The oxidant-antioxidant imbalance was involved in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

Background: Although oxidative stress is involved in the pathophysiological process of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), the specific underlying mechanism is still unclear. Whether antioxidant therapy can treat CRSwNP needs further investigation. Methods: Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analyses were performed to detect the distribution and expression of oxidants and antioxidants in nasal polyp tissues. qPCR revealed correlations between oxidase, antioxidant enzymes and inflammatory cytokine levels in CRSwNP patients. Human nasal epithelial cells (HNEpCs) and primary macrophages were cultured to track the cellular origin of oxidative stress in nasal polyps(NPs) and to determine whether crocin can reduce cellular inflammation by increasing the cellular antioxidant capacity. Results: The expression of NOS2, NOX1, HO-1 and SOD2 was increased in nasal epithelial cells and macrophages derived from nasal polyp tissue. Oxidase levels were positively correlated with those of inflammatory cytokines (IL-5 and IL-6). Conversely, the levels of antioxidant enzymes were negatively correlated with those of IL-13 and IFN-γ. Crocin inhibited M1 and M2 macrophage polarization as well as the expression of NOS2 and NOX1 and improved the antioxidant capacity of M2 macrophages. Moreover, crocin enhanced the ability of antioxidants to reduce inflammation via the KEAP1/NRF2/HO-1 pathway in HNEpCs treated with SEB or LPS. Additionally, we observed the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of crocin in nasal explants. Conclusion: Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of CRSwNP by promoting various types of inflammation. The oxidative stress of nasal polyps comes from epithelial cells and macrophages. Antioxidant therapy may be a promising strategy for treating CRSwNP.

Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed [4 + 2] Electro-Oxidative Annulation of C6-Arylpurines/Purine Nucleosides.

A sustainable pathway for the synthesis of tetracyclic purinium salts via ruthenium-catalyzed electro-oxidative annulation of C6-arylpurine nucleosides with alkynes without a stoichiometric metal oxidant has been developed. The protocol described herein exhibits high regioselectivity, broad scope, and wide functional group tolerance, allowing efficient coupling of various biologically important molecules including acyclic, ribosyl, arabinosyl, and deoxyribosyl purine nucleoside derivatives. A novel purinoisoquinolinium-coordinated ruthenium(0) sandwich intermediate has been isolated, crystallographically characterized, and electrochemically analyzed, offering direct mechanistic insight.

Development and Validation of a Chinese Resilience Scale for Young Children.

(1) Background: Resilience research began in the child population as a validity scale to describe children's psychological wellbeing and ability to cope with negative events, and to some extent, to predict recovery and adaptation when they experience adversity again. In view of the important developmental implications of resilience in young children and the lack of a Chinese children's resilience scale, this study developed a resilience scale for young Chinese children based on a systematic review of existing international resilience scales and the characteristics of the Chinese cultural background. (2) Methods: The scale was developed by referring to existing scales, expert interviews, item collation and item finalization, developing original items, then deleting and determining items through item analysis, and finally, comparing with existing scales to obtain the internal and external validity of this scale. (3) Results: The results showed that the scale has good measurement properties, internal consistency reliability, and internal and external validity. (4) Conclusions: Through the development and validation of the Resilience Scale for young children in China, the scale can be used to measure the resilience of young children in China.

Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Synthesis of Diverse Fluorescent Polycyclic Purinium Salts from 6-Arylpurine Nucleosides and Alkynes.

Described herein is an efficient strategy for assembling a new library of functionalized polycyclic purinium salts with a wide range of anions through RhIII-catalyzed C-H activation/annulation of 6-arylpurine nucleosides with alkynes under mild reaction conditions. The resulting products displayed tunable photoluminescence covering most of the visible spectrum. Mechanistic insights delineated the rhodium catalyst's mode of action. A purinoisoquinolinium-coordinated rhodium(I) sandwich complex was well characterized and identified as the key intermediate.