Oligosaccharides from Asparagus cochinchinensis for ameliorating LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice.

Asparagi radix is an edible herb with medicinal properties and is now widely used in clinical applications for improving pulmonary inflammation. However, the lung-protective effect and the active constituents of Asparagi radix are yet to be elucidated. Herein, the potential pulmonary protective effect of the oligosaccharides of Asparagi radix was investigated. We firstly identified eighteen oligosaccharides with different degrees of polymerization from Asparagi radix using HPLC-QTOF MS. Oligosaccharides were analysed for 20 samples of Asparagi radix collected from various regions in China using HILIC-ELSD and were found to stably exist in this herb. In this study, we found that AROS significantly reduced NO production and effectively down-regulated the mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-1ß and TNF-α in RAW 264.7 cells, thereby reducing the inflammatory response induced by LPS. AROS also inhibited LPS-stimulated intracellular ROS production. A murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury was used to evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory and lung protective efficacies of AROS. AROS ameliorated the damage to the pulmonary cellular architecture pathological injury and lung edema. AROS significantly decreased the levels of cytokines IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1ß; the levels of MPO and MDA; and superoxide dismutase consumption in vivo. This effect of oligosaccharides can explain the traditional usage of Asparagus cochinchinensis as a tonic medicine for respiratory problems, and oligosaccharides from Asparagi radix used as a natural ingredient can play an important role in protecting lung injury.

Combined effects of mulch film-derived microplastics and pesticides on soil microbial communities and element cycling.

Pesticides and microplastics (MPs) derived from mulch film in agricultural soil can independently impact soil ecology, yet the consequences of their combined exposure remain unclear. Therefore, the effects of simultaneous exposure to commonly used pesticides (imidacloprid and flumioxazin) and aged mulch film-derived MPs on soil microorganisms and element cycles in cotton fields were investigated. The combined exposure influenced soil microorganisms, alongside processes related to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles, exhibiting effects that were either neutralized or enhanced compared to individual exposures. The impact of pesticides in combined exposure was notably more significant and played a dominant role than that of MPs. Specifically, combined exposure intensified changes in soil bacterial community and symbiotic networks. The combined exposure neutralized NH4+, NO3-, DOC, and A-P contents, shifting from 0.33 % and 40.23 % increase in MPs and pesticides individually to a 40.24 % increase. Moreover, combined exposure resulted in the neutralization or amplification of the nitrogen-fixing gene nifH, nitrifying genes (amoA and amoB), and denitrifying genes (nirS and nirK), the carbon cycle gene cbbLG and the phosphorus cycle gene phoD from 0.48 and 2.57-fold increase to a 2.99-fold increase. The combined exposure also led to the neutralization or enhancement of carbon and nitrogen cycle functional microorganisms, shifting from a 1.53-fold inhibition and 10.52-fold increase to a 6.39-fold increase. These findings provide additional insights into the potential risks associated with combined pesticide exposure and MPs, particularly concerning soil microbial communities and elemental cycling processes.

Impact of a glyphosate-based herbicide on the longevity, fertility, and transgenerational effects on Chrysopa pallens (Rambur) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae).

Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are common herbicide formulations used in the field and are increasingly used worldwide with the widespread cultivation of herbicide-tolerant genetically modified crops. As a result, the risk of arthropod exposure to GBH is increasing rapidly. Chrysopa pallens (Rambur) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is a common predatory natural enemy in agroecosystems, which is exposed to GBH (Roundup®) while preying on pests. To identify and characterize the potential effects of GBH on C. pallens, the life tables of C. pallens larvae and adults fed with GBH were constructed. Moreover, the effects of GBH treatment on the expression of genes involved in insulin signalling in adults were analyzed using qRT-PCR. The results showed that GBH treatment altered the pupal period and preadult stage of C. pallens larvae. However, it did no effect on longevity, fecundity, and population parameters and two insulin receptor genes (InR1, InR2), a serine/threonine kinase (Akt), an extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (erk), and vitellogenin (Vg1) expression of C. pallens. Adults feeding on GBH significantly altered development, longevity, and differences in the mean generation time of the F0 generation. However, GBH feeding only minimally influenced the growth and population parameters of the F1 generation. In addition, InR1, InR2, erk, and Vg1 expression in the F0 generation were downregulated on the fifth day of feeding on GBH. Furthermore, the expression levels of InR1, InR2, Akt, erk, and Vg1 in C. pallens decreased with the increase of GBH concentration, although the expression levels returned to control levels on the tenth day. Overall, the consumption of the GBH by larvae and adults of C. pallens had minimal effect on the growth and population parameters of C. pallens. The findings of this study can provide a reference for elucidating the environmental risks of GBH, guiding the optimal use of glyphosate in agricultural practices in the future.

A novel aging-associated lncRNA signature for predicting prognosis in osteosarcoma.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most prevalent bone tumors in adolescents, and the correlation between aging and OS remains unclear. Currently, few accurate and reliable biomarkers have been determined for OS prognosis. To address this issue, we carried out a detailed bioinformatics analysis based on OS with data from the Cancer Genome Atlas data portal and Human Aging Genomic Resources database, as well as in vitro experiments. A total of 88 OS samples with gene expression profiles and corresponding clinical characteristics were obtained. Through univariate Cox regression analysis and survival analysis, 10 aging-associated survival lncRNAs (AASRs) were identified to be associated with the overall survival of OS patients. Based on the expression levels of the 10 AASRs, the OS patients were classified into two clusters (Cluster A and Cluster B). Cluster A had a worse prognosis, while Cluster B had a better prognosis. Then, 5 AASRs were ultimately included in the signature through least absolute shrinkage and selection operator-Cox regression analysis. Kaplan‒Meier survival analysis verified that the high-risk group exhibited a worse prognosis than the low-risk group. Furthermore, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses confirmed that the riskScore was an independent prognostic factor for OS patients. Subsequently, we discovered that the risk signature was correlated with the properties of the tumor microenvironment and immune cell infiltration. Specifically, there was a positive association between the risk model and naïve B cells, resting dendritic cells and gamma delta T cells, while it was negatively related to CD8+ T cells. Finally, in vitro experiments, we found that UNC5B-AS1 inhibited OS cells from undergoing cellular senescence and apoptosis, thereby promoting OS cells proliferation. In conclusion, we constructed and verified a 5 AASR-based signature, that exhibited excellent performance in evaluating the overall survival of OS patients. In addition, we found that UNC5B-AS1 might inhibit the senescence process, thus leading to the development and progression of OS. Our findings may provide novel insights into the treatment of OS patients.

An Accuracy-Aware Energy-Efficient Multipath Routing Algorithm for WSNs.

In the fields of industrial production or safety monitoring, wireless sensor networks are often content with unreliable and time-varying channels that are susceptible to interference. Consequently, ensuring both transmission reliability and data accuracy has garnered substantial attention in recent years. Although multipath routing-based schemes can provide transmission reliability for wireless sensor networks, achieving high data accuracy simultaneously remains challenging. To address this issue, an Energy-efficient Multipath Routing algorithm balancing data Accuracy and transmission Reliability (EMRAR) is proposed to balance the reliability and accuracy of data transmission. The multipath routing problem is formulated into a multi-objective programming problem aimed at optimizing both reliability and power consumption while adhering to data accuracy constraints. To obtain the solution of the multi-objective programming, an adaptive artificial immune algorithm is employed, in which the antibody initialization method, antibody incentive calculation method, and immune operation are improved, especially for the multipath routing scheme. Simulation results show that the EMRAR algorithm effectively balances data accuracy and transmission reliability while also saving energy when compared to existing algorithms.

Fitness effect and transcription profile reveal sublethal effect of nitenpyram on the predator Chrysopa pallens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae).

Although neonicotinoids are widely used and important insecticide, there are growing concerns about their effect on nontarget insects and other organisms. Moreover, the effects of nitenpyram (NIT), a second generation of neonicotinoid insecticides, on Chrysopa pallens are still unclear. Therefore, this study purposed to investigate the acute toxicity of NIT to C. pallens using the spotting method. To examine the potential effects of a sublethal dose of NIT (LD30 , 1.85 ng of active ingredient per insect) on C. pallens, we constructed the life tables and analyzed the transcriptome data. The life table results showed that the period of second instar larvae, adult pre-oviposition period and total pre-oviposition period were significantly prolonged after exposure to sublethal dose of NIT, but had no significant effects on the other instars, longevity, oviposition days, and fecundity. The population parameters, including the preadult survival rate, gross reproduction rate, net reproductive rate, the intrinsic rate of increase, and finite rate of increase, were not significantly affected, and only the mean generation time was significantly prolonged by NIT. Transcriptome analysis showed that there were 68 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 50 upregulated genes and 18 downregulated genes. Moreover, 13 DEGs related to heat shock protein, nose resistant to fluoxetine protein 6, and prophenoloxidas were upregulated. This study showed the potential effects of sublethal doses of NIT on C. pallens and provided a theoretical reference for the comprehensive application of chemical and biological control in integrated pest management.

BATMAN-TCM 2.0: an enhanced integrative database for known and predicted interactions between traditional Chinese medicine ingredients and target proteins.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is increasingly recognized and utilized worldwide. However, the complex ingredients of TCM and their interactions with the human body make elucidating molecular mechanisms challenging, which greatly hinders the modernization of TCM. In 2016, we developed BATMAN-TCM 1.0, which is an integrated database of TCM ingredient-target protein interaction (TTI) for pharmacology research. Here, to address the growing need for a higher coverage TTI dataset, and using omics data to screen active TCM ingredients or herbs for complex disease treatment, we updated BATMAN-TCM to version 2.0 (http://bionet.ncpsb.org.cn/batman-tcm/). Using the same protocol as version 1.0, we collected 17 068 known TTIs by manual curation (with a 62.3-fold increase), and predicted ∼2.3 million high-confidence TTIs. In addition, we incorporated three new features into the updated version: (i) it enables simultaneous exploration of the target of TCM ingredient for pharmacology research and TCM ingredients binding to target proteins for drug discovery; (ii) it has significantly expanded TTI coverage; and (iii) the website was redesigned for better user experience and higher speed. We believe that BATMAN-TCM 2.0, as a discovery repository, will contribute to the study of TCM molecular mechanisms and the development of new drugs for complex diseases.

Integrated thrust ripple identification and compensation for linear servo system using an MP algorithm.

Generally there are two methods for the thrust ripple modeling: one is to identify the eigenvalues and the model parameters of thrust ripple sequentially under rigorous operating conditions; another is to treat thrust ripple as a general and inaccurate disturbance. To get rid of the constraints and further enhance the tracking accuracy of the linear servo system, a novel integrated identification and compensation scheme using an improved matching pursuit algorithm is proposed in this paper. First, the dynamics of the linear motor is formulated, and the cause of thrust ripple is analyzed. Then, a time-frequency atomic library of thrust ripple is constructed with the consideration of the frequency characteristics of position command, and meanwhile, the two optimal atoms are obtained successively by maximizing the inner product for the thrust ripple reconstruction. Based on the above, the eigenvalues and model parameters of thrust ripple can be simultaneously identified in an online manner. Finally, the feedforward compensation component is devised by the identification results to suppress thrust ripple. In order to verify the superiority of the proposed scheme, simulations and experiments are conducted compared with the conventional methods.

Effects of long-term microplastic pollution on soil heavy metals and metal resistance genes: Distribution patterns and synergistic effects.

Heavy metals (HMs) and microplastics (MPs) are two emerging factors threatening global food security. Whether long-term MPs pollution will affect the distribution of HMs and their resistance genes (MRGs) in soil is unknown. Here, metagenomic approach was used to decipher the fate of MRGs in cropland soils with long-term film MPs residues. Similar distribution pattern of MRGs was formed in long-term film MPs contaminated soil. A total of 202 MRG subtypes were detected, with resistance genes for Multimetal, Cu, and As being the most prevalent type of MRGs. MRGs formed a modular distribution of five clusters centered on MRGs including ruvB in long-term film MPs contaminated soil. MRGs also formed tight co-occurrence networks with mobile genetic elements (MGEs: integrons, insertions and plasmids). Redundancy analysis showed that HMs together with microbial communities and MGEs affected the distribution of MRGs in soil. Thirteen genera including Pseudomonas were identified as potential hosts for MRGs and MGEs. The research provides preliminary progress on the synergistic effect of HMs and MPs in affecting soil ecological security. The synergistic effect of MPs and HMs needs to be considered in the remediation of contaminated soils.

Hole-Transport Management Enables 23%-Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with 84% Fill Factor.

NiOx-based inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have presented great potential toward low-cost, highly efficient and stable next-generation photovoltaics. However, the presence of energy-level mismatch and contact-interface defects between hole-selective contacts (HSCs) and perovskite-active layer (PAL) still limits device efficiency improvement. Here, we report a graded configuration based on both interface-cascaded structures and p-type molecule-doped composites with two-/three-dimensional formamidinium-based triple-halide perovskites. We find that the interface defects-induced non-radiative recombination presented at HSCs/PAL interfaces is remarkably suppressed because of efficient hole extraction and transport. Moreover, a strong chemical interaction, halogen bonding and coordination bonding are found in the molecule-doped perovskite composites, which significantly suppress the formation of halide vacancy and parasitic metallic lead. As a result, NiOx-based inverted PSCs present a power-conversion-efficiency over 23% with a high fill factor of 0.84 and open-circuit voltage of 1.162 V, which are comparable to the best reported around 1.56-electron volt bandgap perovskites. Furthermore, devices with encapsulation present high operational stability over 1,200 h during T90 lifetime measurement (the time as a function of PCE decreases to 90% of its initial value) under 1-sun illumination in ambient-air conditions.

NIR-II driven photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide-supply on metallic copper-nickel selenide (Cu-Ni0.85Se) nanoparticle for synergistic therapy.

Currently, finite intratumoral H2O2 content has restricted the efficacy of chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Here, Cu-Ni0.85Se@PEG nanoparticles are constructed to display intracellular NIR-II photocatalytic H2O2 supplement. The formation mechanism is explored to discover that H2O2 generation is dominated by photo-excited electrons and dissolved O2 via a typical sequential single-electron transfer process. Both density functional theory calculation and experimental data confirm its metallic feature that endows the great NIR-II absorption and photothermal conversion efficiency (59.6 %, 1064 nm). Furthermore, the photothermal-assisting consecutive interband and intraband transition in metallic catalyst contributes to the high redox capacity and efficient separation/transfer ability of photo-generated charges, boosting H2O2 production under 1064 nm laser irradiation. In addition, Cu-Ni0.85Se@PEG possess mimic peroxidase and catalase activity, leading to in-situ H2O2 activation to produce ∙OH and O2 for the enhanced CDT and hypoxia relief. What's more, the nanomaterials reveal novel biodegradation that is derived from oxidation from insolvable selenide into soluble selenate, resulting in elimination via feces and urine within 2 weeks. Synergistic CDT and photothermal therapy (PTT) further lead to great tumor inhibition and immune response for anti-tumor. The antitumor mechanism and the potential biological process also are investigated by high-throughput sequencing of expressed transcripts (RNAseq). The great treatment performance is responsible for the regulation of related oxidative stress and stimulus genes to induce organelle (mitochondrial) and membrane dysfunction. Besides, the synergistic therapy also can efficiently evoke immune response to further fight against tumor.

The prognostic value and response to immunotherapy of immunogenic cell death-associated genes in breast cancer.

Breast cancer (BRCA) remains the most prevalent cancer worldwide and the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been discovered to exert a wide influence on the overall survival and therapeutic response. Numerous lines of evidence reported that the effects of immunotherapy of BRCA were manipulated by TME. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a form of regulated cell death (RCD) that is capable of fueling adaptive immune responses and aberrant expression of ICD-related genes (ICDRGs) can govern the TME system by emitting danger signals or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In the current study, we obtained 34 key ICDRGs in BRCA. Subsequently, using the transcriptome data of BRCA from the TCGA database, we constructed a risk signature based on 6 vital ICDRGs, which had a good performance in predicting the overall survival of BRCA patients. We also examined the efficacy of our risk signature in the validation dataset (GSE20711) in the GEO database and it performed excellently. According to the risk model, patients with BRCA were divided into high-risk and low-risk groups. Also, the unique immune characteristics and TME between the two subgroups and 10 promising small molecule drugs targeting BRCA patients with different ICDRGs risk have been investigated. The low-risk group had good immunity indicated by T cell infiltration and high immune checkpoint expression. Moreover, the BRCA samples could be divided into three immune subtypes according to immune response severity (ISA, ISB, and ISC). ISA and ISB predominated in the low-risk group and patients in the low-risk group exhibited a more vigorous immune response. In conclusion, we developed an ICDRGs-based risk signature that can predict the prognosis of BRCA patients and offer a novel therapeutic strategy for immunotherapy, which would be of great significance in the BRCA clinical setting.

Hollow CoP@N-Carbon Nanospheres: Heterostructure and Glucose-Enhanced Charge Separation for Sonodynamic/Starvation Therapy.

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) can be described as ultrasonic (US) catalysis. Adequate charge separation is considered as effective means to promote reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, hollow CoP@N-carbon@PEG (CPCs@PEG) nanospheres (∼60 nm) are prepared as sonosensitizers, showing greater ROS generation than pure CoP@PEG under US irradiation. Both 1O2 and ·O2- are activation species that are determined by O2 and electrons. The great SDT performance of CPCs@PEG is ascribed to the heterostructure which promotes the separation and transfer for US-generated electrons and holes. In addition, holes can be further captured by endogenous glucose that is in favor of electron aggregation and ROS generation. Moreover, the consumption of glucose would decrease intracellular ATP for starvation therapy. Given the higher oxidation ability of Co3+, CPCs@PEG nanospheres possess catalase (CAT) activity to convert H2O2 into O2 for assisting ROS generation. Moreover, they also can oxidize glutathione (GSH) as a mimic GSH oxidase to break intratumor redox balance, facilitating oxidative stress. More importantly, the nanocomposites reveal good degradation ability dominated by the oxidation from insoluble phosphide into soluble phosphate, accelerating elimination via urine and feces within 14 days. CPCs@PEG nanospheres integrate the above effects not only to reveal great tumor inhibition ability but also to excite immune activation for anticancer.

Distributed Adaptive Fault-Tolerant Formation-Containment Control With Prescribed Performance for Heterogeneous Multiagent Systems.

This article proposes a distributed adaptive fault-tolerant formation-containment control with prescribed performance for heterogeneous multiagent systems (MASs) consisting of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) in the presence of actuator faults. First, utilizing the neighborhood formation error information, the distributed fault-tolerant formation control strategy is developed for the trajectory dynamics of each UAV to achieve the formation tracking, that is, all UAVs track the virtual leader and perform the prespecified formation configuration. Then, the adaptive fault-tolerant containment algorithm, independent of the positions of the leaders, is proposed to guarantee the UGVs converge to the convex hull formed by the leader UAVs. The adaptive estimation scheme is constructed to compensate for the unknown system parameters and actuator loss-of-effectiveness and bias faults. The formation-containment tracking performance is analyzed based on Lyapunov theory with the synchronization errors satisfying the prescribed performance. A simulation example based on UAVs-UGVs systems is adopted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

Z-scheme MoS2/Co3S4@PEG nanoflowers: Intracellular NIR-II photocatalytic O2 production facilitating hypoxic tumor therapy.

Intratumoral hypoxia, which is in favour of cancer cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis, also inhibits photodynamic therapy (PDT) badly. Herein, second near-infrared (NIR-II) photocatalytic O2 production is established to realize hypoxia relief. MoS2/Co3S4@PEG (MSCs@PEG) nanoflowers (100-150 nm) are prepared via a two-step hydrothermal method. These samples possess high NIR-II harvest and photothermal conversion (39.8 %, 1064 nm) ability. That not only reveals photothermal therapy (PTT) but also lifts the thermal energy of nanomaterials to replenish extra energy, making sure the co-excitation of MoS2 (1.14 eV) and Co3S4 (1.40 eV) by low-energy NIR-II (1064 nm, 1.16 eV) laser. The investigation of band structure further displays the Z-Scheme characterization of MSCs heterostructure. These photo-excited holes/electrons hold great redox ability to form O2 (water splitting) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), simultaneously. In addition, MSC-2@PEG can be served to mimic catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione (GSH) oxidase to further boost oxidative stress. It is noted that heterostructure discovers the greater nanozyme activity, attributing to the lower resistance for charge transfer. Moreover, MSC-2@PEG displays a novel biodegradation ability to induce the elimination via urine and faeces within 14 days. Given the superparamagnetic and photothermal effect, the nanocomposite can be used as magnetic resonance and photothermal imaging (MRI and PTI) contrast. Associated with dual-imaging, intracellular O2 supplementation, and synergistic chemotherapy (CDT)/PTT/PDT, MSC-2@PEG possess great tumor inhibition that also efficiently motivates immune response for anticancer.

Tracking antibiotic resistance genes in microplastic-contaminated soil.

Agricultural soils and microplastics (MPs) are hotspots for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Plastic mulch is the most important source of MPs in agricultural soil. ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and their host profiles in long-term mulch MP-exposed soils remain unclear. In the present study, metagenomics was used to investigate the distribution patterns of ARGs and MGEs in eight Chinese provinces with a long history of plastic mulch use. A total of 204 subtypes of ARGs and thousands of MGEs (14 integrons, 28 insertions, and 2993 plasmids) were identified. A similar diversity of ARGs was found among MPs film-contaminated sites. The types of ARGs with a high abundance were more concentrated, and multidrug resistance genes were the dominant ARGs. Soils from regions with a longer history of plastic film use (such as Xinjiang province) had a higher abundance of ARGs and MGEs. The distribution of ARGs and MGEs exhibited a modular network distribution pattern. A total of 27 ARG subtypes and 29 MGEs showed co-occurrence network relationships. More than 10 common hosts of ARGs and MGEs, such as Pseudomonas, were found, and their abundances were highest in three provinces, including Xinjiang. This study may help elucidate the impact mechanism of long-term MP residues on the occurrence and spread of ARGs in soil.

Identification and validation of immunotherapy for four novel clusters of colorectal cancer based on the tumor microenvironment.

The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) are increasing year by year. The accurate classification of CRC can realize the purpose of personalized and precise treatment for patients. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in the malignant progression and immunotherapy of CRC. An in-depth understanding of the clusters based on the TME is of great significance for the discovery of new therapeutic targets for CRC. We extracted data on CRC, including gene expression profile, DNA methylation array, somatic mutations, clinicopathological information, and copy number variation (CNV), from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) (four datasets-GSE14333, GSE17538, GSE38832, and GSE39582), cBioPortal, and FireBrowse. The MCPcounter was utilized to quantify the abundance of 10 TME cells for CRC samples. Cluster repetitive analysis was based on the Hcluster function of the Pheatmap package in R. The ESTIMATE package was applied to compute immune and stromal scores for CRC patients. PCA analysis was used to remove batch effects among different datasets and transform genome-wide DNA methylation profiling into methylation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (MeTIL). We evaluated the mutation differences of the clusters using MOVICS, DeconstructSigs, and GISTIC packages. As for therapy, TIDE and SubMap analyses were carried out to forecast the immunotherapy response of the clusters, and chemotherapeutic sensibility was estimated based on the pRRophetic package. All results were verified in the TCGA and GEO data. Four immune clusters (ImmClust-CS1, ImmClust-CS2, ImmClust-CS3, and ImmClust-CS4) were identified for CRC. The four ImmClusts exhibited distinct TME compositions, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), functional orientation, and immune checkpoints. The highest immune, stromal, and MeTIL scores were observed in CS2, in contrast to the lowest scores in CS4. CS1 may respond to immunotherapy, while CS2 may respond to immunotherapy after anti-CAFs. Among the four ImmClusts, the top 15 markers with the highest mutation frequency were acquired, and CS1 had significantly lower CNA on the focal level than other subtypes. In addition, CS1 and CS2 patients had more stable chromosomes than CS3 and CS4. The most sensitive chemotherapeutic agents in these four ImmClusts were also found. IHC results revealed that CD29 stained significantly darker in the cancer samples, indicating that their CD29 was highly expressed in colon cancer. This work revealed the novel clusters based on TME for CRC, which would guide in predicting the prognosis, biological features, and appropriate treatment for patients with CRC.

Zero-Sum Differential Game-Based Fault-Tolerant Control for a Class of Affine Nonlinear Systems.

This article proposes a zero-sum differential game-based control scheme for a class of affine nonlinear control systems with actuator faults, including loss of control, loss of effectiveness, and bias faults. In the control design, the bias faults and the control signal are chosen as the two opposite sides. The Nash equilibrium is achieved while the optimal control signal and the upper bound of bias faults can be derived from the Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs (HJI) equation. An adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) method is employed to estimate the weight of the critic network. The developed zero-sum differential game-based control scheme can ensure the system stability and optimal performance. Two simulation results on a numerical system and a rigid spacecraft model illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

Weak Fault Feature Extraction Method Based on Improved Stochastic Resonance.

Aiming at the problems of early weak fault feature extraction of bearings in rotating machinery, an improved stochastic resonance (SR) is proposed combined with the advantage of SR to enhance weak characteristic signals with noise energy. Firstly, according to the characteristics of the large parameters of the actual fault signal, the amplitude transform coefficient and frequency transform coefficient are introduced to convert the large parameter signal into small parameter signal which can be processed by SR, and the relationship of second-order parameters are introduced. Secondly, a comprehensive evaluation index (CEI) consisted of power spectrum kurtosis, correlation coefficient, structural similarity, root mean square error, and approximate entropy, is constructed through BP neural network. Moreover, this CEI is adopted as fitness function to search the optimal damping coefficient and amplitude transform coefficient with adaptive weight particle swarm optimization (PSO). Finally, according to the improved optimal SR system, the weak fault feature can be extracted. The simulation and experiment verify the effectiveness of the proposed method compared with traditional second-order general scale transform adaptive SR.

Adaptive Fault-Tolerant Formation Control of Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Systems under Directed Communication Topology.

This paper investigates the adaptive fault-tolerant formation control scheme for heterogeneous multi-agent systems consisting of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) with actuator faults, parameter uncertainties and external disturbances under directed communication topology. Firstly, the dynamic models of UAVs and USVs are introduced, and a unified heterogeneous multi-agent system model with actuator faults is established. Then, a distributed fault-tolerant formation controller is proposed for the unified model of UAVs and USVs in the XY plane by using adaptive updating laws and radial basis function neural network. After that, a decentralized formation-tracking controller is designed for the altitude control system of UAVs. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory, it can be proved that the formation errors and tracking errors are uniformly ultimately bounded which means that the expected time-varying formation is achieved. Finally, a simulation study is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.