RESUMO
Polysaccharide from Phellinus igniarius (PPI) is known for its immune-regulating effect with low toxicity. Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) is important in both innate and adaptive immune responses and considered to be a promising target for new immune adjuvants. In this study, PPI was investigated for its effect on activating TLR4 in RAW264.7 and peritoneal macrophages. The adjuvant potential of PPI was evaluated in OVA-immunized mice. The results showed PPI treatment significantly increased the secretion and the mRNA expression of both MyD88 dependent and TRIF dependent cytokines. IRAK-1, a key molecule on the downstream of MyD88, was polyubiquitinated while IRF-3, another key molecule on the downstream of TRIF, was phosphorylated obviously after the treatment of PPI. The phosphorylation of molecules involved in both NF-κB pathway and MAPK pathway were significantly up-regulated after PPI treatment. In addition, the effects of PPI on the macrophages almost completely disappeared after treating the cells with the TLR4 antagonist TAK-242. Further in vivo results showed PPI significantly increased the serum OVA-specific antibody and the OVA-specific spleen cell proliferation. Taken together, PPI can specifically stimulate TLR4 and activate both MyD88 and TRIF pathways. PPI has immune adjuvant activity and may become a new potential immune adjuvant.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Basidiomycota/metabolismo , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transporte Vesicular/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Fator Regulador 3 de Interferon/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Células RAW 264.7 , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
AIM: To determine the mode of action of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) extracted from wine-processed Fructus corni on hepatoprotective activities, the effects of 5-HMF on H(2)O(2)-induced human L02 hepatocytes injury was examined. MTHODS: Hepatocytes L02 injured by H(2)O(2) was treated by 5-HMF. The morphological changes of the cells were observed under inverted phase-contrast, fluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy and the activities of caspase-9 and caspase-3 were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent detector. RESULTS: It revealed that 5-HMF improved the morphology of H(2)O(2)-treated human L02 hepatocytes, and also inhibited the level of caspase-9 and caspase-3 of them. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested a morphological hepatocyte protective effect and the anti-apoptosis mechanism by 5-HMF.