manifestation was 2-5 cm mass (100%), associating cyclic pain with menstruation (45%) and fluctuating volume (36%). Bilateral axillary ultrasonography allowed preoperative diagnosis. All of them were treated by open excision, through small incisions located in an axillary y fold. Clinical and aesthetic results were self-assessed as "very good", with normalization of the axillary y hollow and imperceptible scars. No recurrences were observed after one year of follow-up. An immediate postoperative hematoma was reported, which did not require drainage. Histopathology showed mature breast tissue without atypia. CONCLUSIONS: Axillary accessory breasts must be included in differential diagnosis of pediatric axillary masses. Bilateral ultrasonography is recommended for the preoperative diagnosis. Excision through minimal incision at this age seems to be safe and effective.

Esthetic subunit approach in massive facial plexiform neurofibroma: a case report. / Abordaje por subunidades estéticas en el neurofibroma plexiforme facial masivo: a propósito de un caso.

Plexiform neurofibroma is a presentation of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) which can cause great facial deformities. Treatment rarely has a healing effect, so the surgical approach is aimed at improving esthetics and function. It requires a cross-disciplinary approach and typically needs multi-stage surgery. This is the case of a 16-year-old male patient with NF1 presenting with left periorbital and malar facial plexiform neurofibroma with slow-growth intraconal and extraconal invasion. He presented at the plastic surgery consultation for facial soft tissue deformity correction. Removal was performed using an esthetic subunit approach, with canthopexy and orbital cavity reconstruction, resulting in facial region symmetrization. This allowed for remarkable esthetic and functional improvement, facilitating ocular prosthesis adaptation. The subsequent use of selumetinib allowed the lesion to be stabilized.

Los neurofibromas plexiformes son una forma de presentación de la neurofibromatosis tipo 1 (NF1) que pueden originar grandes deformaciones faciales. El tratamiento de estas tumoraciones casi nunca es curativo, el abordaje quirúrgico tiene por objetivo mejorar la estética y la función. Requiere un abordaje multidisciplinar y suele necesitar cirugía por etapas. Se presenta el caso de un paciente varón con NF1 que presenta un neurofibroma plexiforme facial periorbitario y malar izquierdo con invasión intra y extraconal de crecimiento lento. Acude con 16 años a la consulta de cirugía plástica para corrección de las deformidades faciales de partes blandas. Se realiza exéresis mediante abordaje por subunidades estéticas, realizando cantopexia y reconstrucción de la cavidad orbitaria, resultando en una simetrización de la región facial. Con ello se obtiene una notable mejoría estética y funcional, facilitando la adaptación de la prótesis ocular. El uso posterior de selumetinib ha permitido estabilizar la lesión.

Pediatric tumors of the buccal fat pad: lipoma and hemangioma.

Background: The buccal fat pad (BFP) has prompted numerous publications in anatomy, reconstructive and aesthetic surgery over the years; however, description of surgical treatment of pathologic conditions affecting this space is rare, especially in children. An extensive search of the English literature retrieved only five lipomas and one hemangioma in this age group.Methods: The authors report on two of these exceptional pediatric tumors of the BFP: one lipoma and one hemangioma referred to the outpatient clinic for diagnosis and treatment.Results: Both children had a similar clinical presentation and a characteristic MR image. The two lesions were excised through an intraoral approach, which proved to be a fast, safe and effective technique.Conclusions: Being extremely rare, tumors of the BFP in children have an indicative clinical presentation and radiologic image. A detailed intraoral approach is described and proposed as effective and safe surgical treatment.

Endotracheal intubation through laryngeal Ambu® Auragain™ mask airway mask in paediatric patients affected by congenital infiltrating lipomatosis. / Intubación orotraqueal a través de mascarilla laríngea Ambu® Auragain™ en paciente pediátrico con lipomatosis infiltrante congénita.

Congenital defects that affect paediatric airway could lead to several difficulties for effective ventilation, intubation, or even both, increasing the risk of hypoxaemia. It is essential for the paediatric anaesthesiologist to have accurate knowledge of the anatomy of patient́s airway, as well as judicious preoperative planning. Increasingly, more devices have been designed for the control of difficult airway in the paediatric patient. This case report describes the application of a third-generation laryngeal mask (- Ambu® Auragain ™) for endotracheal intubation of a child with anticipated difficult airway, secondary to congenital diffuse infiltrating facial lipomatosis.

[Fibrous hamartoma in childhood. A case description of large size and review of the literature]. / Hamartoma fibroso de la infancia. Descripción de un caso de gran tamaño y revisión de la literatura.

INTRODUCTION: Fibrous hamartoma of infancy is a rare soft tissue tumour that usually appears before 2 years of age, typically in the upper extremities of male infants. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 2 year old boy with a large and rapidly growing tumour in the upper extremity. COMMENTS: We describe the case, its differential diagnosis and the immunhistological characteristics, and we discuss the non-aggressive surgical treatment, based on the benign behaviour of this tumour.

INTRODUCCION: El hamartoma fibroso de la infancia es un raro tumor de partes blandas, que aparece antes de los 2 años de edad, típicamente en varones, en las extremidades superiores. CASO CLINICO: Presentamos el caso de un niño de 2 años con una gran masa de crecimiento rápido en miembro superior. COMENTARIOS: Se realiza descripción del caso, del diagnóstico diferencial y de sus características inmunohistológicas y se discute el tratamiento quirúrgico no agresivo, basado en el comportamiento benigno del tumor.

[Isolated bilateral macrostomia: case report and literature review]. / Macrostomía bilateral aislada: a propósito de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

INTRODUCTION: The macrostomia is a facial abnormality also called transverse facial cleft or Tessier cleft number 7. Macrostomia is a rare condition with an incidence from 1/80,000 to 1/300,000 live births. The left commisure is more commonly affected. Bilateral macrostomia is extremely rare, with only 10 to 20% of all cases of macrostomia, and 50% of bilateral cases are associated with different syndromes. To date just over 20 cases of isolated bilateral macrostomia have been described in the literature. CLINICAL OBSERVATION: We report the case of a patient with isolated bilateral macrostomia solved by surgery and with good aesthetic and functional results. COMMENTS: The treatment of bilateral macrostomia is surgical and should be done early. Although there are many techniques, the key is to recreate a new and correct commisure through a good reorientation of the orbicularis oris.

INTRODUCCION: La macrostomía es una anomalía facial denominada también fisura facial transversa o fisura tipo 7 de Tessier. Su aparición es muy rara, con una incidencia estimada de 1/80.000 a 1/300.000 nacidos vivos, siendo la forma unilateral izquierda la más frecuente. La macrostomía bilateral es extremadamente infrecuente, con solo 10 a 20% de todos los casos de macrostomía, y de estos el 50% se asocian a diferentes síndromes. Hasta la fecha solo se han descrito en la literatura poco más de 20 casos de macrostomía bilateral aislada. OBSERVACION CLINICA: Presentamos el caso de una paciente con macrostomía bilateral aislada resuelto mediante intervención quirúrgica y con buen resultado estético y funcional. COMENTARIOS: El tratamiento de la macrostomía bilateral es quirúrgico y debe realizarse precozmente. Aunque existen muchas técnicas, lo fundamental es recrear una nueva y correcta comisura a través de una buena reorientación del músculo orbicular de los labios.

[Preaxial polydactyly of the hand: 15 years of experience]. / Polidactilia preaxial de la mano: experiencia de 15 años.

INTRODUCTION: Preaxial polydactyly is one of the most common congenital malformations of the hand. The treatment is surgical and should be done early, between 6 and 12 months old. The purpose of this paper is to review our experience in terms of casuistry, treatment and functional and aesthetic results of duplicity of thumb, since 2000 until today. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of patients with diagnosis of preaxial polydactyly from 2000 to january 2016 was performed. RESULTS: Thirty patients with duplicity of thumb and thirty one bifid thumbs were diagnosed. No difference was found in terms of gender. The right hand was the most affected. Wassel type IV was the most common, followed by type II. Age at time of surgery had a median and mode of 12 months. All were treated surgically, using the model of preservation of the dominant thumb in 97% of the cases. According to Tada system, our postoperative results were good in 26 cases (83.8%). Our most frequent complication was slight radial clinodactyly, which was found in 5 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Preaxial polydactyly of the hand is one of the most common congenital malformations. It is usually unilateral and without gender predominance. Surgical treatment provides good results. The most common technique for reconstruction is the model of preservation of the dominant thumb. Clinodactyly is the most common complication after surgery, however its presence is more aesthetic than a functional problem.

INTRODUCCION: La polidactilia preaxial es una de las malformaciones congénitas más frecuentes de la mano. El tratamiento es quirúrgico y debe realizarse precozmente entre los 6 y 12 meses de edad. El propósito de este trabajo es revisar nuestra experiencia, en cuanto a casuística, tratamiento y resultados funcionales y estéticos de duplicidad de pulgar, desde el año 2000 hasta la actualidad. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes con el diagnóstico de polidactilia preaxial en el periodo de 2000 a enero de 2016. RESULTADOS: Se diagnosticaron 30 pacientes de duplicidad de pulgar y 31 pulgares bífidos. Sin diferencia en cuanto al sexo. La mano más afectada fue la derecha con 22 casos. El tipo IV de Wassel fue el más frecuente, seguido del tipo II. La edad en el momento de la cirugía tuvo una mediana y moda de 12 meses. Todos fueron tratados quirúrgicamente, el 97% siguiendo el modelo de conservación de pulgar dominante. De acuerdo al sistema publicado por Tada, nuestros resultados postoperatorios fueron buenos en 26 casos (83,8%). Nuestra complicación más frecuente fue la clinodactilia radial leve, que se encontró en 5 casos. CONCLUSIONES: La polidactilia preaxial de la mano es una de las malformaciones congénitas más frecuentes. Suele ser unilateral y sin predominio de sexo. El tratamiento quirúrgico ofrece buenos resultados. La técnica más fomentada para la reconstrucción es el modelo de conservación de pulgar dominante. La clinodactilia es la complicación más frecuente post-cirugía, no obstante su presencia es más un problema estético que funcional.

[Periorbital lymphatic malformations: Report of two cases]. / Malformaciones linfáticas periorbitarias: A propósito de 2 casos.

INTRODUCTION: Periorbital lymphatic malformations are a rare entity in which diagnosis and treatment could be a challenge for surgeons. Management may be conservative, or they can be treated by sclerotherapy, surgery or combination of both. CLINICAL OBSERVATION: We present two cases of periorbital lymphatic malformations treated by sclerotherapy (OK-432 or bleomycin) and surgery in which we achieve good results with minimum morbidity. COMMENTS: Surgery combined with sclerotherapy is a good option of treatment for periorbital lymphatic malformations because surgery can be more conservative and therefore, sequelae are lower.

INTRODUCCION: Las malformaciones linfáticas periorbitarias son una entidad poco frecuente cuyo diagnóstico y tratamiento puede suponer un reto para el cirujano. El manejo puede ser conservador, o pueden tratarse mediante escleroterapia, cirugía o combinación de ambas. IBSERVACION CLINICA: Presentamos dos casos de malformaciones linfáticas periorbitarias tratadas mediante escleroterapia (con OK-432 o bleomicina) y cirugía con buenos resultados y mínima morbilidad. COMENTARIOS: La combinación de cirugía y escleroterapia es una buena opción de tratamiento de las malformaciones linfáticas periorbitarias; ya que nos permite ser más conservadores en la exéresis de las mismas y, por ello, las secuelas son menores.

Single-stage reconstruction of flexor tendons with vascularized tendon transfers.

The reconstruction of finger flexor tendons with vascularized flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) tendon grafts (flaps) based on the ulnar vessels as a single stage is not a popular technique. We reviewed 40 flexor tendon reconstructions (four flexor pollicis longus and 36 finger flexors) with vascularized FDS tendon grafts in 38 consecutive patients. The donor tendons were transferred based on the ulnar vessels as a single-stage procedure (37 pedicled flaps, three free flaps). Four patients required composite tendon and skin island transfer. Minimum follow-up was 12 months, and functional results were evaluated using a total active range of motion score. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the factors that could be associated with the postoperative total active range of motion. The average postoperative total active range of motion (excluding the thumbs) was 178.05° (SD 50°). The total active range of motion was significantly lower for patients who were reconstructed with free flaps and for those who required composite tendon and skin island flap. Age, right or left hand, donor/motor tendon and pulley reconstruction had no linear effect on total active range of motion. Overall results were comparable with a published series on staged tendon grafting but with a lower complication rate. Vascularized pedicled tendon grafts/flaps are useful in the reconstruction of defects of finger flexor tendons in a single stage, although its role in the reconstructive armamentarium remains to be clearly established.