Enhanced Light-Harvesting and Energy Transfer in Carbon Dots Embedded Thylakoids for Photonic Hybrid Capacitor Applications.

Nanohybrid photosystems have advantages in converting solar energy into electricity, while natural photosystems based solar-powered energy-storage device is still under developed. Here, we fabricate a new kind of photo-rechargeable zinc-ion hybrid capacitor (ZHC) benefiting from light-harvesting carbon dots (CDs) and natural thylakoids for realizing solar energy harvesting and storage simultaneously. Under solar light irradiation, the embedded CDs in thylakoids (CDs/Thy) can convert the less absorbed green light into highly absorbed red light for thylakoids, besides, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between CDs and Thy also occurs, which facilitates the photoelectrons generation during thylakoids photosynthesis, thereby resulting in 6-fold photocurrent output in CDs/Thy hybrid photosystem, compared to pristine thylakoids. Using CDs/Thy as the photocathode in ZHCs, the photonic hybrid capacitor shows photoelectric conversion and storage features. CDs can improve the photo-charging voltage response of ZHCs to ≈1.2 V with a remarkable capacitance enhancement of 144 % under solar light. This study provides a promising strategy for designing plant-based photonic and electric device for solar energy harvesting and storage.

Inverse Optimal Adaptive Neural Control for State-Constrained Nonlinear Systems.

Optimizing a performance objective during control operation while also ensuring constraint satisfactions at all times is important in practical applications. Existing works on solving this problem usually require a complicated and time-consuming learning procedure by employing neural networks, and the results are only applicable for simple or time-invariant constraints. In this work, these restrictions are removed by a newly proposed adaptive neural inverse approach. In our approach, a new universal barrier function, which is able to handle various dynamic constraints in a unified manner, is proposed to transform the constrained system into an equivalent one with no constraint. Based on this transformation, a switched-type auxiliary controller and a modified criterion for inverse optimal stabilization are proposed to design an adaptive neural inverse optimal controller. It is proven that optimal performance is achieved with a computationally attractive learning mechanism, and all the constraints are never violated. Besides, improved transient performance is obtained in the sense that the bound of the tracking error could be explicitly designed by users. An illustrative example verifies the proposed methods.

Decentralized Adaptive Neural Inverse Optimal Control of Nonlinear Interconnected Systems.

Existing methods on decentralized optimal control of continuous-time nonlinear interconnected systems require a complicated and time-consuming iteration on finding the solution of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations. In order to overcome this limitation, in this article, a decentralized adaptive neural inverse approach is proposed, which ensures the optimized performance but avoids solving HJB equations. Specifically, a new criterion of inverse optimal practical stabilization is proposed, based on which a new direct adaptive neural strategy and a modified tuning functions method are proposed to design a decentralized inverse optimal controller. It is proven that all the closed-loop signals are bounded and the goal of inverse optimality with respect to the cost functional is achieved. Illustrative examples validate the performance of the methods presented.

Resilient Adaptive Neural Control for Uncertain Nonlinear Systems With Infinite Number of Time-Varying Actuator Failures.

Existing studies on adaptive fault-tolerant control for uncertain nonlinear systems with actuator failures are restricted to a common result that only system stability is established. Such a result of not being asymptotically stable is a tradeoff paid for reducing the number of online learning parameters. In this article, we aim to obviate such restrictions and improve the bounded error control to asymptotic control. Toward this end, a resilient adaptive neural control scheme is newly proposed based on a new design of the Lyapunov function candidates, a projection-associated tuning functions method, and an alternative class of smooth functions. It is proved that the system stability is guaranteed for the case of an infinite number of failures and when the number of failures is finite, asymptotic tracking performance can be automatically recovered, and besides, an explicit bound for the tracking error in terms of L2 norm is established. Illustrative examples demonstrate the methods developed.

Adaptive Consensus Tracking Control of Uncertain Nonlinear Multiagent Systems With Predefined Accuracy.

In this article, we consider the leader-follower consensus control problem of uncertain multiagent systems, aiming to achieve the improvement of system steady state and transient performance. To this end, a new adaptive neural control approach is proposed with a novel design of the Lyapunov function, which is generated with a class of positive functions. Guided by this idea, a series of smooth functions is incorporated into backstepping design and Lyapunov analysis to develop a performance-oriented controller. It is proved that the proposed controller achieves a perfect asymptotic consensus performance and a tunable L2 transient performance of synchronization errors, whereas most existing results can only ensure the stability. Simulation demonstrates the obtained results.

Event-Triggered Neural Control of Nonlinear Systems With Rate-Dependent Hysteresis Input Based on a New Filter.

In controlling nonlinear uncertain systems, compensating for rate-dependent hysteresis nonlinearity is an important, yet challenging problem in adaptive control. In fact, it can be illustrated through simulation examples that instability is observed when existing control methods in canceling hysteresis nonlinearities are applied to the networked control systems (NCSs). One control difficulty that obstructs these methods is the design conflict between the quantized networked control signal and the rate-dependent hysteresis characteristics. So far, there is still no solution to this problem. In this paper, we consider the event-triggered control for NCSs subject to actuator rate-dependent hysteresis and failures. A new second-order filter is proposed to overcome the design conflict and used for control design. With the incorporation of the filter, a novel adaptive control strategy is developed from a neural network technique and a modified backstepping recursive design. It is proved that all the control signals are semiglobally uniformly ultimately bounded and the tracking error will converge to a tunable residual around zero.

[Effects of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation on quality of recovery during early period after laparoscopic cholecystectomy].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) on the quality of recovery during the early period after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and the dosage of anesthetic and analgesic. METHODS: One hundred patients who received laparoscopic cholecystectomy with gradeⅠand Ⅱ of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) criteria were randomly assigned into an observation group and a control group according to random number table, 50 cases in each group. The patients in the two groups were treated with conventional endotracheal intubation anesthesia, anesthesia induction and maintenance. The patients in the observation group were treated with TEAS (2 Hz/100 Hz, 8 to 12 mA) at bilateral Hegu (LI 4) and Neiguan (PC 6), as well as Zusanli (ST 36) and the non-acupoint 2 cun outboard from Zusanli (ST 36) from 30 min before anesthesia induction to the end of operation. The patients in the control group were applied by stimulation electrode in the corresponding points without electrical stimulation. The dosage of intraoperative remifentanil and the analgesic dosage of dezocine for postoperation were recorded. The recovery time, extubation time, the changes of heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) during extubation were recorded. The quality of recovery was assessed by the quality of recovery-40 questionnaire (QoR-40) 1 day before surgery (T0)，and 4 h (T1), 8 h (T2), 24 h (T3), 48 h (T4) after surgery. The patient's cognitive function was assessed by mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scale at the 5 time points. The incidences of postoperative nausea and vomiting were recorded at T1 through T4. RESULTS: The dosages of intraoperative remifentanil and dezocine in the observation group were less than those in the control group; the recovery time and extubation time were shorter than those in the control group; the HR of extubation was lower than that in the control group (all P<0.05). There was no statistic difference about MAP between the two groups (P>0.05). Compared with T0, the total scores of QoR-40 decreased in the two groups at T1, T2, T3 (all P<0.05), and the total scores in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (all P<0.05). The emotional state, physical comfort, psychological support, self-care ability, pain scores at T1 in the observation group and at T1, T2, T3 in the control group were lower than those at T0 (all P<0.05). The emotional state, physical comfort, psychological support, self-care ability, pain scores in the observation group were higher than those in the control group at T1, T2, T3 (all P<0.05). Compared with T0, the MMSE scores in the two groups decreased at T1 and T2 (all P<0.05). At T1, T2, T3, the MMSE scores in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (all P<0.05). At T1 and T2, the incidence rates of nausea and vomiting were 22.0% (11/50), 12.0% (6/50) respectively in the observation group, which were lower than 32.0% (16/50) and 24.0% (12/50) in the control group (both P<0.05). At T3 and T4, the incidence rates of nausea and vomiting were 6.0% (3/50), 2.0% (1/50) respectively in the observation group, which were not significantly different from 8.0% (4/50) and 4.0% (2/50) in the control group (both P>0.05). CONCLUSION: TEAS can improve the quality of recovery during the early period after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and reduce the dosage of anesthetic and analgesic.

[Effects of different moxibustion temperature on cholesterol and skin around "Shenque" (CV 8) in mice with hyperlipidemia].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of moxibustion with different temperatures on cholesterol and skin around "Shenque" (CV 8) in mice with acute hyperlipidemia, and to explore the correlation between moxibustion effect and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). METHODS: Eight mice among 32 mice of C57BL/6J wild type (WT) were selected into a blank group, and the remaining 24 mice were made into the acute hyperlipidemia model by injection of egg yolk. After model establishment, the mice were randomly divided into a model group, a 38 °C moxibustion group and a 46 °C moxibustion group, 8 mice in each group. The temperature was (38 ± 1) °C in the 38 °C moxibustion group and (46 ± 1) °C in the 46 °C moxibustion group. "Shenque" (CV 8) and "Zusanli" (ST 36) were selected in the two groups; moxibustion was given for 10 min per time, once a day for 2 times. Mice in the blank group and model group were treated with immobilization and moxibustion was not given. After treatment, the level of serum cholesterol was tested by oxidase method; the morphology of skin around "Shenque" (CV 8) was observed by HE staining; the expression of TRPV1 in skin was measured by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: (1) Compared with the blank group, the level of serum cholesterol was increased in the model group (P < 0.001); compared with the model group, the level of serum cholesterol was reduced in the 46 °C moxibustion group (P < 0.001); compared with the 38 °C moxibustion group, the level of serum cholesterol was reduced in the 46 °C moxibustion group (P < 0.01). (2) There was slight change of morphology and structure in skin tissue in the 38 °C moxibustion group, while obvious change was observed in the 46 °C moxibustion group, indicating specific change. (3) The difference of the expression of TRPV1 in skin was significantly different between 46 °C moxibustion group and blank group, model group (both P < 0.01); it was also different from the 38 °C moxibustion group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Moxibustion temperature is one of the important factors affecting the cholesterol and acupoint skin. The effects of moxibustion are related to TRPV1.

Association of Shp2 with phosphorylated IL-22R1 is required for interleukin-22-induced MAP kinase activation.

Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines produced by activated T cells and is involved in several tissue responses. IL-22 signals through a heterodimeric receptor composed of IL-22 receptor 1 (IL-22R1) and IL-10R2, and the intracellular signaling pathways mediated by IL-22 receptor are not completely known. Here we investigate the effect of Src homology-2 containing protein-tyrosine phosphatase (Shp2) on IL-22 signaling pathway using SW480 colon cancer cells as a model. The results show that IL-22 induces IL-22R1 phosphorylation, and Shp2 is recruited to the tyrosine phosphorylated IL-22R1 upon IL-22 stimulation. Furthermore, Tyr251 and Tyr301 of IL-22R1 are required for Shp2 binding to the IL-22R1. Shp2 binding to IL-22R1 and Shp2 protein tyrosine phosphatase activity are required for activation of MAP kinases and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) phosphorylation by IL-22. These results reveal a critical role of Shp2 in IL-22 mediated signal transduction pathways.