Immunogenicity of meningococcal polysaccharide ACWY vaccine in primary immunized or revaccinated adults.

Meningococcal polysaccharide (Men-Ps) vaccine immunogenicity following either primary immunization or revaccination in adults was evaluated. The study population consisted of subjects who have received tetravalent Men-Ps vaccine once (group 1) or at least twice, with a 2-6 dose range (group 2). Human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-typing was performed by polymerase chain reaction and specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Nine months post-immunization, the percentages of individuals with levels of anti-Men-Ps IgG ≥ 2 µg/ml were comparable in both groups, with the exception of anti-Men-PsW135 IgG, which were significantly higher in group 2. The percentage of subjects doubling IgG levels at 9 months was significantly higher in group 1. The high baseline anti-Men-Ps antibody levels negatively influenced the response to revaccination, suggesting a feedback control of specific IgG. The calculated durability of anti-Men-Ps IgG was 2·5-4·5 years, depending on the Men-Ps, following a single vaccine dose. No interference by other vaccinations nor HLA alleles association with immune response were observed. This study confirms that Men-Ps vaccine in adults is immunogenic, even when administered repeatedly, and underlines the vaccine suitability for large-scale adult immunization programmes that the higher costs of conjugate vaccines may limit in developing countries.

Epithelial lining fluid neutrophil-gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels in premature newborns with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and patency of ductus arteriosus.

Patency of the ductus arteriosus (PDA) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) development represent severe affections for premature newborns, therefore the research of early markers for these two conditions is really important. The aim of this study is to analyze epithelial lining fluid (ELF) Neutrophil-gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels for prediction of lung injury or possible involvement of this molecule in PDA. Only scarce and contrasting results have previously been published in this field. In contrast, this molecule, included in a large macromolecular complex together with matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), is considered an acceptable marker of infectious/inflammatory processes, cancer monitoring and induction of apoptotic pathway. NGAL was detected in 28 pre-term newborns by means of a commercially available kit in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The results have been corrected to ELF levels, by the urea method, to eliminate bias due to BALF collection. ELF NGAL levels were found significantly increased both in infants developing BPD or in those affected by PDA. By means of multivariate logistic regression analysis the significances were confirmed after adjusting for possible interfering variables such as gestational age and concomitant presence of both PDA and BPD. Our results stress the involvement of NGAL in the mechanisms leading to BPD and also suggest a possible association with PDA, which is often linked to prematurity and BPD development, probably due to the involvement of inflammatory and angiogenetic processes in both pathologies.

Increased levels of IGF-1 and beta2-microglobulin in epithelial lining fluid of preterm newborns developing chronic lung disease. effects of rhG-CSF.

UNLABELLED: Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is involved in regulating the Th-1/Th-2 balance, favoring the development of the Th-2 compartment which enhances fibrosis, one of the main characteristics of Chronic Lung Disease (CLD) in premature newborns. Limited data is available concerning a possible association between early epithelial lining fluid (ELF) concentrations of IGF-1 (total and free forms), IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), beta2-microglobulin and subsequent development of CLD in preterm neonates. If neutropenic, preterm neonates are frequently treated with recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF). The objective of the study was to correlate ELF concentrations of IGF-1 and beta2 microglobulin during the first week of life both in non-neutropenic and in rhGCSF-treated neutropenic preterm neonates, with subsequent development in CLD. Thirty preterm neonates with Respiratory Distress Syndrome (6 with neutropenia) were studied. Eleven out of 24 non-neutropenic preterm infants (46%) and all of the six neutropenic subjects (100%) developed CLD. With the exception of first day values, there was a clear similarity in the behaviors of assayed molecules between non-neutropenic and neutropenic patients developing CLD. Non-neutropenic patients without CLD showed significantly lower values of free IGF-1 and beta2M both on days 1 and 3. Total IGF-I and cell counts were different only on the 3rd day. CONCLUSIONS: 1) the mechanisms leading to CLD might be mediated by high levels of IGF-family molecules soon after birth 2) beta2M could be a marker of increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cellularity with potential inflammatory properties 3) G-CSF treatment induces an increased synthesis of IGF-1 molecules by cells recruited in the lung, with possible enhancement of the fibrogenic mechanisms.

TCR Vß repertoire in an Italian longeval population including centenarians.

During the last years, the hypothesis that aging and diseases are two distinct phenomena, and that successful aging is possible for most humans, has been put forward. We studied the TCR Vß repertoire of T lymphocytes of healthy longevals and centenarians as crossing point of genetic predisposition and environmental effects to longevity, using the Spectra-typing method. TCR Vß1, Vß8, and Vß20 were found to be expanded in the longeval population, compared with the younger control population. This repertoire can have been shaped by the selective action of particular HLA alleles, or by the clonal expansion of specific T cell clones, able to modulate the immune response to endogenous and exogenous antigens. Moreover, the skewed Vß usage and the clonal expansion seem to be the effects of physiological changes occurring with aging and not pathological signs of malignity.

Chromosome 6p-encoded HLA-DR2 determination discriminates migraine without aura from migraine with aura.

Segregation analysis indicates that migraine without aura (MWoA) and migraine with aura (MWA) have multifactorial inheritance, but involved genetic and environmental factors are largely unknown. A controlled study was performed to assess the HLA-driven liability to migraine and to verify if the heterogeneity between MWoA and MWA is HLA-linked. Forty-five migraine patients (31 MWoA, 14 MWA) and 53 healthy blood donors as controls, coming from the same geographic area, were studied. Tissue typing was performed using the standard complement-dependent microlymphocytotoxicity technique for HLA Class I and by PCR-SSP (Sequences Specific Primers) typing for HLA Class II. Data emerging from the present study showed no altered distribution for HLA Class I A, B, C antigen frequency in migraine (MWoA, MWA) if compared to the control group. HLA Class II DR2 antigen showed a decreased frequency in MWA group if compared with both MWoA (p = 0.01) and control group (p = 0.039, RR = 0.21). These results seem to support the hypothesis of a protective role of DR2 antigen in MWA and provide additional basis for the proposed difference within MWoA and MWA.

HLA and complement factors alleles sharing in Italian couples with recurrent spontaneous abortions.

Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion (RSA) is postulated to be due to several factors including immunogenetic mechanisms. Many studies have been conducted on the effect of the MHC region in the reproductive phenomena suggesting an immunological or genetic involvement in RSA. We studied couples with 3 or more abortions among a larger group of couples in which female partners were anti-cardiolipin antibodies negative, resulting in a population of 43 couples typed for HLA-A, B, C, DR, DQ. In 16 of these 43 couples, complement factors C4A, C4B, and Bf were typed. The data shows a statistically significant increase of C4B*Q0 in RSA patients (N = 32) compared with the control population (N = 44) (pc = .00147) and also a statistically significant increase of C4B*Q0 sharing in aborting couples (43.75%) against the expected sharing rate in the control population (1.86%) (p < .001). Frequency increase of C4B*Q0 allele in aborting population leads to the hypothesis that an imbalance of complement factors expression and activity can have detrimental effects on implantation and embryo survival. Additionally, the significant sharing rate of C4B*Q0 in couples with RSA could indicate the existence of a gene in linked to this allele predisposing to RSA and acting in a recessive manner if present in double copies in the fetus.

HLA-DR and -DQ alleles in Italian patients with melanoma.

Controversial data have been reported about HLA alleles and susceptibility to melanoma. Our investigation was undertaken to analyze the relationship between HLA alleles distribution in patients with melanoma and susceptibility to the tumor, in order to study the possible correlation between HLA class II DQA1, DQB1 and DRB1 genes involved in immune recognition, and melanoma, usually considered a highly immunogenic tumor. We therefore typed by means of PCR-SSP (sequence-specific primers) 53 Italian patients and 53 healthy random controls coming from the same geographic area. We observed a decrease of all haplotypes bearing DQB1*0301, DQB1*0302 and DQB1*0303 alleles but not of haplotype DRB1*11;DQA1*0501;DQB1*0301. Our results seem to support the hypothesis of a protective role of some DQ3-bearing haplotypic combinations in melanoma.

Sharing at the major histocompatibility complex affects the secondary sex ratio in differing ways.

We analysed the effect of HLA loci on the secondary sex ratio, and investigated whether allele sharing between parents and between mother and child, or child homozygosity, affected the viability of male embryos, which are generally less resistant to unfavourable conditions during pregnancy. The sharing conditions at the B and DR loci showed significantly differing effects: HLA-B seemed to favour female births, while, in pregnancies subsequent to the first, HLA-DR seemed to favour male births. Both HLA-B and DR loci seemed to work through immunological mechanisms.

The gene for spinal cerebellar ataxia 1 (SCA1) is flanked by two closely linked highly polymorphic microsatellite loci.

The gene for one form of autosomal dominant spinal cerebellar ataxia (SCA1), is mapped by linkage to chromosome 6p, very close to the microsatellite locus D6S89. Eight large Italian kindreds segregating SCA1, as defined by very close linkage to D6S89, were genotyped with five microsatellite markers linked closely to D6S89, all mapping within a 6 cM interval on 6p. Multipoint linkage analysis and haplotypes from recombinants map SCA1 between two of these markers, D6S274 and D6S259, 5-6 cM apart. A single rare four marker haplotype within this interval shows linkage disequilibrium with the disease locus in southern Italy and is transmitted with SCA1 in five kindreds originating from this area.

Autosomal dominant pure cerebellar ataxia. Neurological and genetic study.

A family with late-onset autosomal dominant pure cerebellar ataxia was studied both neurologically and genetically. Neuroimaging and electrophysiological results were in agreement with the clinical evidence showing involvement of the cerebellar system only, even many years after onset. No atrophy of inferior olives was observed by magnetic resonance imaging, while cerebellar atrophy was extremely marked. A very slow disease progression was observed in all patients. The disease can be differentiated from autosomal dominant olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophies, and in particular from spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 mapping on chromosome 6p, which shows an early multisystemic involvement and a more rapid progression toward inability. A genetic study of the family with the 6p DNA marker D6S89 closely linked to the spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 locus was performed. Results showed significant exclusion of a linkage between the disease and the marker within a distance of 8.5% recombination, indicating that genetic heterogeneity underlies phenotypic differences.

HLA-linked spinocerebellar ataxia: a clinical and genetic study of large Italian kindreds.

Five families with late onset autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia, were studied. Linkage between the disease and HLA loci on the short arm of chromosome 6 was shown in the two largest pedigrees. Clinical study of 26 patients and neuropathological study in one are reported. The disease was characterized by cerebellar and pyramidal involvement variably associated with cranial nerve and peripheral nervous system disorders. A remarkable concordance of the main clinical features was observed in patients with similar disease duration. Comparison with previous reports of HLA-linked spinocerebellar ataxia kindreds showed differences in clinical phenotypes. Although these might be due to genetic variation, the hypothesis is suggested that the phenotype might appear more homogeneous if disease duration is taken into account.

HLA antigens and antigliadin antibodies in coeliac disease.

Thirty-six coeliac children on gluten-containing diet were studied for AGA IgA and IgG levels. Patients were typed for HLA-A, -B, -C, -DR, -DQ antigens and data were analysed for any correlation between HLA-DR phenotype and AGA levels. AGA IgA and/or IgG were present in all these children. Subjects negative for DR3 or DR7 showed lower AGA levels than those DR3 + and/or DR7 positive. The data suggest that these patients could escape diagnosis if screening for those requiring intestinal biopsy is based only on AGA assay. The observation that coeliac children negative for DR3 and DR7 showed lower AGA levels is consistent with clinical and genetic heterogeneity of coeliac disease.

HLA antigens in Italian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: evidence for the association of DQw2 with the autoantibody response to extractable nuclear antigens.

In order to verify the hypothesis that Italian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may be immunogenetically distinct from SLE patients born in other regions, we investigated the HLA class I and II antigens and their relation with the various autoantibodies characteristic of the disease in an Italian SLE population. Forty-four SLE patients were typed for HLA-A, -B, -C, -DR and -DQ antigens; sera from the same patients were tested for the presence of antibodies to the nuclear or cytoplasmic antigens Ro/SSA, La/SSB, Sm and RNP (ENA). Results of HLA typing showed that the frequencies of DR3 and DQw2 were increased in patients compared with controls. Analysis of the correlations between HLA antigens and anti-ENA antibodies showed that both DQw2 and DR3 were increased in patients with anti-Ro and/or antiLa antibodies, while in patients with anti-Sm and/or antiRNP antibodies the DQw2 and DR4 were found to be increased. Only DQw2 was found to be significantly increased in anti-ENA positive patients. These results might suggest that Italian patients with SLE are, at least in part, different from lupus patients living in other geographical areas and suggest the association of DQw2 with the autoantibody response to ENA in SLE.

The gene for autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA1) maps telomeric to the HLA complex and is closely linked to the D6S89 locus in three large kindreds.

We studied three large kindreds with the HLA-linked form of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA1) in order to localize the SCA1 locus on the short arm of chromosome 6 (6p). Two loci containing highly informative dinucleotide repeat sequences were used for linkage analysis. These two loci are D6S89, which is telomeric to the HLA region, and T complex-associated testes-expressed 1 (TCTE1), centromeric to HLA. Pairwise linkage analysis of SCA1 and D6S89 revealed a maximum lod score of 5.86 in the Houston SCA1 (HSCA1) kindred and of 8.08 in the Calabrian SCA1 (SCA1) kindreds, at recombination fractions of .050 and .022, respectively. A maximum pairwise lod score of 4.54 at a recombination frequency of .100 was obtained for SCA1 and TCTE1 in the HSCA1 kindred. No evidence for linkage was detected between TCTE1 and SCA1 in the CSCA1 kindreds. Multilocus linkage analysis of SCA1, HLA, and D6S89 in all three kindreds provided strong evidence for localization of the SCA1 locus telomeric to the HLA regions. However, multilocus linkage analysis of SCA1, HLA, and TCTE1 with HSCA1 family genotypes indicated the possibility of a location of the SCA1 locus centromeric to HLA. An analysis of HSCA1 recombinants in this region of chromosome 6 revealed relatively high recombination frequencies between HLA and each of the other two markers and relatively low frequencies between the latter and SCA1, predicting that the SCA1 locus would tend to segregate away from HLA together with D6S89 or TCTE1, as found with the three-point linkage analyses for this family.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA1) in two large Italian kindreds: evidence in favour of a locus position distal to GLO1 and the HLA cluster.

Two large Italian pedigrees with HLA-linked spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA1) were typed for HLA-A, -B and -DR as well as for markers either distal (F13A, D6S8) or proximal (D6S29, GLO1) to HLA. Pairwise linkage analyses of SCA1 vs. HLA-A, -B, and -DR showed peak lodscores of 5.3, 5.6 and 3.3 respectively at 7% recombination. Negative lodscores significantly excluded linkage with F13A at less than 5% and with GLO1 at less than 10%. The lodscores with D6S8 and D6S29 had only low peaks. Recombination events in the two pedigrees and the estimated genetic distances of SCA1 from GLO1 and HLA favour the hypothesis of a SCA1 location distal to both of them. An order cen-GLO1-HLA-SCA1-tel appears therefore most likely with present data. These results are discussed in relation to previous reports placing SCA1 distal to HLA in two families and

A study of HLA class II antigens in an Italian paediatric population with coeliac disease.

One hundred and twenty-one Italian children with coeliac disease (CD) have been compared with a control population from the same geographical area for the distribution of HLA-DR and DQ antigens. The pattern of an increase in DR3, DR7, and of heterozygotes DR5/7 was associated with an excess of heterozygotes DQw2/DQw3 in the CD population. These findings suggest that epitopes determined by specific combinations of DQ alpha and beta chains (combinatorial determinants) predispose to the disease.

HLA antigens and adult rheumatoid arthritis: a study with a monoclonal antibody.

Adult rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a very heterogeneous disease that is associated with HLA-antigens, although no absolute association has been found with any particular HLA type. Forty-one seropositive RA patients have been studied with a local monoclonal antibody named X1 21.4 (9w940), strongly associated with HLA-DRI, DR4, Drw10 antigens, to verify a possible correlation with the disease. The results obtained have also been compared with the data reported on MC1, a serologically defined determinant correlated with RA. X1 21.4 monoclonal antibody appears to be associated with the disease and it could identify one epitope involved in the susceptibility to RA.