Comparison of free vascularized fibular grafts and the Masquelet technique for the treatment of segmental bone defects with open forearm fractures: a retrospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: Severe open forearm fractures commonly involve segmental bone defects. Although several methods have been proposed to treat segmental bone defects with such fractures, research comparing the radiological and clinical outcomes of free vascularized fibular grafts (FVFG) and the Masquelet technique (MT) is rare. METHODS: Data on 43 patients with open forearm fractures and segmental bone defects treated surgically in our hospital from January 2005 to January 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, and these patients were divided into an FVFG group (18 cases) and an MT group (25 cases). Clinical and radiological evaluations were performed regularly, and the minimum follow-up was 18 months. RESULTS: All 43 patients were followed up for 18 to 190 months, with a mean of 46.93 months. The mean follow-up time was significantly longer in the FVFG group than in the MT group (p = 0.000). Bone healing time was 3-16 months, with a mean of 4.67 months. The QuickDASH score at the last follow-up was 0-38.6, with a mean of 17.71, and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Operative time, hospital stay, and intraoperative bleeding for bone defect reconstruction were higher in the FVFG group compared to the MT group (p = 0.000), whereas the number of procedures was lower in the FVFG group than in the MT group (p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: FVFG and the MT showed satisfactory clinical results for segmental bone defects of the forearm. Compared with FVFG, the MT exhibited a lower operative time, hospital stay, and intraoperative bleeding. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV. Trial registration This study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration no. ChiCTR2300067675; registered 17 January 2023), https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=189458 .

A Novel Method to Assess Healing of Segmental Bone Defects using the Induced Membrane Technique.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical concerns exist regarding the quality of bony consolidation in the context of the induced membrane technique. This study evaluates the clinical process of bone grafting in the second stage of induced membrane bone union in patients with tibial bone defects to infer the possibility of non-union and establish a reliable and effective evaluation method combined with computed tomography (CT) to assess fracture healing. METHODS: Patients with tibial bone defects who underwent the induced membrane technique at our hospital between February 2017 and February 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The Hounsfield unit (HU) values of the patients were evaluated at different times during the second stage of bone grafting. Bone healing at the boundary value of the 120 HU output threshold (-1024 HU-3071 HU) was directionally selected, and the changes in the growth volume of union (new bone volume [selected according to HU value]/bone defect volume) were compared with analyzing individual class bone union. Method 1 involved X-rays revealing that at least three of the four cortices were continuous and at least 2 mm thick, with the patient being pain free. For Method 2, new bone volume (selected according to HU value/bone defect volume) at the stage was compared with analyzing individual class healing. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used for Methods 1 and 2. RESULTS: A total of 42 patients with a segmental bone defect with a mean age of 40.5 years (40.5 ± 8.3 years) were included. The relationship between bone graft volume and time variation was analyzed by single factor repeated variable analysis (F = 6.477, p = 0.016). Further, curve regression analysis showed that the change in bone graft volume over time presented a logarithmic curve pattern (Y = 0.563 + 0.086 × ln(X), Ra2 = 0.608, p = 0.041). ROC curve analysis showed that Method 2 is superior to Method 1 (AUC: 86.3% vs. 68.3%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The induced membrane technique could be used to treat traumatic long bone defects, with fewer complications and a higher healing rate. The proposed imaging grading of HU (new bone volume/bone defect volume) can be used as a reference for the quality of bony consolidation with the induced membrane technique.

Implantation of S1AIS has priority as a sacroiliac joint fixation technique.

PURPOSE: The sacral alar-iliac screw (SAIS) fixation technique has evolved from spinopelvic fixation which originated from S2AIS to sacroiliac joint fixation, with more reports regarding its application of S2AIS than S1AIS. However, there is a lack of comparative evidence to determine which technique is superior for sacroiliac joint fixation. This study aimed to determine which of the screws was superior in terms of implantation safety and biomechanical stability for sacroiliac joint fixation. METHODS: CT data of 80 normal pelvises were analyzed to measure the insertable range, trajectory lengths and widths of both S1AIS and S2AIS on 3D reconstruction models. Φ 6.5 mm and 8.0 mm screws were implanted on the left and right sides of fifty 3D printed pelvic models respectively to observe for breach of screw implantation. Ten synthetic pelvis models were used to simulate type C Tile injuries, and divided into 2 groups with an anterior plate and posterior fixation using one S1AIS or S2AIS on each side. The stiffness and maximum load of the plated and fixated models were measured under vertical loading. RESULTS: The trajectory lengths and widths of the S1AIS and S2AIS were similar (p > 0.05) and there was no breach for Φ 6.5 mm SAIS. However, both the insertable range and trajectory length on the sacral side of S2AIS (234.56 ± 10.06 mm2, 40.97 ± 2.81 mm) were significantly less, and the breach rate of the posterior lateral cortex of the Φ 8.0 mm S2AIS (46%) was significantly higher than the S1AIS (307.55 ± 10.42 mm2, 42.16 ± 3.06 mm, and 2%, p < 0.05). The stiffness and maximum load of S2AIS were less than S1AIS but the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: S1AIS and S2AIS have similar screw trajectories and stability. However, S1AIS has a larger insertable range, less breach of the posterior lateral sacral cortex and longer trajectory length on the sacral side than S2AIS, which indicates S1AIS has higher implantation safety and a trend of better mechanical performance over S2AIS for sacroiliac joint fixation. Furthermore, S2AIS with an excessively large diameter should be used with caution for sacroiliac joint fixation.

Ta4C3 Nanosheets as a Novel Therapeutic Platform for Photothermal-Driven ROS Scavenging and Immune Activation against Antibiotic-Resistant Infections in Diabetic Wounds.

The accumulation of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and recurrent infections with drug-resistant bacteria pose significant challenges in diabetic wound infections, often leading to impediments in wound healing. Addressing this, there is a critical demand for novel strategies dedicated to treating and preventing diabetic wounds infected with drug-resistant bacteria. Herein, 2D tantalum carbide nanosheets (Ta4C3 NSs) have been synthesized through an efficient and straightforward approach, leading to the development of a new, effective nanoplatform endowed with notable photothermal properties, biosafety, and diverse ROS scavenging capabilities, alongside immunogenic attributes for diabetic wound treatment and prevention of recurrent drug-resistant bacterial infections. The Ta4C3 NSs exhibit remarkable photothermal performance, effectively eliminating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and excessive ROS, thus promoting diabetic wound healing. Furthermore, Ta4C3 NSs enhance dendritic cell activation, further triggering T helper 1 (TH1)/TH2 immune responses, leading to pathogen-specific immune memory against recurrent MRSA infections. This nanoplatform, with its significant photothermal and immunomodulatory effects, holds vast potential in the treatment and prevention of drug-resistant bacterial infections in diabetic wounds.

Masquelet combined with free-flap technique versus the Ilizarov bone transport technique for severe composite tibial and soft-tissue defects.

BACKGROUND: The treatment of bone and soft-tissue defects after open fractures remains challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the Masquelet technique combined with the free-flap technique (MFFT) versus the Ilizarov bone transport technique (IBTT) for the treatment of severe composite tibial and soft-tissue defects. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed the data of 65 patients with tibial and soft-tissue defects and Gustilo type IIIB/C open fractures treated at our hospital between April 2015 and December 2021. The patients were divided into two groups based on the treatment method: group A (n = 35) was treated with the MFFT and internal fixation, and group B (n = 30) was treated with the IBTT. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 28 months (range 13-133 months). Complete union of both soft-tissue and bone defects was achieved in all cases. The mean bone-union times were 6 months (range 3-12 months) in group A and 11 months (range 6-23 month) in group B, with a significant difference between the two groups (Z = -4.11, P = 0.001). The mean hospital stay was 28 days (range 14-67 d) in group A which was significantly longer than the mean stay of 18 days (range 10-43 d) in group B (Z = -2.608, P = 0.009). There were no significant differences in the infection rate between group A (17.1 %) and group B (26.7%) (χ2 = 0.867, P = 0.352). The Total Physical Health Scores were 81.51 ± 6.86 (range 67-90) in group A and 75.83±16.14 (range 44-98) in group B, with no significant difference between the two groups (t = 1.894, P = 0.063). The Total Mental Health Scores were significantly higher in group A (90.49 ± 6.37; range 78-98) than in group B (84.70 ± 13.72; range 60-98) (t = 2.232, P = 0.029). CONCLUSION: Compared with IBTT, MFFT is a better choice of treatment for open tibial and soft-tissue defects with Gustilo IIIB/C fractures. IBTT is the preferred option when the tibial bone defect is large or if the surgeon's expertise in microsurgery is limited.

[Application of antibiotic bone cement-coated plates internal fixation for primary treating Gustilo type â ¢B tibiofibular open fracture].

Objective: To explore the effectiveness of using antibiotic bone cement-coated plates internal fixation technology as a primary treatment for Gustilo type ⅢB tibiofibular open fractures. Methods: The clinical data of 24 patients with Gustilo type ⅢB tibiofibular open fractures who were admitted between January 2018 and December 2021 and met the selection criteria was retrospectively analyzed. Among them, there were 18 males and 6 females, aged from 25 to 65 years with an average age of 45.8 years. There were 3 cases of proximal tibial fracture, 6 cases of middle tibial fracture, 15 cases of distal tibial fracture, and 21 cases of fibular fracture. The time from injury to emergency surgery ranged from 3 to 12 hours, with an average of 5.3 hours. All patients had soft tissue defects ranging from 10 cm×5 cm to 32 cm×15 cm. The time from injury to skin flap transplantation for wound coverage ranged from 1 to 7 days, with an average of 4.1 days, and the size of skin flap ranged from 10 cm×5 cm to 33 cm×15 cm. Ten patients had bone defects with length of 2-12 cm (mean, 7.1 cm). After emergency debridement, the tibial fracture end was fixed with antibiotic bone cement-coated plates, and the bone defect area was filled with antibiotic bone cement. Within 7 days, the wound was covered with a free flap, and the bone cement was replaced while performing definitive internal fixation of the fracture. In 10 patients with bone defect, all the bone cement was removed and the bone defect area was grafted after 7-32 weeks (mean, 11.8 weeks). The flap survival, wound healing of the affected limb, complications, and bone healing were observed after operation, and the quality of life was evaluated according to the short-form 36 health survey scale (SF-36 scale) [including physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores] at 1 month, 6 months after operation, and at last follow-up. Results: All 24 patients were followed up 14-38 months (mean, 21.6 months). All the affected limbs were successfully salvaged and all the transplanted flaps survived. One case had scar hyperplasia in the flap donor site, and 1 case had hypoesthesia (grade S3) of the skin around the scar. There were 2 cases of infection in the recipient area of the leg, one of which was superficial infection after primary flap transplantation and healed after debridement, and the other was sinus formation after secondary bone grafting and was debrided again 3 months later and treated with Ilizarov osteotomy, and healed 8 months later. The bone healing time of the remaining 23 patients ranged from 4 to 9 months, with an average of 6.1 months. The scores of PCS were 44.4±6.5, 68.3±8.3, 80.4±6.9, and the scores of MCS were 59.2±8.2, 79.5±7.8, 90.0±6.6 at 1 month, 6 months after operation, and at last follow-up, respectively. The differences were significant between different time points ( P<0.05). Conclusion: Antibiotic bone cement-coated plates internal fixation can be used in the primary treatment of Gustilo type ⅢB tibiofibular open fractures, and has the advantages of reduce the risk of infection in fracture fixation, reducing complications, and accelerating the functional recovery of patients.

Clinical effect of nice knot-assisted minimally invasive titanium elastic nail fixation to treat Robinson 2B midshaft clavicular fracture.

BACKGROUND: The treatment of completely displaced midshaft clavicle fractures is still controversial, especially Robinson 2B fractures. Titanium elastic nail (TEN) fixation is a good option for simple fractures, but no reports exist on its use in complex fractures. This study aimed to present a surgical method using the Nice knot-assisted TEN fixation to treat Robinson 2B midshaft clavicular fractures. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 29 patients who underwent fixation with TEN and had a 1-year postoperative follow-up between 2016 and 2020 was performed. The fractures were classified as Robinson type 2B1 in 17 cases and type 2B2 in 12 cases. Length of the incision, postoperative shoulder function Disability of Arm Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score and Constant score, complications rate, and second surgical incision length were recorded. RESULTS: The length of the incision was 2-6 cm (average 3.7 cm). All incisions healed by first intention, and no infection or nerve injury occurred. The Constant score was 92-100 (average 96) and the DASH score was 0-6.2 (mean, 2.64). TEN bending and hypertrophic nonunion occurred in one case (3.4%) and implant irritation occurred in four cases (13.8%) Fixation implants were removed at 12-26 months (mean, 14.6 months) after surgery, and the length of the second incision was 1-2.5 cm (average 1.3 cm). CONCLUSIONS: Intramedullary fixation by TEN is approved as a suitable surgical technique in clavicular fracture treatment. Nice knot-assisted fixation provides multifragmentary fracture stabilization, contributing to good fracture healing. Surgeons should consider this technique in treating Robinson 2B midshaft clavicular fractures. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Retrospectively registered. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Wuxi Ninth People's Hospital (LW20220021).

Bibliometric analysis of lupus nephritis in children from 1999 to 2022: A review.

Lupus nephritis (LN) is a complication of systemic lupus erythematosus and a damaging disease of the kidney. The injury of LN in children is more serious than that in adults. However, the literature in this field is numerous and complex, which brings great challenges for researchers to extract information. The purpose of this study is to carry out bibliometric analysis and visualization of published literatures, and identify current research hotspots and future research trends in this field. Literature was retrieved from the Web Of Science database from 1999 to 2022. The literature was analyzed and visualized using Citespace 6.1.R6, VOSviewer 1.6.18, and Microsoft Excel 2019. A total of 1059 articles were included in this study. In the past 13 years, an increase in the number of publications every year. Brunner HI is the author with the highest number of published and cited papers in this field, followed by Wenderfer SE. The United States and China are the countries with the highest number of published papers. University Toronto is the most productive institution, followed by University Cincinnati. The most prolific journal was Pediatric nephrology (IF 2.67), followed by lupus (IF 2.21). Lupus was cited the most, followed by Pediatric nephrology. The keyword burst showed the earliest and longest burst was antiphospholipid antibody, validation/risk/rituximab/safety is the current research hotspot. The article with the highest number of citations was Hochberg MC 1997 published in Arthritis Rheum. This study provides valuable information summary for the field of LN in children, which is helpful to strengthen the cooperation among countries, institutions and authors, and promote the research in the field of LN in children.

Comparison of the operation safety and biomechanical stability of sacral alar-iliac vs. sacroiliac screws in the fixation of sacroiliac joint in simulated models of low bone density.

BACKGROUND: Sacral alar-iliac screws (SAISs) have been used for sacroiliac joint and are superiority to traditional sacroiliac screws (SISs) in patients with low bone density. The aim of this study was to investigate the operation safety and biomechanical stability of the SIS, transsacral-transiliac screw (TSTIS), S1AIS and S2AIS in the treatment of sacroiliac joint in simulated models of low bone density. METHODS: CT data from 80 normal pelvic structures were employed to measure the anatomical parameters, including the safety zones of the S1AIS and S2AIS at the insertion point and the trajectory lengths of the SIS, TSTIS, S1AIS and S2AIS. Sixteen synthetic pelvises with simulated osteoporotic bone structure were used to simulate type C Tile lesions and divided into 4 groups with an anterior plate and posterior fixation using one of the following: 1) one SIS on each side, 2) one TSTIS fixing both sides, 3) one S1AIS on each side, or 4) one S2AIS on each side. The stiffness and maximum load of the specimens were analyzed using a biomechanical machine under vertical loading. RESULTS: The safety zone of S1AIS was larger than that of S2AIS (p < 0.05). The TSTIS had the largest trajectory length, followed by the S1AIS and S2AIS, and the SIS had the smallest trajectory length (p < 0.05). However, the lengths of the TSTIS (26.1 ± 1.7 mm) and SIS (27.8 ± 1.8 mm) trajectories on the short side (the iliac side) were smaller than those of S1AIS (40.4 ± 3.8 mm) and S2AIS (39.1 ± 3.8 mm), thus indicating significant differences (p < 0.05). The stiffness and maximum load of S1AIS and S2AIS were similar and the greatest, followed by TSTIS and SIS (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The stability of S1AIS and S2AIS is similar, both stronger than that of SIS and TSTIS, which have shorter lengths of the screw trajectories on the ilium side. However, the safety zone of S2AIS at the insertion point is smaller than that of S1AIS. Therefore, considering both safety and stability, S1AIS is the preferred choice for fixation of sacroiliac joint dislocation in simulated models of low bone density.

A novel primary antibiotic cement-coated locking plate as a temporary fixation for the treatment of open tibial fracture.

Complex lower extremity trauma reconstruction remains a challenge. This study used an internal fixation composite structure of antibiotic cement plates as a temporary fixation to treat lower extremity Grade III open fractures; thus, reducing the treatment period and complications of external fixation. We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of this technique in the initial surgery stage. Between January 2018 and March 2021, 20 patients with Gustilo grade IIIB/C open fractures received an antibiotic cement-coated locking plate as a temporary internal fixator during initial surgery. Thorough debridement and temporary internal fixation were performed with a 3.5-mm system antibiotic cement-coated locking plate. Ten patients required free bone fragment removal, followed by bone cement packing. The final stage involved internal fixation and wound repair with a free anterolateral thigh flap. Clinical and imaging results were retrospectively analysed. The repair time ranged 1-7 days. All flaps survived. Two patients experienced wound infection, and one developed severe bone infection 3 months after three-stage bone graft surgery. Autologous cancellous bone grafting was performed on 10 patients with bone defects 6 weeks after surgery. Bone union was universally achieved after 1 year. This method proved safe and effective, successfully repairing Grade III open fractures of the lower extremity 1-7 days post-treatment.

Analysis of the Risk Factors for Free Flap Necrosis in Soft Tissue Reconstruction of the Lower Limbs.

OBJECTIVE: Free flaps are widely used for the repair of soft tissue defects in the lower limbs, but there is still a specific rate of necrosis. Few clinical retrospective studies have analyzed the nontechnical risk factors for lower limb free flap necrosis. This study aimed to analyze the nontechnical causes of flap necrosis in lower limb soft tissue reconstruction in order to identify risk factors and improve the survival rate of free flaps. METHODS: Clinical data from 244 cases of soft tissue defects of the leg or foot that were repaired with a free flap from January 2011 to June 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The flap results were divided into complete survival and necrosis groups. The patients' general information, smoking history, soft tissue defect site, Gustilo-Anderson classification, shock after injury, type and size of the flap, and time from injury to flap coverage were recorded. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the correlations between flap necrosis and possible risk factors. RESULTS: Of the 244 flaps, 32 suffered from partial or total necrosis, and 212 completely survived. Univariate analysis showed that age, smoking history, soft tissue defect site, and time from injury to flap coverage were significantly correlated with flap necrosis (p ≤ 0.2). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that moderate-to-severe smoking history (p < 0.001, odds ratio [OR] = 10.259, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.886-36.468), proximal leg defect (p = 0.006, OR = 7.095, 95% CI = 1.731-29.089), and time from injury to flap coverage >7 days (p = 0.003, OR = 12.351, 95% CI = 2.343-65.099) were statistically significant risk factors for flap necrosis (p < 0.05), and age was excluded (p = 0.666; p = 0.924). CONCLUSION: The risk of flap necrosis was significantly increased when the soft tissue defect was located in the proximal leg, the time from injury to flap coverage was >7 days, and the patient had a moderate-to-severe smoking history. These three risk factors have an increased influence on flap necrosis and have guiding significance in predicting flap prognosis.

Optimal insertion positions of anterior-posterior orientation sacroiliac screw.

PURPOSE: To explore the optimal insertion positions of anterior-posterior orientation sacroiliac screw (AP-SIS). METHODS: Pelvic CT data of 80 healthy adults were employed to measure the anatomical parameters including the insertable ranges of S1 and S2, the length, width and height of the channel with three different horizontal and vertical anterior insertion points starting from the ilium-acetabular recess. To compare pelvic stability by replicating a type C Tile lesions, fifteen synthetic pelvises were fixed with an anterior plate and a posterior AP-SIS employing different anterior insertion points, the whole specimen displacements and shifts in the sacroiliac gap under a cyclic vertical load of 300 N in a biomechanical machine recorded. RESULTS: The posterior and anterior insertable ranges averaged 17.9 × 8.5mm2 and 47.1 × 21.2 mm2, respectively. The channel lengths for three horizontal anterior insertion points gradually decreased from front to back with significant difference (p < 0.05), whereas the width and height for three horizontal anterior insertion points and the parameters for the three vertical anterior insertion points were similar (p > 0.05). The displacements and shifts for three horizontal insertion points gradually increased from front to back (p < 0.05) whereas the measurements involving the three vertical insertion points were similar (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The posterior insertable range is small, where the center between adjacent nerve roots (foramens) is the optimal posterior insertion point. The anterior insertable range is large, where the iliac-acetabular recess is the optimal anterior insertion point for S1 and S2, providing the longest channel and best stability.

Treatment of inferior pole patella fracture using Krackow suturing combined with the suture bridge technique.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility and clinical effect of Krackow suturing combined with the suture bridge technique for the treatment of acute inferior pole patella fracture. METHODS: In this study, 18 patients with acute inferior pole patella fracture who received treatment using Krackow suturing combined with the suture bridge technique between January 2019 and March 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. There were 10 men and 8 women, with an average age of 50.1 years (range 24-69 years). X-ray examinations were performed to assess fracture healing and the Insall-Salvati index. The clinical effect was measured by the range of motion of the knee joint and the Böstman scale. RESULTS: Patients were followed up for 13-26 months, with an average follow-up period of 19.6 months. X-ray indicated that fracture union had occurred in all patients by 10.1 weeks after surgery on average (range 8-14 weeks). The mean Insall-Salvati index immediately after surgery and at the final follow-up was 0.98 ± 0.07 and 0.90 ± 0.22, respectively (P > 0.05). At the last follow-up, the mean flexion and extension ranges for the knee joint were 135.8° ± 8.8° and - 2.8° ± 3.9°, respectively, and the mean Böstman scale was 28.9 ± 1.1 points. Functional recovery was excellent in 17 patients and good in one patient, resulting in an overall good/excellent recovery rate of 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that Krackow suturing combined with the suture bridge technique can achieve stable fracture fixation, provides good clinical outcomes in the treatment of acute inferior pole patella fracture, and is worthy of clinical application.

Radio-anatomical study of anterior-posterior placement sacroiliac screw channel.

PURPOSE: The outlet of the classic sacroiliac screw (SIS) cannot be precisely controlled by aiming devices, which may lead to malpositioned implants and neurovascular and visceral injury. This study aimed to radio-anatomically measure the parameters of the channel for anterior-posterior placement SIS (AP-SIS), which can be placed percutaneously with an aiming device. METHODS: Pelvic CT scan data of 80 healthy adults (40 males and 40 females) with an average age of 45 years (range 20-70 years) were collected. The length (L), width (W), height (H), cortical bone spacing (M), camber angle (E), anteversion angle (F), cross-sectional safety angle (P) and sagittal safety angle (Q) of the channel were measured by CT or Mimics software. RESULTS: The L, W, H, M, E, F, P and Q measures of S1 were 109.2 ± 8.0 mm, 18.5 ± 1.9 mm, 21.7 ± 1.7 mm, 8.1 ± 0.4 mm, 44.2 ± 3.2°, 42.4 ± 3.6°, 16.8 ± 1.1°, and 19.4 ± 2.0°, respectively, for S1, and 113.5 ± 9.4 mm, 18.2 ± 1.5 mm, 21.7 ± 1.7 mm, 7.7 ± 0.4 mm, 44.7 ± 3.2°, 31.2 ± 2.7°, 13.8 ± 1.0° and 15.4 ± 1.4°, respectively, for S2. Of the L measures, the intra-iliac segment was slightly longer than the intra-sacral segment. All parameters showed significant sex-related differences (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The AP-SIS channels of S1-2 have sufficient width and length to accommodate a cancellous screw with a Φ 7.0-8.0 mm and a length 90-130 mm. The intra-iliac segment is a long channel screw with better mechanical properties over classic SIS.

Application of the induced membrane technique of tibia using extracorporeal vs. intracorporeal formation of a cement spacer: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: There were two ways of preparing the cement spacer: intracorporeal and extracorporeal formation. This study aimed to investigate the outcomes of extracorporeal vs. intracorporeal formation of a spacer using the induced membrane technique (IMT) for repairing bone defects of the tibia. METHODS: Sixty-eight patients with tibial defects treated with IMT were analyzed retrospectively. According to the mode of bone cement preparation, patients were divided into intracorporeal and extracorporeal groups (36 vs. 32 respectively). All patients were followed up for 12-48 months (average 18.7 months). The time interval between the first and second stages, the time required to remove the spacer, injury of the IM or bone ends, bone healing and infection control, as well as the functional recovery (Johner-Wruhs scoring), were compared. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the preoperative data between the two groups (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the time interval (12.64 ± 4.41vs. 13.22 ± 4.96 weeks), infection control (26/28 vs. 20/23), bone healing time (7.47 ± 2.13vs. 7.50 ± 2.14 mos), delayed union (2/36 vs. 2/32), nonunion (2/36 vs. 1/32), an excellent or good rate of limb functional recovery (30/36 vs. 26/32) between the intracorporeal and extracorporeal groups (P > 0.05). However, the time required to remove (3.97 ± 2.34 min) was longer and the injury of IM or bone ends (28/36) was greater in the intracorporeal group than those in the extracorporeal group (0.56 ± 0.38 min and 1/32, respectively), showing a significant difference (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Both approaches were shown to have similar effects on bone defect repair and infection control. However, intracorporeal formation had advantages in terms of additional stability, while extracorporeal formation had advantages in terms of removal. Therefore, the specific method should be selected according to specific clinical needs. We recommended the extracorporeal or the modified extracorporeal formation in most cases.

Percutaneous minimally invasive treatment of transverse patellar fracture using cannulated screws combined with high-strength sutures and Nice knots: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Patella fractures treated with traditional open approach and tension band fixation are associated with a significant rate of soft tissues complications, including hardware irritation, postoperative adhesions and non-cosmetic scar. An alternative is to utilize cannulated screws and high-strength sutures by the minimally invasive technique. METHODS: This retrospective study comprised 48 patients who had been treated for unilateral closed transverse patellar fracture, type 34C1 according to the AO Foundation and Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) classification, between June 2018 to June 2020. All patients were treated either by closed reduction and internal fixation using cannulated screws combined with high-strength sutures and Nice knots (the CRIF-NK group, n=24), or traditional open reduction and internal fixation using cannulated screws and tension band wiring (the ORIF-TBW group, n=24). The operative time and intraoperative blood loss for each patient were recorded. All the patients were underwent a regularly clinical and radiological follow-up. The clinical evaluation was performed using the Böstman scale and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain. RESULTS: Average follow up was 21.9 months (range, 16-29 months). The mean intraoperative blood loss of the CRIF-NK group (35.21±6.16 mL) was significantly less than that of the ORIF-TBW group (75.42±7.92 mL; P<0.001). The mean VAS scores at 4 and 8 weeks and the mean Böstman scale score at 8 weeks after surgery were significantly better in the CRIF-NK group (3.52±0.42, 1.47±0.40 and 28.13±0.94, respectively) than the ORIF-TBW group (5.16±0.68, 3.14±0.72 and 26.33±1.00, respectively; all P<0.001). No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of operative time, Böstman scale score at 1-year follow-up, or fracture healing time. The union rate was 100% (24/24) in both groups. One patient (1/24) in the CRIF-NK group, and all patients (24/24) in the ORIF-TBW group required internal fixation removal. CONCLUSIONS: The percutaneous minimally invasive technique using cannulated screws combined with high-strength sutures and Nice knots exhibited some superiority to traditional open reduction with cannulated screws and tension band wiring for treatment of transverse patellar fractures in terms of efficacy and safety by reducing soft-tissue stimulating complications and promoting functional recovery.

Effect of Iliosacral Screw Implantation Through a New Channel in Three-Dimensional Printing Pelvic Model.

BACKGROUND: The exit point of classic iliosacral screw (ISS) is deep and viewing device cannot be used, implantation of ISS may lead to malposition and nerve injury. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to explore the effect of ISS implanted through a new channel (NSIS) with the aid of a viewing device. METHODS: With the aid of a viewing device, NISSs were implanted into 50 3D printed pelvis models (1:1), in which the entry point was located at a vertical distance of 6 mm from the middle of the superior posterior quarter of the acetabular rim, and the exit point was the intersection of the vertical extension line of S1 superior articular process and the horizontal median line of S1 transverse process. Screws with diameter of 6.5 mm and 7.3 mm and length of 90 mm were implanted into the left and right sides of the pelvic models, respectively. The implantation was observed. CT scan was performed when penetrating of channel was suspected. RESULTS: None of the implanted screws perforated the tunnel, but 6.0% (3 models) of the screws were too long and a little bit penetrated (< 4 mm) behind the back of the tunnel, which was found in small models. CONCLUSION: The NISS implantation is simple, safe and accurate, but individualized screw implantation with appropriate diameter and length should be more accurate. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: WXSJY-LY-2020-00216, date of registration: June 5, 2020, retrospectively registered.

Predictors of the surgical outcome of propeller perforator flap reconstruction, focusing on the effective safe distance between the perforator and the wound edge.

BACKGROUND: Soft tissue defects in the distal third of the leg and malleolus are difficult to cover and often require free tissue transfer, even for small-sized defects. Propeller flaps were designed as an alternative to free tissue transfer, but are reportedly associated with high complication rates. The aim of our study was to assess our institutional experience with the propeller flap technique and to predict its outcome in lower-limb reconstruction. METHODS: All patients who had undergone propeller flap reconstruction of a distal leg defect between 2013 and 2018 were included. Demographic, clinical, and follow-up data were analyzed. RESULTS: Complications occurred in 17 of 82 propeller flaps (20.7%), comprising 11 cases of partial necrosis and six of total necrosis. There were no significant differences in age, sex, body mass index smoking, diabetes mellitus, and soft tissue defect sites between the groups of patients with versus without flap necrosis (p > 0.05). In univariate analysis, there were also no significant differences between these two groups in the length and width of the fascial pedicle, and the ratio of the flap length to the flap width (p > 0.05). Interestingly, there were significant differences between the two groups in the distance between the flap perforator, the shortest distance from the perforator to the defect location, and the rotation angle of the flap (p < 0.05). In multivariable logistic regression analysis with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), the shortest distance from the perforator to the defect location was a significant risk factor for flap complications (p = 0.000; OR = 0.806). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that when the shortest distance from the flap to the wound was less than 3.5 cm, the necrosis rate of the flap was markedly increased (AUC = 76.1); this suggests that the effective safe flap-wound distance was 3.5 cm. CONCLUSIONS: Propeller flaps are a reliable option for reconstruction in carefully selected patients with traumatic defects of the lower limb and malleolus. We found that the effective safe distance was 3.5 cm from the flap to the wound.

Changes in local bone mineral density can guide the treatment plan for patients with rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament.

BACKGROUND: Many factors affect the outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery. However, few studies have examined the effects of local bone conditions on the reconstruction of the ACL. This study investigated the changes in the local bone mineral density (BMD) of the knee after rupture of the ACL with the view of using this information to guide treatment options. METHODS: Patients with ACL rupture treated in our department from January 2017 to April 2019 were enrolled in this study. Prior to surgery, local BMD measurements were obtained from all patients and used to determine the appropriate method of ligament fixation. If the local BMD of the affected knee was not significantly lower than that of the healthy side, extrusion fixation was conducted. If the BMD was significantly lower than that of the healthy knee, suspension fixation was applied. The conditions of tunnel cutting or screw splitting, and tunnel enlargement or screw pull-out were observed during the surgery. The post-surgical function of the knee joint was evaluated regularly by physical examination, imaging data, the IKDC scale score, and the Lysholm score. RESULTS: A total of 80 patients with unilateral ACL rupture were included. There were 64 males and 16 females. Decreased BMD was observed in the affected knee compared to the healthy knee for 68 patients. Patients with an ACL history of more than 3 months had lower BMD compared to patients with a history of less than 3 months. Tunnel enlargement and screw pull-out occurred in 2 patients, screw splitting occurred in 1 patient. The fixation mode was adjusted in real-time during the surgery for 3 patients. All patients were followed up for at least 12 months (mean 20.65±5.12 months). The IKDC score increased from 43.07±2.66 pre-surgery to 89.17±3.28 at the final follow-up, and similarly, the Lysholm score increased from 43.49±2.38 pre-surgery to 89.67±2.97 post-surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The measurement of local BMD before surgery may play a significant role in guiding the type of graft fixation. It is recommended that patients undergo surgical reconstruction within 3 months after injury.

Outcomes of tibial avulsion fracture of the posterior cruciate ligament treated with a homemade hook plate.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical effects of an inverted L-shaped postero-medial approach with a homemade hook plate and arthroscopic fixation with Endobutton for tibial avulsion fractures of the posterior cruciate ligament. METHODS: The clinical data of 36 patients with PCL tibial avulsion fractures from January 2012 to December 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. The fractures were classified into Meyers-McKeever types II and III. Among them, 20 cases were treated with a homemade hook plate through an inverted L-shaped postero-medial approach (incision group), and 16 cases were treated with Endobutton under arthroscopy (arthroscopic group). The operative time, fracture union time, operative complications and range of motion of the knee joint were compared between the two groups. The stability of the knee joint was tested by the posterior drawer test, the functional recovery of the knee joint was evaluated by the Lysholm score, and the gastrocnemius muscle strength of the incision group was tested by performing heel raises with a single leg stance. RESULTS: There were no adverse events, such as fracture nonunion, infection, deep-vein thrombosis, abnormal hematoma or joint stiffness, in either group. The operative time was shorter in the incision group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in fracture union time between the two groups (P > 0.05). At the last follow-up, there was no significant difference in range of motion or the Lysholm score between the two groups. There was no decrease in gastrocnemius muscle strength in the incision group. CONCLUSIONS: The fixation of PCL tibial avulsion fractures with a homemade hook plate through an inverted L-shaped postero-medial approach is safe and effective. It showed almost the same satisfactory outcomes as arthroscopic Endobutton fixation.