RESUMO
The marine environment is the largest ecological habitat on Earth, albeit one of the least explored, particularly in terms of its microbial inhabitants. The marine fish gut is host to a diverse microbial community from which diverse bioactive molecules can be sourced. Due to the unique environmental pressures these microbial communities experience, the bioactive molecules they produce often evolve unique adaptations that give them diverse structures and activities, differentiating them from terrestrial homologues. Of particular interest, due to their structural and functional diversity, are the ribosomally-synthesized antimicrobial peptides (bacteriocins). With increasing pressure from emerging antibiotic-resistant disease and industrial demand for novel therapeutics, the marine fish gut microbiome represents a relatively untapped resource of novel bacteriocins that could prove beneficial to human health and aquaculture. This review presents an overview of the marine fish gut microbiome and explores its potential as a source of bacteriocins for human health with considerations for applications and future research in this area.
RESUMO
A novel bacterial strain, APC 4016T, was previously isolated from the skin of a snub-nosed spiny eel, Notacanthus chemnitzii, from a depth of 1000 m in the northern Atlantic Ocean. Cells were aerobic, cocci, motile, Gram-positive to Gram-variable staining, and gave rise to orange-pigmented colonies. Growth occurred at 4-40â°C (optimum, 25-28â°C), pH 5.5-12 (optimum, pH 7-7.5), and 0-12â% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1â%). 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis confirmed that strain APC 4016T belonged to the genus Planococcus and was most closely related to Planococcus okeanokoites IFO 12536T (98.98â% 16S similarity). However, digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between these two strains were low, at 20.1 and 83.8â%, respectively. Major (>10â%) cellular fatty acids of strain APC 4016T were iso-C14â:â0, anteiso-C15â:â0 and C16â:â1-ω-Alc. The predominant respiratory quinones were menaquinones 5, 6, 7 and 8. The major cellular polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine, and three unknown lipids were also present. The draft genome sequence is 3.6 Mb with a G+C content of 45.25 mol%. This strain was previously shown to have antimicrobial activity and to encode bacteriocin and secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. Based on the phylogenetic analysis and its distinct phenotypic characteristics, strain APC 4016T is deemed to represent a novel species of the genus Planococcus, and for which the name Planococcus notacanthi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of this species is APC 4016T (=DSM 115753T=NCIMB 15463T).
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos , Planococcus (Bactéria) , Animais , Ácidos Graxos/química , Fosfolipídeos/química , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Composição de Bases , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Enguias/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to describe the emergency department (ED) visit chief complaints and discharge diagnoses of patients with an opioid use disorder (OUD) empaneled to a primary care clinic. DESIGN: ED visits were retrospectively reviewed through electronic health records. Patients with a history of using multiple substances and medical or psychiatric conditions were compared to those without these conditions. SETTING: This study was conducted at Harbor-UCLA ED, a safety-net level one trauma center. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: Eligible participants were empaneled to the Harbor-UCLA Family Health Center with a diagnosis of OUD between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2020. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measures included number of ED visits, hospital admissions, chief complaints, and discharge diagnoses. RESULTS: The total number of patients was 59. The most common chief complaints were musculoskeletal (34 percent), gastrointestinal (18 percent), general (13 percent), and skin (8.6 percent). The most common discharge diagnoses were musculoskeletal (27 percent), gastrointestinal (20 percent), infectious (11 percent), substance use disorder related (11 percent), psychiatric (7 percent), and cardiovascular (7 percent). Co-occurring alcohol use was associated with a higher number of visits, 3.18 versus 1.15 (p = 0.021), and a higher percentage of patients with frequent visits, 46 percent versus 8 percent (p = 0.008). Patients with diabetes had more frequent visits, 40 percent versus 10 percent (p = 0.036), and were more likely to be admitted, 43 percent versus 15 percent (p = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the importance of screening and the management of alcohol use and diabetes among patients with OUD.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Provedores de Redes de Segurança , Analgésicos Opioides , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/diagnóstico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/terapiaRESUMO
A novel bacterial strain, APC 3343T, was isolated from the intestine of a deep-sea loosejaw dragon fish, Malacosteus niger, caught at a depth of 1000 m in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Cells were aerobic, rod-shaped, yellow/orange-pigmented, non-motile and Gram-negative. Growth of strain APC 3343T was observed at 4-30â°C (optimum, 21-25â°C), pH 5.5-10 (optimum, pH 7-8) and 0.5-8â% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2-4â%). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain APC 3343T was most closely related to members of the genus Winogradskyella, with the most closely related type strains being Winogradskyella algae Kr9-9T (98.46â% identity), Winogradskyella damuponensis F081-2T (98.07â%), Winogradskyella eximia CECT 7946T (97.93â%), Winogradskyella litoriviva KMM 6491T (97.79â%) and Winogradskyella endarachnes HL2-2T (97.79â%). Major fatty acids (>10â% of total) were iso-C16â:â0 3-OH, iso-C15â:â0, anteiso-C15â:â0 and iso-C17â:â0 3-OH. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6 (MK-6). Polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, three unknown aminolipids and eight unknown lipids. The draft genome sequence was 3.8 Mb in length with a G+C content of 33.43 mol%. Based on the phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, strain APC 3343T is deemed to be a novel species of the genus Winogradskyella, and for which the name Winogradskyella bathintestinalis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of this species is APC 3343T (=DSM 115832T=NCIMB 15464T).
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos , Perciformes , Animais , Níger , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Composição de Bases , Ácidos Graxos/química , Análise de Sequência de DNA , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Peixes , IntestinosRESUMO
With the increase in antimicrobial resistance and the subsequent demand for novel therapeutics, the deep-sea fish microbiome can be a relatively untapped source of antimicrobials, including bacteriocins. Previously, bacterial isolates were recovered from the gut of deep-sea fish sampled from the Atlantic Ocean.In this study, we used in vitro methods to screen a subset of these isolates for antimicrobial activity, and subsequently mined genomic DNA from isolates of interest for bacteriocin and other antimicrobial metabolite genes. We observed antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis and Micrococcus luteus. In total, 147 candidate biosynthetic gene clusters were identified in the genomic sequences, including 35 bacteriocin/RiPP-like clusters. Other bioactive metabolite genes detected included non-ribosomal peptide synthases (NRPS), polyketide synthases (PKS; Types 1 and 3), beta-lactones and terpenes. Moreover, four unique bacteriocin gene clusters were annotated and shown to encode novel peptides: a class IIc bacteriocin, two class IId bacteriocins and a class I lanthipeptide (LanM subgroup). Our dual in vitro and in silico approach allowed for a more comprehensive understanding of the bacteriocinogenic potential of these deep-sea isolates and an insight into the antimicrobial molecules that they may produce.