Associations Between rs9939609 FTO Polymorphism With Nutrient and Food Intake and Adherence to Dietary Patterns in an Urban Argentinian Population.

BACKGROUND: The A allele of rs9939609 polymorphism at the FTO gene has been consistently associated with higher body mass index in different populations, but conflicting results have been found regarding its contribution to food intake variability. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the association between this genetic variant and nutrient and food intake in an urban Argentinian population. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, analytic investigation was performed between October 2018 and February 2020. PARTICIPANTS/SETTINGS: Adults of both sexes residing in La Plata, Argentina, were recruited through social networks (Instagram and Facebook). Of 179 eligible adults, a total of 173 adults were included in the final analyses. OUTCOME MEASURES: Nutrient and food group intake data were obtained by an interview-administered food frequency questionnaire. Height and weight were measured, and genotypes were obtained by real-time polymerase chain reaction. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: The per-allele effect on nutrient and food group intake was assessed by general linear models, adjusting for age, sex, educational level, total energy intake, and body mass index. Dietary patterns were derived by principal component analysis. The association of the A allele with adherence to each dietary pattern was also evaluated by the general linear model. RESULTS: The frequency of the risk allele was 27%. A-carriers showed a higher total fat (1.88 [0.55, 3.21] % of total energy intake), saturated fatty acids (0.82 [0.25-1.39] % of total energy intake), and monounsaturated fatty acids (0.66 [0.08, 1.24] % of total energy intake), and a lower carbohydrate (-1.99 [-3.48, -0.50] % of total energy intake) intake than TT homozygous. A-carriers also reported a higher "milk and yogurt" (1.08 [0.24, 1.91] % of total energy intake), "animal fats" (1.09 [0.14-2.03] % of total energy intake), and fat-rich ultraprocessed foods (2.10 [0.52, 3.67] % of total energy intake) intake in comparison with TT homozygous. Furthermore, A-carriers showed higher adherence to the Western dietary pattern. CONCLUSION: The A allele contributed to nutrient and food intake variability in the studied population and was associated with the consumption of saturated fatty acids-enriched foods.

The ANTI-Vea-UGR Platform: A Free Online Resource to Measure Attentional Networks (Alertness, Orienting, and Executive Control) Functioning and Executive/Arousal Vigilance.

The Attentional Networks Test for Interactions and Vigilance-executive and arousal components (ANTI-Vea) is a computerized task of 32 min duration in the standard format. The task simultaneously assesses the main effects and interactions of the three attentional networks (i.e., phasic alertness, orienting, and executive control) and two dissociated components of vigilance with reasonable reliability (executive and arousal vigilance). We present this free and publicly accessible resource (ANTI-Vea-UGR; https://anti-vea.ugr.es/) developed to easily run, collect, and analyze data with the ANTI-Vea (or its subtasks measuring some attentional and/or vigilance components embedded in the ANTI-Vea). Available in six different languages, the platform allows for the adaptation of stimulus timing and procedure to facilitate data collection from different populations (e.g., clinical patients, children). Collected data can be freely downloaded and easily analyzed with the provided scripts and tools, including a Shiny app. We discuss previous evidence supporting that attention and vigilance components can be assessed in typical lab conditions as well as online and outside the laboratory. We hope this tutorial will help researchers interested in measuring attention and vigilance with a tool useful to collect data from large sample sizes and easy to use in applied contexts.

Event-related potentials associated with attentional networks evidence changes in executive and arousal vigilance.

Attention is regulated by three independent but interacting networks, that is, alerting, comprising phasic alertness and vigilance, orienting, and executive control. Previous studies analyzing event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with attentional networks have focused on phasic alertness, orienting, and executive control, without an independent measure of vigilance. ERPs associated with vigilance have been instead measured in separate studies and via different tasks. The present study aimed to differentiate ERPs associated with attentional networks by simultaneously measuring vigilance along with phasic alertness, orienting, and executive control. Forty participants (34 women, age: M = 25.96; SD = 4.96) completed two sessions wherein the electroencephalogram was recorded while they completed the Attentional Networks Test for Interactions and Vigilance-executive and arousal components, a task that measures phasic alertness, orienting, and executive control along with executive (i.e., detection of infrequent critical signals) and arousal (i.e., sustaining a fast reaction to environmental stimuli) vigilance. ERPs previously associated with attentional networks were replicated here: (a) N1, P2, and contingent negative variation for phasic alertness; (b) P1, N1, and P3 for orienting; and (c) N2 and slow positivity for executive control. Importantly, different ERPs were associated with vigilance: while the executive vigilance decrement was associated with an increase in P3 and slow positivity across time-on-task, arousal vigilance loss was associated with reduced N1 and P2 amplitude. The present study shows that attentional networks can be described by different ERPs simultaneously observed in a single session, including independent measures of executive and arousal vigilance on its assessment.

The mitigation of the executive vigilance decrement via HD-tDCS over the right posterior parietal cortex and its association with neural oscillations.

Vigilance-maintaining a prolonged state of preparation to detect and respond to specific yet unpredictable environmental changes-usually decreases across prolonged tasks, causing potentially severe real-life consequences, which could be mitigated through transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). The present study aimed at replicating previous mitigatory effects observed with anodal high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) over the right posterior parietal cortex (rPPC) while extending the analyses on electrophysiological measures associated with vigilance. In sum, 60 participants completed the ANTI-Vea task while receiving anodal (1.5 mA, n = 30) or sham (0 mA, n = 30) HD-tDCS over the rPPC for ~ 28 min. EEG recordings were completed before and after stimulation. Anodal HD-tDCS specifically mitigated executive vigilance (EV) and reduced the alpha power increment across time-on-task while increasing the gamma power increment. To further account for the observed behavioral and physiological outcomes, a new index of Alphaparietal/Gammafrontal is proposed. Interestingly, the increment of this Alphaparietal/Gammafrontal Index with time-on-task is associated with a steeper EV decrement in the sham group, which was mitigated by anodal HD-tDCS. We highlight the relevance of replicating mitigatory effects of tDCS and the need to integrate conventional and novel physiological measures to account for how anodal HD-tDCS can be used to modulate cognitive performance.

Nutraceutical, thermophysical and textural characteristics of papaya (Carica papaya L) and incidence for post-harvest management.

Papaya fruit is of great importance to local trade. The objective of this research was to evaluate the textural, thermophysical and nutraceutical characteristics (Total phenolic and vitamin C) of fruit cultivated in the Colombian Caribbean in the post-harvest period. Five ripening stage levels were used as a treatment factor. The puncture method was used to measure the firmness of the shell (N) and firmness of the pulp (N) using uniaxial compression tests to measure the deformability modulus (MPa) and elasticity limit (MPa). The thermophysical parameters: thermal conductivity (k), density (ρ), diffusivity (∝) and specific heat (Cp) were calculated using the adjusted math model. The shell firmness decreased from ripening stage one to ripening stage five. The total phenolic content did not conform to a certain model and presented an inversely proportional relationship with the ripening stage. The vitamin C content was directly proportional to the ripening stage and was adjusted to a double quadratic behavior with a coefficient of determination.

A vigilance decrement comes along with an executive control decrement: Testing the resource-control theory.

A decrease in vigilance over time is often observed when performing prolonged tasks, a phenomenon known as "vigilance decrement." The present study aimed at testing some of the critical predictions of the resource-control theory about the vigilance decrement. Specifically, the theory predicts that the vigilance decrement is mainly due to a drop in executive control, which fails to keep attentional resources on the external task, thus devoting a larger number of resources to mind-wandering across time-on-task. Datasets gathered from a large sample size (N = 617) who completed the Attentional Networks Test for Interactions and Vigilance-executive and arousal components in Luna, Roca, Martín-Arévalo, and Lupiáñez (2021b, Behavior Research Methods, 53[3], 1124-1147) were reanalyzed to test whether executive control decreases across time in a vigilance task and whether the vigilance decrement comes along with the decrement in executive control. Vigilance was examined as two dissociated components: executive vigilance, as the ability to detect infrequent critical signals, and arousal vigilance, as the maintenance of a fast reaction to stimuli. The executive control decrement was evidenced by a linear increase in the interference effect for mean reaction time, errors, and the inverse efficiency score. Critically, interindividual differences showed that the decrease in the executive-but not in the arousal-component of vigilance was modulated by the change in executive control across time-on-task, thus supporting the predictions of the resource-control theory. Nevertheless, given the small effect sizes observed in our large sample size, the present outcomes suggest further consideration of the role of executive control in resource-control theory.

Behavior of Nymphs and Adults of the Black-Legged Tick Ixodes scapularis and the Lone Star Tick Ambylomma americanum in Response to Thermal Stimuli.

Ticks use chemical and thermal signals emitted by humans and other vertebrates to locate suitable hosts for a blood meal. Here, we study the behavior of black-legged Ixodes scapularis and the lone star ticks Amblyomma americanum exposed to heat sources held at temperatures near those of vertebrate hosts (32 °C). First, we used a locomotion compensator to test behavioral responses of ticks to an infrared light emitting diode (LED). The servosphere allowed us to measure parameters such as velocity, acceleration, linearity, and orientation. Then a heating element (Peltier) located in one of the extremes of a double-choice vertical rod (flying T), was employed to observe upward movement of the ticks toward such a heat source. While both species oriented toward the LED, only lone star ticks were attracted to the Peltier element while climbing upward. In conclusion, we showed that heat attracted ticks from short distances up to several centimeters on a the servosphere, and those responses differed between the two species of ticks on the flying T. We discuss our results in the context of the ecology of both tick species and their potential in tick survey and management.

Proteasome inhibition alters mitotic progression through the upregulation of centromeric α-Satellite RNAs.

Cell cycle progression requires control of the abundance of several proteins and RNAs over space and time to properly transit from one phase to the next and to ensure faithful genomic inheritance in daughter cells. The proteasome, the main protein degradation system of the cell, facilitates the establishment of a proteome specific to each phase of the cell cycle. Its activity also strongly influences transcription. Here, we detected the upregulation of repetitive RNAs upon proteasome inhibition in human cancer cells using RNA-seq. The effect of proteasome inhibition on centromeres was remarkable, especially on α-Satellite RNAs. We showed that α-Satellite RNAs fluctuate along the cell cycle and interact with members of the cohesin ring, suggesting that these transcripts may take part in the regulation of mitotic progression. Next, we forced exogenous overexpression and used gapmer oligonucleotide targeting to demonstrate that α-Sat RNAs have regulatory roles in mitosis. Finally, we explored the transcriptional regulation of α-Satellite DNA. Through in silico analyses, we detected the presence of CCAAT transcription factor-binding motifs within α-Satellite centromeric arrays. Using high-resolution three-dimensional immuno-FISH and ChIP-qPCR, we showed an association between the α-Satellite upregulation and the recruitment of the transcription factor NFY-A to the centromere upon MG132-induced proteasome inhibition. Together, our results show that the proteasome controls α-Satellite RNAs associated with the regulation of mitosis.

Cognitive load mitigates the executive but not the arousal vigilance decrement.

Previous research has shown opposite effects of dual tasking on the vigilance decrement phenomenon. We examined the executive (i.e., detecting infrequent critical signals) and arousal (i.e., sustaining a fast reaction to stimuli without much control on responses) vigilance decrements as a function of task load. Ninety-six participants performed either a single signal-detection (i.e., executive vigilance) task, a single reaction time (i.e., arousal vigilance) task, or a dual vigilance task with the same stimuli and procedure. All participants self-reported their fatigue' state along the session. Exploratory analyses included data from a previous study with a triple task condition. Task load significantly modulated the executive but not the arousal vigilance decrement. Interestingly, the largest increase in mental fatigue was observed in the single executive vigilance task condition. We discuss limitations of classic vigilance theories to account for the vigilance decrement and changes in mental fatigue as a function of task load.

Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage in Optomechanics.

In multimode optomechanical systems, the mechanical modes can be coupled via the radiation pressure of the common optical mode, but the fidelity of the state transfer is limited by the optical cavity decay. Here we demonstrate stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) in optomechanics, where the optical mode is not populated during the coherent state transfer between the mechanical modes avoiding this decay channel. We show a state transfer of a coherent mechanical excitation between vibrational modes of a membrane in a high-finesse optical cavity with a transfer efficiency of 86%. Combined with exceptionally high mechanical quality factors, STIRAP between mechanical modes can enable generation, storage, and manipulation of long-lived mechanical quantum states, which is important for quantum information science and for the investigation of macroscopic quantum superpositions.

Sensitivity of PS/CoPd Janus particles to an external magnetic field.

The dual nature of Janus particles confers fascinating properties such as a response to multiple stimuli. In this communication, we systematically study the sensitivity to a uniform external magnetic field of isolated Janus rod-shaped and spherical particles in water confined to two dimensions. The Janus asymmetry of the particles is given by magnetic [Co(0.28 nm)/Pd(0.90 nm)]8 multilayer films deposited onto monodisperse polystyrene (PS) nanorods and microspheres, respectively. It is shown that the particles dispersed in water respond to weak magnetic field applied in in-plane direction. Here we demonstrate that a precise control of the in-plane particle orientation can be obtained for magnetic field strengths higher than 0.1 mT for microspheres and 0.4 mT for nanorods.

Esthetic assessment of celebrity smiles.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Guidelines for planning esthetic outcomes are sparse. The present study evaluated the most noticeable characteristics of the celebrities with the most esthetic smiles. PURPOSE: The purpose of this observational study was to assess the smiles of celebrities based on descriptive esthetic smile criteria and to compare male and female celebrity smiles based on dentally esthetic smiles. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An internet search for the "most beautiful celebrity smile ranking" was conducted in 2019, resulting in 50 celebrities that had been voted for having the most beautiful smiles. A second search was conducted to locate images of the identified individuals with the whole face and a broad smile. RESULTS: The most frequent characteristics of the studied variables were a normal smile line (70.7%), incisal edges parallel to the lower lip (56.1%), maxillary anterior incisal edges touching the lower lip (48.8%), a smile width of 10 teeth (53.7%), a facial midline coincident with the maxillary dental midline (51.2%), and average buccal corridors (78%). Statistically significant differences between men and women were only found in the smile arch (P<.01). CONCLUSIONS: Celebrities voted as having the most beautiful smiles comply with most of the characteristics described as esthetically pleasing, except for midline deviations. The general population is influenced by factors other than the individual's smile.

Measuring attention and vigilance in the laboratory vs. online: The split-half reliability of the ANTI-Vea.

Over the past few years, there has been growing interest in using online methods for collecting data from large samples. However, only a few studies have administered online behavioral tasks to assess attention outside the lab. In the present study, we assessed the classic attentional functions and two vigilance components using two versions of the Attentional Networks Test for Interactions and Vigilance-executive and arousal vigilance components (ANTI-Vea): (1) a standard version, performed under typical experimental conditions (n = 314), and (2) an online version, completed outside the lab (n = 303). Both versions were equally effective in assessing (1) the main effects and interactions of phasic alertness, orienting, and executive control, and (2) the executive (i.e., a decline in the ability to detect infrequent critical signals) and the arousal (i.e., a progressive slowness and variability in responses to stimuli from the environment) vigilance decrement across time on task. Responses were generally slower in the online than in the standard version. Importantly, the split-half reliability observed for both tasks was (1) higher for executive control (~.67) than for phasic alertness and orienting (< .40), as observed in previous versions of the task, and (2) between .71 and .99 for the executive and arousal vigilance measures. We expect the present study will be of interest to researchers aiming to assess attentional functions with a valid and reliable method that, importantly, is publicly available on an open website ( https://www.ugr.es/~neurocog/ANTI/ ) and is easy to use in applied contexts.

Microstructural white matter connectivity underlying the attentional networks system.

Nowadays, there is considerable controversy regarding the structural connectivity underlying the attentional networks system (i.e., alerting and vigilance, orienting, and executive control). The present study aimed at further examining and dissociating the white matter connectivity underlying attentional and vigilance functioning by overcoming some critical limitations in previous research. To this end, we performed virtual in vivo dissections of attention-related white matter tracts from thirty healthy adults. Participants completed two sessions of the Attentional Networks Test for Interactions and Vigilance, a suitable task to assess simultaneously phasic alertness, orienting, executive control, and the executive component of vigilance (i.e., the ability to detect infrequent critical signals). Whereas we found a consistent correlation between phasic alertness and both the right dorsolateral prefrontal caudate tract and the splenium of the corpus callosum, evidence obtained for white matter connectivity underlying orienting, executive control, and executive vigilance, was either weak at the best, inconsistent, or null. White matter connectivity seemed to support nevertheless the most reliable performance: overall reaction time for attentional functioning was significantly associated with the left cingulate fasciculus and overall reaction time for executive vigilance was significantly linked to the bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculus I. The present outcomes provide interesting, consistent, and reliable evidence concerning the structural connectivity underlying the alerting network. We still consider that further evidence is necessary to better understand the controversial relationship between attentional/vigilance processes and microstructural white matter connectivity though.

Novel ureido-dihydropyridine scaffolds as theranostic agents.

In this work, the synthesis of interesting urea derivatives 5 based on 1,4-dihydropyridines 3 is described for the first time. Considering that both families exhibit potential as drugs to treat various diseases, their activity as anticancer agents has been evaluated in HeLa (cervix), Jurkat (leukaemia) and A549 (lung) cancer cell lines as well as on healthy mice in vivo. In general, whereas 1,4-dihydropyridines show a moderate cytotoxic activity, their urea analogues cause an extraordinary increase in their antiproliferative activity, specially towards HeLa cells. Because of the chiral nature of these compounds, enantiomerically enriched samples were also tested, showing different cytotoxic activity than the racemic mixture. Although the reason is not clear, it could be caused by a complex amalgam of physical and chemical contributions. The studied compounds also exhibit luminescent properties, which allow performing a biodistribution study in cancer cells. They have emission maxima between 420 and 471 nm, being the urea derivatives in general red shifted. Emission quenching was observed for those compounds containing a nitro group (3e,f and 5e,f). Fluorescence microscopy showed that 1,4-dihydropyridines 3a and 3g localised in the lysosomes, in contrast to the urea derivatives 5h that accumulated in the cell membrane. This different distribution could be key to explain the differences found in the cytotoxic activity and in the mechanism of action. Interestingly, a preliminary in vivo study regarding the acute toxicity of some of these compounds on healthy mice has been conducted, using a concentration up to 7200 times higher than the corresponding IC50 value. No downgrade in the welfare of the tested mice was observed, which could support their use in preclinical tumour models.

Comparative Studies of Light-Responsive Swimmers: Janus Nanorods versus Spherical Particles.

The shape of objects has a strong influence on their dynamics. Here, we present comparative studies of two different motile objects, spherical Ag/AgCl Janus particles and polystyrene Janus nanorods, that move due to an ionic self-diffusiophoretic propulsion mechanism when exposed to blue light. In this paper, we propose a method to fabricate Janus rodlike particles with high aspect ratios and hemispherical tip shapes. The inherent asymmetry due to the ratio between capped and uncapped parts of the particles as well as the shape anistropy of Janus nanorods enables imaging and quantification of rotational dynamics. The dynamics of microswimmers are compared in terms of velocities and diffusion coefficients. We observe that despite a small amount of the Ag/AgCl reagent on the surface of rodlike objects, these new Janus micromotors reveal high motility in pure water. While the velocities of spherical particles reach 4.2 µm/s, the single rodlike swimmers reach 1.1 µm/s, and clusters reach 1.6 µm/s. The effect of suppressed rotational diffusion is discussed as one of the reasons for the increased velocities. These Janus micro- and nanomotors hold the promise for application in light-controlled propulsion transport.

Ultrasound-assisted multicomponent synthesis of 4H-pyrans in water and DNA binding studies.

A simple approach to synthesize new highly substituted 4H-pyran derivatives is described. Efficient Et3N acts as a readily accessible catalyst of this process performed in pure water and with only a 20 mol% of catalyst loading. The extremely simple operational methodology, short reaction times, clean procedure and excellent product yields render this new approach extremely appealing for the synthesis of 4H-pyrans, as potentially biological scaffolds. Additionally, DNA interaction analysis reveals that 4H-pyran derivatives behave preferably as minor groove binders over major groove or intercalators. Therefore, this is one of the scarce examples where pyrans have resulted to be interesting DNA binders with high binding constants (Kb ranges from 1.53 × 104 M-1 to 2.05 × 106 M-1).

Effects of caffeine intake and exercise intensity on executive and arousal vigilance.

During physical efforts and sport practice, vigilance is responsible for maintaining an optimal state of activation, guaranteeing the ability to quickly respond and detect unexpected, but critical, stimuli over time. Caffeine and physical exercise are able to modulate the activation state, affecting vigilance performance. The aim of the present work was to assess the specific effects and modulations of caffeine intake and two physical intensities on vigilance components. Participants performed an attentional task (ANTI-Vea) to measure the executive and arousal components of vigilance, in six double-blinded counterbalanced sessions combining caffeine, placebo, or no-ingestion, with light vs. moderate cyclergometer exercise. Exercise at moderate intensity improved executive vigilance with faster overall reaction time (RT), without impairing error rates. Instead, caffeine intake generally improved arousal vigilance. In conclusion, caffeine and acute exercise seems to moderate executive and arousal vigilance in different ways.

Concurrent working memory load may increase or reduce cognitive interference depending on the attentional set.

Perceptual grouping leads to interference when target and distractors are integrated within the same percept. Cognitive control allows breaking this automatic tendency by focusing selectively on target information. Thus, interference can be modulated either by goal-directed mechanisms or by physical features of stimuli that help to segregate the target from distractors. In three experiments, participants had to respond to the left-right direction of a central arrow, flanked by two arrows on each side. Sometimes, instructions requested to also stay vigilant for detecting an infrequent vertical/horizontal displacement of the target, thus loading working memory. Although it has been usually shown that concurrent working memory load hinders target selection, the present research provides evidence that interference may either increase or decrease depending on whether dual tasking draws attention to the grouping (horizontal displacement) or to an orthogonal dimension (vertical displacement), revealing counterintuitive benefits of working memory load. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

A High-Definition tDCS and EEG study on attention and vigilance: Brain stimulation mitigates the executive but not the arousal vigilance decrement.

Attention comprises a wide set of processes such as phasic alertness, orienting, executive control, and the executive (i.e., detecting infrequent targets) and arousal (i.e., sustaining a fast reaction) vigilance components. Importantly, the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over attentional functioning have been mostly addressed by measuring these processes separately and by delivering offline tDCS with low precision over the stimulation region. In the current study, we examined the effects of online High-Definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) over the behavioral and electrophysiological functioning of attentional and vigilance components. Participants (N = 92) were randomly assigned to one of three stimulation groups: right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex stimulation, right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) stimulation, and sham. All of them performed - in combination with the HD-tDCS protocol - an attentional networks task (ANTI-Vea) suitable to measure the executive and arousal components of vigilance along with three typical attentional functions: phasic alertness, orienting, and executive control. In addition, EEG was registered at the baseline and at the post-stimulation period. We observed that, regardless the stimulation region, online HD-tDCS: (a) reduced phasic alertness (p = .008), but did not modulated the orienting and executive control functioning; and (b) mitigated the executive vigilance decrement (p = .011), but did not modulated arousal vigilance across time-on-task. Interestingly, only HD-tDCS over PPC reduced considerably the increment of alpha power observed across time-on-task (p = .009). The current study provides further evidence for both an empirical dissociation between vigilance components and the cortical regions underlying attentional processes. We highlight the advantages of using online HD-tDCS to examine the stimulation effects on attentional and vigilance functioning.