Comparative analysis of changes in diarrhea and gut microbiota in Beigang pigs.

Increasing evidence indicated that the gut microbiota is a large and complex organic combination, which is closely related to the host health. Diarrhea is a disease with devastating effects on livestock that has been demonstrated to be associated with gut microbiota. Currently, studies on gut microbiota and diarrhea have involved multiple species, but changes in gut microbiota of Beigang pigs during diarrhea have not been characterized. Here, we described gut microbial changes of Beigang pigs during diarrhea. Results indicated that a total of 4423 OTUs were recognized in diarrheic and healthy Beigang pigs, and Firmicutes and Bacteroidota were the most dominant phyla regardless of health status. However, the major components of the gut microbiota changed between diarrheic and healthy Beigang pigs. Bacterial taxonomic analysis revealed that the relative abundances of 3 phyla (Synergistota, Actinobacteriota and Spirochaetota) and 30 genera increased significantly during diarrhea, whereas the relative abundances of 3 phyla (Patescibacteria, Bacteroidota and Fibrobacterota) and 41 genera decreased significantly. In conclusion, this study found significant changes in the gut microbiota of Beigang pigs during diarrhea. Meanwhile, this also lays the foundation for the prevention and treatment of diarrhea in Beigang pigs and the further discovery of more anti-diarrhea probiotics.

Effects of thiram exposure on liver metabolism of chickens.

Pesticides are widely used to control crop diseases, which have made an important contribution to the increase of global crop production. However, a considerable part of pesticides may remain in plants, posing a huge threat to animal safety. Thiram is a common pesticide and has been proven that its residues in the feed can affect the growth performance, bone formation, and intestinal health of chickens. However, there are few studies on the liver metabolism of chickens exposed to thiram. Here, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of thiram exposure on liver metabolism of chickens. Metabolomics analysis shows that 62 metabolites were down-regulated (ginsenoside F5, arbekacin, coproporphyrinogen III, 3-keto Fusidic acid, marmesin, isofumonisin B1, 3-Hydroxyquinine, melleolide B, naphazoline, marmesin, dibenzyl ether, etc.) and 35 metabolites were up-regulated (tetrabromodiphenyl ethers, deoxycholic acid glycine conjugate, L-Palmitoylcarnitine, austalide K, hericene B, pentadecanoylcarnitine, glyceryl palmitostearate, quinestrol, 7-Ketocholesterol, tetrabromodiphenyl ethers, etc.) in thiram-induced chickens, mainly involved in the metabolic pathways including glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Taken together, this research showed that thiram exposure significantly altered hepatic metabolism in chickens. Moreover, this study also provided a basis for regulating the use and disposal of thiram to ensure environmental quality and poultry health.

Microbiome analysis reveals the effects of black soldier fly oil on gut microbiota in pigeon.

The gut microbiota plays a vital roles in poultry physiology, immunity and metabolism. Black soldier fly oil is known to have a positive effect on the gut microbiota. However, the specific effect of black soldier fly oil on the composition and structure of the gut microbiota of the pigeon is unknown. In this experiment, 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing was performed to study the effect of different doses of black soldier fly oil on the changes of pigeon intestinal microbes. Results indicated that the different doses of black soldier fly oil had no effect on the gut microbial diversity of the pigeon. Although the dominant phyla (Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria) and genus (uncultured_bacterium_f_Lachnospiraceae and Desulfovibrio) in control group and experimental group with different doses were the same, the abundances of some beneficial bacteria (Megasphaera, Intestinimonas, Prevotella_9, Lachnospiraceae_UCG-001, Faecalibacterium, Coprococcus_2, Parabacteroides, Megasphaera, Leuconostoc, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, Lactococcus, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, and Coprococcus_2) increased significantly as the concentration of black soldier fly oil increased. Taken together, this study indicated that black soldier fly oil supplementation could improve gut microbial composition and structure by increasing the proportions of beneficial bacteria. Notably, this is the first report on the effects of black soldier fly oil on the gut microbiota of pigeon, which contribute to understanding the positive effects of black soldier fly oil from the gut microbial perspective.

Microbiome analysis reveals gut microbiota alteration in mice with the effect of matrine.

Mounting evidence revealed the negative effects of abuse of antibiotic including the induction of decreased immunity and dysbacteriosis. Matrine displayed multiple beneficial effects such as anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antibacterial, but studies of its influence on gut microbiota are still insufficient to report. Here, the present study was conducted to investigate the influence of matrine on the gut microbiota of mice and amoxicillin was used as a positive control. A total of 21 cecal samples were obtained from seven groups for high-throughput sequencing analysis based on V3-V4 variable region of 16S rRNA genes. Results revealed that the diversity and abundance of gut microbiota in mice gradually decreased with the increase of the concentration of amoxicillin, whereas matrine administration did not effect the intestinal microbial community structure. Additionally, amoxicillin and matrine supplementation also caused significant changes in the relative abundance of some intestinal bacteria. Specifically, the ratio of Klebsiella and Corynebacterium_1, Bacteroides and Parasutterella in the amoxicillin treated-group were increased as compared to the control group, whereas Muribaculaceae_unclassified, Alistipes and Lactobacillus were significantly decreased. Conversely, matrine administration significantly increased the proportion of beneficial bacteria such as Ruminiclostridium_9, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Ruminococcaceae_unclassified. In conclusion, amoxicillin administration could change the microbial community composition and structure by increasing the proportion of pathogenic to beneficial bacteria, whereas matrine could increase the number of beneficial bacteria. Moreover, this study provides a theoretical basis for finding alternatives to antibiotics to decrease bacterial resistance and intestinal flora imbalance.

Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Fischoederius elongatus Derived from Cows in Shanghai, China.

A study was conducted to reveal the characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Fischoederius elongatus derived from cows in Shanghai, China. Results indicated that the complete mt genome of F. elongatus was 14,288 bp and contained 12 protein-coding genes (cox1-3, nad1-6, nad4L, atp6, and cytb), 22 transfer RNA genes, and two ribosomal RNA genes (l-rRNA and s-rRNA). The overall A + T content of the mt genome was 63.83%, and the nucleotide composition was A (19.83%), C (9.75%), G (26.43%), and T (44.00%). A total of 3284 amino acids were encoded by current F. elongatus isolate mt genome, TTT (Phe) (9.84%) and TTG (Leu) (7.73%) codon were the most frequent amino acids, whereas the ACC (Thr) (0.06%), GCC (Ala) (0.09%), CTC (Leu) (0.09%), and AAC (Asn) (0.09%) codon were the least frequent ones. At the third codon position of F. elongatus mt protein genes, T (50.82%) was observed most frequently and C (5.85%) was the least one. The current results can contribute to epidemiology diagnosis, molecular identification, taxonomy, genetic, and drug development researches about this parasite species in cattle.

Comparison of the Intestinal Microbial Community in Ducks Reared Differently through High-Throughput Sequencing.

Birds are an important source of fecal contamination in environment. Many of diseases are spread through water contamination caused by poultry droppings. A study was conducted to compare the intestinal microbial structure of Shaoxing ducks with and without water. Thirty 1-day-old Shaoxing ducks (Qingke No. 3) were randomly divided into two groups; one group had free access to water (CC), while the other one was restricted from water (CT). After 8 months of breeding, caecal samples of 10 birds from each group were obtained on ice for high-throughput sequencing. A total of 1507978 valid sequences were examined and clustered into 1815 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). At phylum level, Firmicutes (41.37%), Bacteroidetes (33.26%), Proteobacteria (13.67%), and Actinobacteria (8.26%) were found to dominate the microbial community in CC birds, while Firmicutes (53.62%), Bacteroidetes (33.06%), and Actinobacteria (11.13%) were uncovered to be the prime phyla in CT ducks. At genus level, Bacteroides (25.02%), Escherichia-Shigella (11.02%), Peptococcus (7.73%) and Parabacteroides (5.86%) were revealed to be the mainly genera in the CC group ducks, while Bacteroides (18.11%), Erysipelatoclostridium (10.94%), Ruminococcaceae_unclassified (10.43%), Lachnospiraceae_unclassified (5.26%), Coriobacteriales_unclassified (5.89%), and Faecalibacterium (4.2%) were detected to staple the microbial flora in the CT birds. One phylum and 13 genera were found to have the significant difference between the two bird groups (p<0.05). At phylum level, Proteobacteria in CT ducks were found to be obviously lower than ducks in CC birds (p<0.05). At genus level, Escherichia-Shigella (p<0.05) and Peptococcus (p<0.05) were found to be notably lower in CT birds, while Erysipelatoclostridium (p<0.05), Ruminococcaceae_unclassified (p<0.01), Coriobacteriales_unclassified (p<0.05), Faecalibacterium (p<0.01), Atopobiaceae_unclassified (p<0.01), Alistipes (p<0.05), Eggerthellaceae_unclassified (p<0.05), Prevotella_7 (<0.05), Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group (p<0.05), Prevotellaceae_uncultured (p<0.05), and Shuttleworthia (p<0.05) were observed to be prominently higher in CT ducks. In conclusion, the present study revealed the effects of keeping ducks away from swimming with obvious changes in the microbial community. Though higher microbial richness was found in the ducks without swimming, more pathogenic genera including Eggerthella, Erysipelatoclostridium, Alistipes, Prevotella_7, and Shuttleworthia; zoonotic genera including Eggerthella and Shuttleworthia; inflammatory genus Alistipes; anti-inflammatory Faecalibacterium genus; and tumor genus Rikenellaceae were examined in these ducks. The CT ducks also showed significant changes at genera level regarding the metabolism (Peptococcus, Ruminococcaceae, and Coriobacteriales).

Sarcosporidiosis: An Emerging Disease in Yaks (Bos grunniens) on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau (QTP), China.

BACKGROUND: Sarcocystosis is a worldwide distributed parasitic zoonosis. However, scarce knowledge is available about the infection of sarcocystosis in yaks. RESULTS: Herein, we conducted this study to survey the seroprevalence of sarcocystosis in yaks on the Qinghai Tibetan plateau. A total of 2549 serum samples were obtained during 2011-2017, which were assayed using commercial ELISA kits. The results revealed that the overall seroprevalence of sarcosporidiosis in QTP yaks was 0.90% (95 CI 0.6-1.4). The seroprevalence ranged from 0.20% (95 CI 0-1.1) to 1.67% (95 CI 0.8-3.0) in yaks in different areas. The seroprevalence was 0.73% (95 CI 0.3-1.4) in male yaks and 0.06% (95 CI 0.6-1.8) in female yaks. In different ages, the seroprevalence ranged from 0 (95 CI 0-1.4) to 1.47% (95 CI 0.6-3.0). In different years, the seroprevalence ranged from 0 (95 CI 0-1.4) to 1.86% (95 CI 0.7-4.0). In the current study herein, region and age were revealed to be the obvious influencing risk factors by conditional stepwise logistic regression. DISCUSSION: The current study herein first found the emerging infection of sarcosporidiosis in yaks from high plateaus, which contributes to outline the epidemiological scenario of sarcosporidiosis in yaks in China. Moreover, our findings highlight the urgent need of studies in yaks on the QTP at further and more comprehensive level.

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Metastrongylus salmi (M. salmi) derived from Tibetan pigs in Tibet, China.

The present study was designed to determine and analyze the mt genomes of Metastrongylus salmi (M. salmi), and reveal the phylogenetic relationships of this parasite using mt DNA sequences. Results showed that the complete mt genome of M. salmi was 13722 bp containing 12 protein-coding genes (cox1-3, nad1-6, nad4L, atp6 and cytb), 22 transfer RNA genes, and 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rrnL and rrnS). The overall A+T content was 73.54% and the nucleotide composition was A (23.52%), C (6.14%), G (19.60%), T (50.02%), and N (UCAG) (0.73%). A total of 4237 amino acids are encoded from the Tibetan isolates of M. salmi mt genomes. The ATA was predicted as the most common starting codon with 41.7% (5/12 protein genes); and 11 of the 12 protein genes were found to have a TAG or TAA translation termination codon. By clustering together the phylogenetic trees of Tibetan M. salmi and Austrian M. salmi, the M. salmi isolated from Tibetan pigs was found to be highly homological with that stemmed from Austrian one. This information provides meaningful insights into the phylogenetic position of the M. salmi China isolate and represents a useful resource for selecting molecular markers for diagnosis and population studies.

Epidemiology of Q-fever in goats in Hubei province of China.

Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) is an intracellular bacterium, which causes zoonotic disease called Q-fever. However, scarce information is known about the epidemiology of Q-fever in goats in Hubei province of China. A total of 1157 blood samples were collected from the study area and these were tested for antibodies against C. burnetii by employing a commercial competitive ELISA. The results showed that the overall positive rate of C. burnetii was 4.75% (95% CI: 3.6, 6.1) and in different counties it ranged from 1.05 to 11.84% in goats. Antibodies positive against C. burnetii were detected in 24 (4.68%; 95% CI: 3.0, 6.9) out of 513 male goats and 31 (4.81; 95% CI: 3.3, 6.8) out of 644 female goats. In different seasons, the seroprevalence of C. burnetii infection in goats was 6.81% (95% CI: 3.9, 10.8) in spring, 5.46% (95% CI: 3.4, 8.3) in summer, 4.73% (95% CI: 2.1, 9.1) in autumn, and 2.84% (95% CI: 1.4, 5.0) in winter. The present survey reveals that C. burnetii is prevalent in goats in Hubei province. Considering the numerous economic losses and potential risk to public health due to Q-fever, it is important that control measures should be adopted to prevent the transmission of this intracellular bacterium in animals and humans in Hubei province.

Effect of tetramethylpyrazine on tibial dyschondroplasia incidence, tibial angiogenesis, performance and characteristics via HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway in chickens.

Tibial dyschodroplasia (TD) is a most common pathological condition in many avian species that is characterized by failure of growth plate (GP) modeling that leads to the persistence of avascular lesion in the GP. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is widely used to treat neurovascular disorders and pulmonary hypertension, but no report is available about promoting effect of TMP against TD. Therefore, a total of 210 broiler chicks were equally divided into three groups; Control, TD and TMP. During the experiment mortality rate, chicken performance indicators (daily weight, average daily feed intake, average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio), tibia bone indicators (weight, length, width of tibial and the size of GP) in addition to gene expression of HIF-1α and VEGF were examined. The results showed that TMP administration restore the GP width, increase growth performance, and mitigated the lameness in broiler chickens. The expression of HIF-1α and VEGF increased significantly in TD affected thiram induced chicks. Whereas, TMP treatment down-regulated HIF-1α and VEGF genes and proteins expressions. The present study demonstrates that the TMP plays an important role in angiogenesis during the impairment and recovery of GP in TD via regulation of the HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway in chickens.

Revealing the parasitic infection in diarrheic yaks by piloting high-throughput sequencing.

Diarrhea a serious disease, reported to be related with changes in microbial diversity is widely epidemic in the yaks on the Qinghai Tibet plateau. Herein, we preformed high-throughput sequencing of the parasitic diversity in 3 groups of yaks i.e. healthy adult yaks (HA), diarrheic adult yaks (DA) and diarrheic yak calves (DC) in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. The results showed that 2 Phyla, 3 Classes, 5 Orders, 4 Families and 6 Genera were discovered in HA yaks; 2 Phyla, 3 Classes, 6 Orders, 6 Families and 8 Genera were found in DA yaks while 2 Phyla, 5 Classes, 5 Orders, 10 Families and 7 Genera were observed in DC yaks. At Phylum level, Nematoda and Apicomplexa were detected in all three yak groups; however, Apicomplexa was found to be conspicuously higher in the DC yaks as compared to DA yaks (p < 0.05). At Class level, Litostomatea, Chromadorea and Gregarinasina were found in all three yak groups, while Spirotrichea and Colpodea were only found in the DC yaks. At Order level, Vestibuliferida, Tritrichomonadida, Rhabditida and Eugregarinorida were observed in all three yak groups; and Neogregarinorida was noted HA and DC yaks while Trichomonadida and Hypotrichomonadida were only found in DA yaks. Tritrichomonadida was found to be relatively higher in the DA yaks when compared with HA yaks (p < 0.05) and DC yaks (p < 0.05). At Family level, Simplicimonadidae and Haemonchidae were found in all three yak groups. Trichostrongylidae was observed in both HA and DA yak groups. Syncystidae was established in both HA and DC yak groups except DA yaks. Trichomonadidae and Dictyocaulidae were only found in DA yaks. Plectidae, Strongylidae, Echinamoebidae, Lecudinidae, Pseudokeronopsidae and Panagrolaimidae were only discovered in DC yaks. Simplicimonadidae was found to be remarkably higher in DA yaks as compared to HA and DC yak groups (p < 0.05); and Haemonchidae was detected at higher levels in HA yaks as compared to DA and DC yaks (p < 0.05). At Genus level, Entamoeba, Buxtonella and Haemonchus were found in all three yak groups. Plectus and Echinamoeba were only found in DC yaks; while Trichostrongylus and Trepomonas were observed in HA and DA yak groups. The genus Gregarina was found in both diarrheic yak groups; while the genera of Tetratrichomonas and Dictyocaulus were observed in DA yaks only. The present study herein reported an insight of the change of parasitic diversity in diarrheic yaks at high altitude area, which shall make contribution towards the solid prevention of diarrhea in yaks.

Tibial dyschondroplasia is closely related to suppression of expression of hypoxia-inducible factors 1α, 2α, and 3α in chickens.

Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) cases has not been reported in Tibetan chickens (TBCs), but it is commonly seen in commercial broilers characterized by lameness. The underlying mechanism remains unclear. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are important regulators of cellular adaptation to hypoxic conditions. In this study, we investigated the role of HIF-1α, -2α, and -3α in hypoxia and thiram-induced TD and their effect on tibial growth plate development in Arbor Acres chickens (AACs) and TBCs. RNA and protein expression levels of HIF-1α, -2α, and -3α were determined by using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analyses, respectively. Interestingly, the results showed that HIF-1α, -2α, and -3α expressions in the tibial growth plate of TBCs were upregulated by hypoxia and the change was more significant in TBCs than in AACs. However, these factors were downregulated in thiram-induced TD. To further clarify the effect of thiram on tibial growth plate in commercial broilers, AACs were observed to exhibit more pronounced changes in their growth plate that that in TBCs. Taken together, these results demonstrate that HIF-1α, -2α, and -3α may be important in tibial growth plate development and in the prevention of TD. The present study contributes novel insights on a therapeutic target for poultry TD.

Analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of Ascaris suum and Ascaris lumbricoides derived from free range Tibetan pigs.

Ascaris suum (A. suum) is the most commonly occurring worldwide internal parasite of pigs; however, little is known about this organism in Tibetan pigs in China. A study was carried to isolate and identify the characteristics of internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) gene of A. suum derived from Tibetan pigs. Adult nematodes were collected from Tibetan pigs in 2015-2016. Total genomic DNA of the extracted parasites was performed and a fragment of the ITS of mitochondrial (mt) gene was amplified. The amplicons were cloned into PGEM®-T Easy Vector (Promega, WI) and the positive clones were sequenced by ABI 3730 × 1 sequencer. The sequence and phylogenetic analysis were performed by ClustalWVer. 1.4 and MEGA 6.0 software, respectively. Results indicated that the identity of A. suum isolates was 98.4%-99.9% with previously reported pig isolates, and 99.4%-99.7% with A. lumbricoides isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the characteristics of ITS gene of A. suum derived from the Tibetan pigs from high and remote areas depicting high identity with the isolates of both A. suum and A. lumbricoides.

Tibial dyschondroplasia is highly associated with suppression of tibial angiogenesis through regulating the HIF-1α/VEGF/VEGFR signaling pathway in chickens.

Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is an intractable poultry problem that is characterized by the appearance of non-vascularized and non-mineralized cartilage masses in tibial growth plates (TGPs). However, the role of angiogenesis inhibition in the occurrence of TD remains unknown. In this study, we found that, compared to low-altitude Arbor Acres chickens (AACs), high-altitude Tibetan chickens showed higher tibial vascular distributions that were accompanied by up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and VEGF receptors. These observations provide insights into hypoxia-induced angiogenesis, which may be related to the absence of TD in high-altitude native Tibetan chickens. Importantly, hypoxia experiments also showed that during hypoxia, tibial angiogenesis was enhanced, which was due to pro-angiogenic factor up-regulation (including VEGFA, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and IL-8), in AACs. Moreover, we observed that thiram-induced TD could strongly inhibit tibial angiogenesis in the hypertrophic zone through coordinated down-regulation of HIF-1α and pro-angiogenic factors, leading to a disruption in the blood supply to the TGP. Taken together, these findings reveal that the occurrence of TD is highly associated with inhibition of tibial angiogenesis through down-regulated expression of HIF-1α, VEGFA and VEGF receptors, which results in suppression of TGP development.

Analysis of the intestinal microbial community in healthy and diarrheal perinatal yaks by high-throughput sequencing.

Diarrhea, the most common disease of perinatal yaks greatly affects the growth of animals. Changes in the number and structure of intestinal flora can cause the disorder of the intestinal environment leading to diarrhea. A study was conducted to investigate the impact of diarrhea on the number and structure of intestinal flora in perinatal yaks. Fecal samples were collected from healthy and diarrhea-affected perinatal yaks; and changes in number and structure of intestinal flora were compared by 16S rDNA V3-V4 region high-throughput sequencing. A total of 272071 optimized sequences were acquired from bacteria, which were identified from 9 phyla, 13 classes, 17 orders, 36 families and 72 genera. The number of bacterial species among diarrheac intestinal flora was lower than the healthy group, with no significant difference between two groups (P > 0.05); however, significant differences were observed at phylum, class, order, family and genus level between two groups (P < 0.05). This study has provided for the first time an insight of the changes occurring in intestinal flora in perinatal yaks at high altitudes of the world.

Investigation and characterization of ß-lactam resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from bamboo rats (Rhizomys sinensis) in Zhejiang province, China.

This study was undertaken to investigate drug resistance in Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains isolated from bamboo rats in Zhejiang province of China. One hundred and fifty-four E. coli strains were isolated from dead bamboo rats. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the representative genes encoding resistance to commonly used ß-lactam antibiotics. Highest resistance was observed for cefradine (24.03%), followed by penicillin (20.78%) and ceftazidime (20.13%). The isolation rates of ß-lactam resistance genes were 53.25, 48.70, 15.58 and 14.29% for bla TEM, bla CTX-M, bla OXA and bla SHV, respectively, while 62 (40.26%) E. coli isolates harbored multiple ß-lactam resistance genes. These results also suggested that long term use of these antibiotics leads to antibimicrobial resistance. We believe that this study will provide a guideline for veterinarians and a research basis for examining resistance-encoding genes in other food animals like bamboo rats.

Detection and phylogenetic analysis of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae from Tibetan pigs in western China.

Enzootic pneumonia (EP), often caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, occurs in Tibetan pigs between October and December in Western China. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of M. hyopneumoniae in Tibetan pig herds and also the prevalence of infection. M. hyopneumoniae was detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and 16S rRNA sequencing. Twenty-nine inflammatory gross-lesions were observed in 155 lungs of slaughtered pigs. Invasion of focal lymphocytes was confirmed by paraffin sectioning and hematoxylin-eosin staining of lung sections. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from slaughtered Tibetan pigs and nasal swabs from others were assayed using PCR. The prevalence of M. hyopneumoniae in Tibetan pig herds (via ELISA) was 20.48% (93/454) in 3 provinces (Sichuan, Tibet autonomous region, and Qinghai) between October and December of 2014. The difference in prevalence among animals in six different growing stages was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Anti-M. hyopneumoniae antibody was detected in breeding sows (45.83%; 22/48) and piglets (50%; 3/6). PCR and gel electrophoresis of BALF showed that 6.45% (10/155) of pigs were positive for M. hyopneumoniae. The presence of M. hyopneumoniae in serum was higher in piglets and breeding sows than in any other group. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that M. hyopneumoniae is prevalent among Tibetan pigs between October and December in Western China. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first investigation of M. hyopneumoniae prevalence in Tibetan pigs of Western China using serological tests, PCR, and 16S rRNA sequencing.

Epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in native Tibetans in Tibet, China.

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is one of the most common and widespread protozoan parasite which caused toxoplasma infection in animals and humans. Toxoplasma infection in healthy people is usually asymptomatic and it can lead to serious pathological effects in congenital cases and immunodeficient patients. The aim of the study is to investigate the prevalence of T. gondii infection in native Tibetans in Tibet as scarce information is available on such a high plateau. A total of 600 blood samples were collected from Tibetans people who visited the hospital in Nyingchi city with the history of flu, swollen lymph glands, muscle pain, and neurological or eyes complications (showing single or more signs). The serum of collected samples were tested for IgG antibody by ELISA. The result showed that the prevalence in men and women were 11.3% and 11.0%, respectively, the prevalence in different ages were 9.8% in < 7 years, 6.2% in ≥7-17 years, 10.1% in ≥18-40 years, 14.8% in ≥41-65 years and 11.6% in ≥66 years. The current study indicates the first report of this zoonotic parasite infection in Tibetan people.

Epidemiological investigation and risk factors of Echinococcus granulosus in yaks (Bos grunniens), Tibetan pigs and Tibetans on Qinghai Tibetan plateau.

Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) is a diverse zoonotic parasite and causes Cystic echinococcosis (CE) disease in humans and livestock. However, scare information is available about the epidemic situation of E. granulosus infection in yaks, Tibetan pigs and native Tibetans on the Qinghai Tibetan plateau. Therefore, a study was carried out to find prevalence and risk factors of E. granulosus in yaks, Tibetan pigs and Tibetans. Serum samples from yaks (1371), Tibetan pigs (454) and Tibetans (600) were collected and assessed by commercial ELISA kits. Multivariable logistic regression model was performed to find the variables possibly associated with exposure of E. granulosus infection in yaks, Tibetan pigs and Tibetan. The overall prevalence of E. granulosus in yaks was 6.49%. In different regions, the prevalence were ranged from 3.43% to 11.79%. In male and female yaks, the prevalence was 5.67% and 7.04%, respectively. In different ages, the prevalence were ranged from 2.20% to 10.9%. While, in different years, the prevalence was 3.61% in 2014, 9.66% in 2015, and 6.33% in 2016. According to the conditional stepwise logistic regression, three factors (region, age and year) were demonstrated to be risk factors influencing the prevalence of E. granulosus in yaks significantly (P<0.05). A total 33/454 of Tibetan pigs were positive for E. granulosus with the distribution of 5.47, 5.70 and 13.27% prevalence in Gongbo'gvamda, Mainling, and Nyingchi region, respectively. In male and female Tibetan pigs, the prevalence was 7.12% and 7.49% respectively, while region was considered as a significant (P<0.05) risk factor influencing the E. granulosus infection in Tibetan pigs. The total prevalence of E. granulosus infection in Tibetans was 1.83%, while in male and female Tibetans, the prevalence was 1.41% and 2.21%, respectively. In different ages, the prevalence were ranged from 0 to 3.21%. In Tibetans contacting animals or not was 2.41% and 0.54% respectively, and breeding dogs or not was 3.0% and 1.09%, respectively. Risk factors (gender age, contact animal and breed dog) were not significant (P>0.05). The present results reported the prevalence and associated risk factors of E. granulosus in yaks, Tibetan pigs and native Tibetans. These findings could have important epidemiological significance and a direct influence on the remote plateau.