A randomized controlled trial of the intraoperative use of noninvasive ventilation versus supplemental oxygen by face mask for procedural sedation in an electrophysiology laboratory.

PURPOSE: The efficacy of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) during procedures that require sedation and analgesia has not been established. We evaluated whether NIV reduces the incidence of respiratory events. METHODS: In this randomized controlled trial, we included 195 patients with an American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status of III or IV during electrophysiology laboratory procedures. We compared NIV with face mask oxygen therapy for patients under sedation. The primary outcome was the incidence of respiratory events determined by a computer-driven blinded analysis and defined by hypoxemia (peripheral oxygen saturation < 90%) or apnea/hypopnea (absence of breathing for 20 sec on capnography). Secondary outcomes included hemodynamic variables, sedation, patient safety (composite scores of major or minor adverse events), and adverse outcomes at day 7. RESULTS: A respiratory event occurred in 89/98 (95%) patients in the NIV group and in 69/97 (73%) patients with face masks (risk ratio [RR], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13 to 1.47; P < 0.001). Hypoxemia occurred in 40 (42%) patients in the NIV group and in 33 (34%) patients with face masks (RR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.74; P = 0.30). Apnea/hypopnea occurred in 83 patients (92%) in the NIV group vs 65 patients (70%) with face masks (RR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.53; P < 0.001). Hemodynamic variables, sedation, major or minor safety events, and patient outcomes were not different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory events were more frequent among patients receiving NIV without any safety or outcome impairment. These results do not support the routine use of NIV intraoperatively. STUDY REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02779998); registered 4 November 2015.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: L'efficacité de la ventilation non invasive (VNI) pendant les interventions nécessitant une sédation et une analgésie n'a pas été établie. Nous avons évalué si la VNI réduisait l'incidence des complications respiratoires. MéTHODE: Dans cette étude randomisée contrôlée, nous avons inclus 195 patient·es de statut physique III ou IV selon l'American Society of Anesthesiologists pendant des interventions en laboratoire d'électrophysiologie. Nous avons comparé la VNI à l'oxygénothérapie par masque facial pour les patient·es sous sédation. Le critère d'évaluation principal était l'incidence des complications respiratoires déterminée par une analyse en aveugle assistée par ordinateur et définie par une hypoxémie (saturation périphérique en oxygène < 90 %) ou une apnée/hypopnée (absence de respiration pendant 20 secondes à la capnographie). Les critères d'évaluation secondaires comprenaient les variables hémodynamiques, la sédation, la sécurité des patient·es (scores composites des événements indésirables majeurs ou mineurs) et les issues indésirables au jour 7. RéSULTATS: Un événement respiratoire est survenu chez 89/98 (95 %) patient·es du groupe VNI et chez 69/97 (73 %) patient·es ayant un masque facial (risque relatif [RR], 1,29; intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 %, 1,13 à 1,47; P < 0,001). Une hypoxémie est survenue chez 40 (42 %) patient·es du groupe VNI et chez 33 (34 %) patient·es ayant un masque facial (RR, 1,21 ; IC à 95 %, 0,84 à 1,74; P = 0,30). Une hypoxémie est survenue chez 40 (42 %) patient·es du groupe VNI et chez 33 (34 %) patient·es ayant un masque facial (RR, 1,21; IC 95 %, 0,84 à 1,74; P = 0,30). Les variables hémodynamiques, la sédation, les événements de sécurité majeurs ou mineurs et les issues pour les patient·es n'étaient pas différents entre les groupes. CONCLUSION: Les complications respiratoires étaient plus fréquentes chez les patient·es recevant une VNI sans aucun impact sur la sécurité ou les issues. Ces résultats n'appuient pas l'utilisation systématique de la VNI en peropératoire. ENREGISTREMENT DE L'éTUDE: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02779998); enregistrée le 4 novembre 2015.

Molecular Epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Outbreak, Tumbes, Peru, 2010-2012.

During 2010-2012, an outbreak of 210 cases of malaria occurred in Tumbes, in the northern coast of Peru, where no Plasmodium falciparum malaria case had been reported since 2006. To identify the source of the parasite causing this outbreak, we conducted a molecular epidemiology investigation. Microsatellite typing showed an identical genotype in all 54 available isolates. This genotype was also identical to that of parasites isolated in 2010 in the Loreto region of the Peruvian Amazon and closely related to clonet B, a parasite lineage previously reported in the Amazon during 1998-2000. These findings are consistent with travel history of index case-patients. DNA sequencing revealed mutations in the Pfdhfr, Pfdhps, Pfcrt, and Pfmdr1 loci, which are strongly associated with resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, and deletion of the Pfhrp2 gene. These results highlight the need for timely molecular epidemiology investigations to trace the parasite source during malaria reintroduction events.

Regionalização da saúde: estudo comparativo das internações dos municípios da Região de Saúde Vale do Gravataí e os dez municípios que mais internaram em Porto Alegre de 2008 a 2013 / Regionalization of health: a comparative study of the hospitalizations of the municipalities of the Vale do Gravataí Health Region and the ten municipalities that most interned in Porto Alegre from 2008 to 2013

O presente estudo buscou compreender uma parte da regionalização da saúde no Brasil, por meio das internações encaminhadas por municípios da Região de Saúde Capital Vale do Gravataí – Região de Saúde 10, do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, para hospitais de Porto Alegre, através dos fluxos da internação no município, de 2008 a 2013. Para tanto, foram comparados dois grupos principais (1) municípios da Região 10 e (2) os dez municípios mais frequentes em internação em Porto Alegre; e dois grupos complementares internações de residentes de (3) Porto Alegre na Capital e (4) outros municípios (demais municípios que não fizeram parte dos grupos já citados) para os dez procedimentos mais frequentes em internação em Porto Alegre para a média complexidade,que tiveram como principal função explicar os resultados dos principais. O estudo se desenvolveu em quatro etapas: download e processamento da base de internação hospitalar do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar Descentralizado – SIHD do DATASUS; leitura das resoluções da Comissão Intergestores Bipartite do Rio Grande do Sul – CIB/RS; leitura das bases virtuais de saúde de artigos que contribuíssem na compreensão da informação disponibilizada; e por fim, visitas realizadas às Centrais de Regulação do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e do Município de Porto Alegre...

Assessment of inhaler techniques employed by patients with respiratory diseases in southern Brazil: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To identify incorrect inhaler techniques employed by patients with respiratory diseases in southern Brazil and to profile the individuals who make such errors. METHODS: This was a population-based, cross-sectional study involving subjects ≥ 10 years of age using metered dose inhalers (MDIs) or dry powder inhalers (DPIs) in 1,722 households in the city of Pelotas, Brazil. RESULTS: We included 110 subjects, who collectively used 94 MDIs and 49 DPIs. The most common errors in the use of MDIs and DPIs were not exhaling prior to inhalation (66% and 47%, respectively), not performing a breath-hold after inhalation (29% and 25%), and not shaking the MDI prior to use (21%). Individuals ≥ 60 years of age more often made such errors. Among the demonstrations of the use of MDIs and DPIs, at least one error was made in 72% and 51%, respectively. Overall, there were errors made in all steps in 11% of the demonstrations, whereas there were no errors made in 13%.Among the individuals who made at least one error, the proportion of those with a low level of education was significantly greater than was that of those with a higher level of education, for MDIs (85% vs. 60%; p = 0.018) and for DPIs (81% vs. 35%; p = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample, the most common errors in the use of inhalers were not exhaling prior to inhalation, not performing a breath-hold after inhalation, and not shaking the MDI prior to use. Special attention should be given to education regarding inhaler techniques for patients of lower socioeconomic status and with less formal education, as well as for those of advanced age, because those populations are at a greater risk of committing errors in their use of inhalers.

Assessment of inhaler techniques employed by patients with respiratory diseases in southern Brazil: a population-based study / Avaliação da técnica de utilização de dispositivos inalatórios no tratamento de doenças respiratórias no sul do Brasil: estudo de base populacional

OBJECTIVE: To identify incorrect inhaler techniques employed by patients with respiratory diseases in southern Brazil and to profile the individuals who make such errors. METHODS: This was a population-based, cross-sectional study involving subjects ≥ 10 years of age using metered dose inhalers (MDIs) or dry powder inhalers (DPIs) in 1,722 households in the city of Pelotas, Brazil. RESULTS: We included 110 subjects, who collectively used 94 MDIs and 49 DPIs. The most common errors in the use of MDIs and DPIs were not exhaling prior to inhalation (66% and 47%, respectively), not performing a breath-hold after inhalation (29% and 25%), and not shaking the MDI prior to use (21%). Individuals ≥ 60 years of age more often made such errors. Among the demonstrations of the use of MDIs and DPIs, at least one error was made in 72% and 51%, respectively. Overall, there were errors made in all steps in 11% of the demonstrations, whereas there were no errors made in 13%.Among the individuals who made at least one error, the proportion of those with a low level of education was significantly greater than was that of those with a higher level of education, for MDIs (85% vs. 60%; p = 0.018) and for DPIs (81% vs. 35%; p = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample, the most common errors in the use of inhalers were not exhaling prior to inhalation, not performing a breath-hold after inhalation, and not shaking the MDI prior to use. Special attention should be given to education regarding inhaler techniques for patients of lower socioeconomic status and with less formal education, as well as for those of advanced age, because those populations are at a greater risk of committing errors in their use of inhalers. .

OBJETIVO: Conhecer os erros na técnica de uso de dispositivos inalatórios empregada por pacientes com doenças respiratórias no sul do Brasil e o perfil daqueles que possuem dificuldades em realizá-la. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, de base populacional, com indivíduos com idade ≥ 10 anos e em uso de inaladores pressurizados (IPrs) ou inaladores de pó (IP) em 1.722 domicílios de Pelotas (RS). RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 110 indivíduos que utilizavam 94 IPrs e 49 IP. Os principais erros no uso dos IPrs e IP foram não expirar antes da inalação (66% e 47%, respectivamente), não fazer uma pausa inspiratória após a inalação (29% e 25%) e não agitar o IPr antes do uso (21%). Os indivíduos com idade ≥ 60 anos mais frequentemente cometeram erros. Das demonstrações de uso do IPr e IP, respectivamente, 72% e 51% apresentaram ao menos um erro, enquanto 13% das demonstrações foram plenamente corretas e 11% apresentaram erros em todas as fases. A proporção de indivíduos com menor nível de escolaridade que cometeram ao menos um erro foi significativamente maior do que a daqueles com maior nível de escolaridade tanto no uso de IPrs (85% vs. 60%; p = 0,018) quanto no de IPs (81% vs. 35%; p = 0,010). CONCLUSÕES: Nesta amostra, os principais erros cometidos no uso dos inaladores foram não realizar a expiração antes da inalação, não fazer a pausa inspiratória após a inalação e não agitar o IPr. Pacientes com menor nível socioeconômico e educacional, assim como aqueles com idade avançada, merecem especial atenção na educação sobre a realização da técnica inalatória, pois apresentam um maior risco de cometer erros durante o uso dos inaladores. .

Ten-year trends in prevalence of asthma in adults in southern Brazil: comparison of two population-based studies.

There are discrepancies in the literature regarding time trends in the occurrence of asthma in adults. This study compared asthma prevalence in two cross-sectional studies with a ten-year interval in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The first, in 2000, included 1,968 individuals, and the second, in 2010, 2,466 adults (20-69 years). Prevalence of wheezing and shortness of breath in the prior 12 months remained the same after ten years (6% and 6.1%, respectively). In both studies, asthma was more frequent among females and people with low family income. Physician-diagnosed asthma increased by 35.6%, and lifetime incidence of asthma, by 32.2%. There was no percentage change in current asthma symptoms or current asthma. Local socioeconomic improvement between the two studies was consistent with the increase in medical diagnosis, but did not reflect better management of asthma symptoms, underlining the need for investment regarding other determinants of the disease.

Ten-year trends in prevalence of asthma in adults in southern Brazil: comparison of two population-based studies / Dez anos de evolução da prevalência de asma em adultos, no Sul do Brasil: comparação de dois estudos de base populacional

There are discrepancies in the literature regarding time trends in the occurrence of asthma in adults. This study compared asthma prevalence in two cross-sectional studies with a ten-year interval in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The first, in 2000, included 1,968 individuals, and the second, in 2010, 2,466 adults (20-69 years). Prevalence of wheezing and shortness of breath in the prior 12 months remained the same after ten years (6 percent and 6.1 percent, respectively). In both studies, asthma was more frequent among females and people with low family income. Physician-diagnosed asthma increased by 35.6 percent, and lifetime incidence of asthma, by 32.2 percent. There was no percentage change in current asthma symptoms or current asthma. Local socioeconomic improvement between the two studies was consistent with the increase in medical diagnosis, but did not reflect better management of asthma symptoms, underlining the need for investment regarding other determinants of the disease.

Há divergências na literatura quanto às tendências temporais da ocorrência de asma em adultos. Este estudo objetivou comparar a prevalência de asma em dois levantamentos realizados com um intervalo de dez anos, em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os dois estudos foram transversais, de base populacional e com estratégias semelhantes de amostragem. O primeiro, feito em 2000, incluiu 1.968 indivíduos, e o segundo, em 2010, 2.466 adultos (20-69 anos). A prevalência de chiado e falta de ar, nos últimos 12 meses, manteve-se estável após dez anos (6 por cento e 6,1 por cento, respectivamente). Em ambos os estudos, a prevalência de asma foi maior em mulheres e pessoas com renda familiar baixa. Houve aumento de 35,6 por cento no diagnóstico médico de asma e de 32,2 por cento na prevalência de asma na vida. Não houve variação percentual para sintomas atuais de asma e asma atual. A melhora socioeconômica local, observada entre os estudos, foi coerente com o aumento do diagnóstico medico, porém não refletiu um melhor manejo dos sintomas da asma, o que reforça a necessidade de investimentos em outros determinantes da doença.

Is obesity a risk factor for wheezing among adolescents? A prospective study in southern Brazil.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of obesity at the start of adolescence on the prevalence, incidence and maintenance of chest wheezing among individuals aged 11-15 years in a birth cohort in a developing country. METHODS: The seventh follow-up of the 1993 Pelotas birth cohort occurred in 2004 (individuals aged 10-11 years). Between January and August 2008, the eighth follow-up of the cohort was conducted. All the individuals of the original cohort who were alive (who were then adolescents aged between 14 and 15 years) were targets for the study. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire was used to define wheezing. In addition to the body mass index (BMI), used to define obesity by the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, we assessed skinfold thickness. RESULTS: From the original cohort, 4,349 individuals were located (85.7% follow-up rate). The prevalence of chest wheezing at 11 and 15 years were 13.5% (95% CI: 12.5%-14.5%) and 12.1% (95% CI: 11.1%-13.1%), respectively. The prevalence of wheezing at both times was 4.5% (95% CI: 3.9%-5.1%) and the incidence of wheezing was 7.5% (95% CI: 6.7%-8.3%). Independent of the effect of various confounding variables, the prevalence of wheezing at 15 years was 50% greater among obese individuals than among eutrophic individuals at 11 years (RR 1.53; 95% CI: 1.14-2.05). The greater the skinfold tertile at 11 years, the higher the prevalence of wheezing at 15 years was (p = .011). Weight status and skinfolds did not present any association with incident wheezing. After controlling for confounding factors, the risk of persistent wheezing among obese individuals at 11 years was 1.82 (95% CI: 1.30-2.54). CONCLUSIONS: Since obesity at the start of adolescence is associated with asthma symptom persistence, prevention and treatment of obesity may reduce avoidable healthcare costs and disease burden.

Pharmacological treatment of COPD.

Approximately seven million Brazilians over 40 years of age have COPD. In recent years, major advances have been made in the pharmacological treatment of this condition. We performed a systematic review including original articles on pharmacological treatments for COPD. We reviewed articles written in English, Spanish, or Portuguese; published between 2005 and 2009; and indexed in national and international databases. Articles with a sample size < 100 individuals were excluded. The outcome measures were symptoms, pulmonary function, quality of life, exacerbations, mortality, and adverse drug effects. Articles were classified in accordance with the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease criteria for the determination of the level of scientific evidence (grade of recommendation A, B, or C). Of the 84 articles selected, 40 (47.6%), 18 (21.4%), and 26 (31.0%) were classified as grades A, B, and C, respectively. Of the 420 analyses made in these articles, 236 were regarding the comparison between medications and placebos. Among these 236 analyses, the most commonly studied medications (in 66, 48, and 42 analyses, respectively) were long-acting anticholinergics; the combination of long-acting ß(2) agonists and inhaled corticosteroids; and inhaled corticosteroids in isolation. Pulmonary function, adverse effects, and symptoms as outcomes generated 58, 54, and 35 analyses, respectively. The majority of the studies showed that the medications evaluated provided symptom relief; improved the quality of life and pulmonary function of patients; and prevented exacerbations. Few studies analyzed mortality as an outcome, and the role that pharmacological treatment plays in this outcome has yet to be fully defined. The medications studied are safe to use in the management of COPD and have few adverse effects.

Tratamento farmacológico da DPOC / Pharmacological treatment of COPD

Aproximadamente sete milhões de brasileiros acima de 40 anos são acometidos pela DPOC. Nos últimos anos, importantes avanços foram registrados no campo do tratamento medicamentoso dessa condição. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática incluindo artigos originais sobre tratamento farmacológico da DPOC publicados entre 2005 e 2009, indexados em bases de dados nacionais e internacionais e escritos em inglês, espanhol ou português. Artigos com tamanho amostral menor de 100 indivíduos foram excluídos. Os desfechos sintomas, função pulmonar, qualidade de vida, exacerbações, mortalidade e efeitos adversos foram pesquisados. Os artigos foram classificados segundo o critério da Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease para nível de evidência científica (grau de recomendação A, B e C). Dos 84 artigos selecionados, 40 (47,6 por cento), 18 (21,4 por cento) e 26 (31,0 por cento) foram classificados com graus A, B e C, respectivamente. Das 420 análises oriundas desses artigos, 236 referiam-se à comparação de fármacos contra placebo nos diversos desfechos estudados. Dessas 236 análises, os fármacos mais frequentemente estudados foram anticolinérgicos de longa duração, a combinação β2-agonistas de longa duração + corticosteroides inalatórios e corticosteroides inalatórios isolados em 66, 48 e 42 análises, respectivamente. Nas mesmas análises, os desfechos função pulmonar, efeitos adversos e sintomas geraram 58, 54 e 35 análises, respectivamente. A maioria dos estudos mostrou que os medicamentos aliviaram os sintomas, melhoraram a qualidade de vida, a função pulmonar e preveniram as exacerbações. Poucos estudos contemplaram o desfecho mortalidade, e o papel do tratamento medicamentoso nesse desfecho ainda não está completamente definido. Os fármacos estudados são seguros no manejo da DPOC, com poucos efeitos adversos.

Approximately seven million Brazilians over 40 years of age have COPD. In recent years, major advances have been made in the pharmacological treatment of this condition. We performed a systematic review including original articles on pharmacological treatments for COPD. We reviewed articles written in English, Spanish, or Portuguese; published between 2005 and 2009; and indexed in national and international databases. Articles with a sample size < 100 individuals were excluded. The outcome measures were symptoms, pulmonary function, quality of life, exacerbations, mortality, and adverse drug effects. Articles were classified in accordance with the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease criteria for the determination of the level of scientific evidence (grade of recommendation A, B, or C). Of the 84 articles selected, 40 (47.6 percent), 18 (21.4 percent), and 26 (31.0 percent) were classified as grades A, B, and C, respectively. Of the 420 analyses made in these articles, 236 were regarding the comparison between medications and placebos. Among these 236 analyses, the most commonly studied medications (in 66, 48, and 42 analyses, respectively) were long-acting anticholinergics; the combination of long-acting β2 agonists and inhaled corticosteroids; and inhaled corticosteroids in isolation. Pulmonary function, adverse effects, and symptoms as outcomes generated 58, 54, and 35 analyses, respectively. The majority of the studies showed that the medications evaluated provided symptom relief; improved the quality of life and pulmonary function of patients; and prevented exacerbations. Few studies analyzed mortality as an outcome, and the role that pharmacological treatment plays in this outcome has yet to be fully defined. The medications studied are safe to use in the management of COPD and have few adverse effects.

O uso da informação na tomada de decisões para gestão estratégica de estagiários renumerados de um hospital de grande porte de Porto Alegre

O presente projeto busca averiguar a necessidade de informação de um hospital de grande porte da cidade de Porto Alegre acerca de estagiários remunerados em seus três vértices principais, gestores, gestão do trabalho educação e desenvolvimento equipe de recrutamento e seleção e os próprios estagiários. O estudo será realizado em dois momentos: o primeiro, envolverá a aplicação de questionários e o segundo, realizará no momento da entrega dos questionários uma entrevista aberta onde o pesquisador vai procurar entender os motivos que levaram o segmento a marcar as alternativas escolhidas. Após processamento dos dados, buscar-se-á compreender o que cada segmento pode contribuir na montagem de um sistema, que terá o fim de evitar retrabalho, otimizar processos e trazer transparência ao fazer diário, tornando o trabalho de fácil acesso aos três vértices pesquisados .

Asthma and lung function in a birth cohort at 6-7 years of age in southern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: Asthma and respiratory symptoms are common in children, and many studies have shown associations between childhood symptoms and impaired lung function in adult life. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of various respiratory symptoms with wheezing patterns (persistent, early, and late-onset) and lung function, as well as to determine whether lung function was associated with atopy or with demographic, socioeconomic, environmental, and gestational factors, in a birth cohort at 6-7 years of age. METHODS: The target population consisted of children aged 6-7 years from a birth cohort of 5,304 children born in southern Brazil in 1993. For this follow-up evaluation, 532 of those children were randomly selected, and a sub-sample was submitted to spirometry and skin prick tests. A questionnaire was administered to the parent(s) or legal guardian(s) of each child. RESULTS: Spirometric values were lower in the children with respiratory symptoms or asthma. Mean forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1/FVC ratio) was lower in children with any of the following: current wheezing and asthma; asthma ever; four or more episodes of wheezing within the preceding 12 months; sleep disturbance due to wheezing; and exercise-induced wheezing. Persistent wheezing was associated with lower FEV1/FVC ratio. After multiple linear regression, exercise-induced wheezing was also associated with reduced FEV1/FVC ratio. Nonwhite skin color and wheezing severe enough to limit speech were associated with lower FEV1. CONCLUSIONS: Children with persistent wheezing and symptoms of severe asthma have impaired lung function at 6-7 years of age.

Asma e função pulmonar aos 6-7 anos de idade em uma coorte de nascimentos no Sul do Brasil / Asthma and lung function in a birth cohort at 6-7 years of age in southern Brazil

OBJECTIVE: Asthma and respiratory symptoms are common in children, and many studies have shown associations between childhood symptoms and impaired lung function in adult life. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of various respiratory symptoms with wheezing patterns (persistent, early, and late-onset) and lung function, as well as to determine whether lung function was associated with atopy or with demographic, socioeconomic, environmental, and gestational factors, in a birth cohort at 6-7 years of age. METHODS: The target population consisted of children aged 6-7 years from a birth cohort of 5,304 children born in southern Brazil in 1993. For this follow-up evaluation, 532 of those children were randomly selected, and a sub-sample was submitted to spirometry and skin prick tests. A questionnaire was administered to the parent(s) or legal guardian(s) of each child. RESULTS: Spirometric values were lower in the children with respiratory symptoms or asthma. Mean forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1/FVC ratio) was lower in children with any of the following: current wheezing and asthma; asthma ever; four or more episodes of wheezing within the preceding 12 months; sleep disturbance due to wheezing; and exercise-induced wheezing. Persistent wheezing was associated with lower FEV1/FVC ratio. After multiple linear regression, exercise-induced wheezing was also associated with reduced FEV1/FVC ratio. Nonwhite skin color and wheezing severe enough to limit speech were associated with lower FEV1. CONCLUSIONS: Children with persistent wheezing and symptoms of severe asthma have impaired lung function at 6-7 years of age.

OBJETIVO: Asma e sintomas respiratórios são comuns na infância, e vários estudos têm demonstrado sua associação com redução da função pulmonar na vida adulta. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação de diversos sintomas respiratórios com padrões de sibilância (persistente, precoce e de início tardio) e função pulmonar aos 6-7 anos de idade em uma coorte de nascimentos, além de determinar se a função pulmonar estava associada à atopia ou a fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos, ambientais e gestacionais. MÉTODOS: A populaçãoalvo compreendeu crianças de 6 a 7 anos de idade pertencentes à coorte de 5.304 nascimentos ocorridos em 1993 em Pelotas, no Sul do Brasil. Para esse acompanhamento selecionaram-se aleatoriamente 532 dessas crianças, e uma subamostra foi submetida a espirometria e testes cutâneos de puntura. Aplicou-se um questionário aos pais das crianças ou seus responsáveis. RESULTADOS: Observamos valores espirométricos mais baixos nas crianças com sintomas respiratórios e asma. A média da relação volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo/capacidade vital forçada (relação VEF1/CVF) foi menor nas crianças com sibilância atual e asma, asma alguma vez na vida, quatro ou mais episódios de sibilância nos últimos 12 meses, sono perturbado pela sibilância e sibilância após exercícios. Sibilância persistente foi associada a redução da relação VEF1/CVF. Após regressão linear múltipla, sibilância após exercícios também foi associada a redução da relação VEF1/CVF. Cor da pele não-branca e fala prejudicada pela sibilância foram associadas a VEF1 reduzido. CONCLUSÕES: Crianças com sibilância persistente e sintomas de asma grave apresentaram função pulmonar prejudicada aos 6-7 anos de idade.

[Use of outpatient services in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: factors related to above-average number of physician visits]. / Utilização de serviços ambulatoriais de saúde em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: alguns fatores relacionados com as consultas médicas acima da média.

This cross-sectional, population-based study including males and females 20 to 69 years of age from the urban area of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, aimed to verify characteristics associated with above-average number of medical consultations. The mean number of physician consultations in the previous year was 3.2, with a standard deviation of 5.5. The analysis considered two outcomes: individuals with more than eight physician visits per year (one SD above the mean) and more than 14 consultations (two SD above the mean). In the sample of 1,962 individuals, 183 (9.3%) reported more than eight physician consultations in the previous year. Logistic regression compared the outcomes with the following variables: sex, age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic bronchitis, minor psychiatric disorders, and hospitalization in the previous year. There were 57 individuals (2.9%) with more than 14 consultations during the year. Logistic regression showed significant differences for sex, hypertension, minor psychiatric disorders, and hospitalization in the previous year. The high demand does not always mean inadequate health services, and restricting the demand could result in policies that limit access to care, causing suffering to patients with serious conditions.

Utilização de serviços ambulatoriais de saúde em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: alguns fatores relacionados com as consultas médicas acima da média / Use of outpatient services in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: factors related to above-average number of physician visits

Por meio de estudo transversal de base populacional, incluindo pessoas de ambos os sexos, de 20 a 69 anos, residentes na zona urbana de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, objetivou-se verificar características associadas a consultas médicas ambulatoriais acima da média. A média de consultas, com médico, no último ano foi 3,2, com desvio padrão 5,5. A análise foi realizada considerando-se dois desfechos: indivíduos com mais de oito consultas médicas por ano (um desvio padrão acima da média); e mais de 14 consultas (dois desvios padrões acima da média). Entre 1.962 pessoas, 183 (9,3 por cento) consultaram mais que oito vezes durante o ano. A regressão logística mostrou que estavam associadas as variáveis: sexo, idade, diabetes mellitus, hipertensão arterial, bronquite crônica, distúrbios psiquiátricos menores e hospitalizações no último ano. Encontraram-se 57 (2,9 por cento) indivíduos com mais de quatorze consultas médicas durante o ano. Na regressão logística, foram encontradas diferenças para sexo, hipertensão arterial, distúrbios psiquiátricos menores e hospitalizações no último ano. A elevada procura por serviços de saúde nem sempre significa inadequação, e sua restrição pode resultar em políticas que restrinjam o acesso aos cuidados, implicando sofrimento para pacientes em condições graves.

This cross-sectional, population-based study including males and females 20 to 69 years of age from the urban area of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, aimed to verify characteristics associated with above-average number of medical consultations. The mean number of physician consultations in the previous year was 3.2, with a standard deviation of 5.5. The analysis considered two outcomes: individuals with more than eight physician visits per year (one SD above the mean) and more than 14 consultations (two SD above the mean). In the sample of 1,962 individuals, 183 (9.3 percent) reported more than eight physician consultations in the previous year. Logistic regression compared the outcomes with the following variables: sex, age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic bronchitis, minor psychiatric disorders, and hospitalization in the previous year. There were 57 individuals (2.9 percent) with more than 14 consultations during the year. Logistic regression showed significant differences for sex, hypertension, minor psychiatric disorders, and hospitalization in the previous year. The high demand does not always mean inadequate health services, and restricting the demand could result in policies that limit access to care, causing suffering to patients with serious conditions.

Fatores de risco para internação por doença respiratória aguda em crianças até um ano de idade / Risk factors for acute respiratory disease hospitalization in children under one year of age

OBJETIVO: Avaliar fatores de risco para hospitalização por doença respiratória aguda em crianças até um ano de idade. MÉTODOS: Estudo de casos e controles na cidade de Pelotas, RS. Os casos foram crianças de até um ano de idade, que se hospitalizaram por doença respiratória aguda, de agosto de 1997 a julho de 1998. Os controles foram crianças da comunidade, da mesma idade, sem hospitalização prévia por essa doença. Um questionário investigando exposição a fatores de risco foi aplicado às mães de casos e controles. Os dados foram submetidos à análise univariada, bivariada e multivariada por meio de regressão logística para avaliação dos fatores de risco sobre o desfecho de interesse. RESULTADOS: Foram analisadas 777 crianças, sendo 625 casos e 152 controles. Na análise bruta, os fatores de risco associados ao desfecho foram: sexo masculino, faixa etária menor de seis meses, aglomeração familiar, escolaridade materna, renda familiar, condições habitacionais inadequadas, desmame precoce, tabagismo materno, uso de bico, história de hospitalização e antecedentes de sintomas respiratórios. O trabalho materno foi fator de proteção para internação por doença respiratória aguda. Na análise multivariada, permaneceram associadas: ausência de ou baixa escolaridade materna (OR=12,5), história pregressa de sibilância (OR=7,7), desmame precoce (OR=2,3), uso de bico (OR=1,9), mãe fumante (OR=1,7), idade abaixo de seis meses (OR=1,7) e sexo masculino (OR=1,5). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostraram a importância dos aspectos sociais e comportamentais da família, assim como morbidade respiratória anterior da criança como fatores de risco para hospitalização por doença respiratória aguda.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate risk factors for acute respiratory disease hospitalizations in children under one year of age. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Cases were children under one year of age who were hospitalized due to acute respiratory diseases from August 1997 to July 1998. Controls were same-age community children randomly selected without previous respiratory disease hospitalization. A questionnaire about risk factors exposure was applied to the mothers of cases and controls. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses through logistic regression were carried out to evaluate risk factors for the outcome of interest. RESULTS: There were studied 777 children; 625 cases and 152 controls. In the crude analysis, the risk factors associated with the outcome were: being male, children under six months of age, household crowding, maternal education, family income, inadequate housing conditions, lack of breastfeeding, maternal smoking, use of pacifiers, and a previous history of hospitalization and respiratory symptoms. Maternal working was a protection factor associated with acute respiratory disease hospitalizations. In the multivariate analysis the following risk factors remained associated: maternal education (OR=12.5), previous history of wheezing (OR=7.7), lack of breastfeeding (OR=2.3), use of pacifiers (OR=1.9), maternal smoking (OR=1.7), children under six months of age (OR=1.7), and being male (OR=1.5). CONCLUSIONS: The study results show the importance of the family's social and behavioural aspects as well as previous respiratory disease as risk factors for acute respiratory disease hospitalizations in children under one year of age.

[Risk factors for acute respiratory disease hospitalization in children under one year of age]. / Fatores de risco para internação por doença respiratória aguda em crianças até um ano de idade.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate risk factors for acute respiratory disease hospitalizations in children under one year of age. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Cases were children under one year of age who were hospitalized due to acute respiratory diseases from August 1997 to July 1998. Controls were same-age community children randomly selected without previous respiratory disease hospitalization. A questionnaire about risk factors exposure was applied to the mothers of cases and controls. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses through logistic regression were carried out to evaluate risk factors for the outcome of interest. RESULTS: There were studied 777 children; 625 cases and 152 controls. In the crude analysis, the risk factors associated with the outcome were: being male, children under six months of age, household crowding, maternal education, family income, inadequate housing conditions, lack of breastfeeding, maternal smoking, use of pacifiers, and a previous history of hospitalization and respiratory symptoms. Maternal working was a protection factor associated with acute respiratory disease hospitalizations. In the multivariate analysis the following risk factors remained associated: maternal education (OR=12.5), previous history of wheezing (OR=7.7), lack of breastfeeding (OR=2.3), use of pacifiers (OR=1.9), maternal smoking (OR=1.7), children under six months of age (OR=1.7), and being male (OR=1.5). CONCLUSIONS: The study results show the importance of the family's social and behavioural aspects as well as previous respiratory disease as risk factors for acute respiratory disease hospitalizations in children under one year of age.

[Risk factors for asthma in adults in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil]. / Fatores de risco para a asma em adultos, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

Asthma incidence and mortality rates have increased in recent years. The present cross-sectional survey aimed to measure asthma prevalence and risk factors in a random sample of 1,968 individuals (20-69 years of age) in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Overall prevalence of "current asthma symptoms" was 6%, varying according to diagnostic criteria. Associated risk factors in the crude analyses were: female gender, age 60-69 years, non-white skin color, low education, low family income, family history of atopy and asthma, personal history of atopic disease, smoking, low body mass index, and minor psychiatric disorders. In the multivariate analysis the following risk factors remained associated with "current asthma symptoms": mother and father with asthma history, minor psychiatric disorders, age 60-69 years, household income less than 1.01 minimum wage, history of atopic disease, and female gender. The results highlight the variation in asthma prevalence according to diagnostic criteria and confirm the importance of genetic, social, and lifestyle factors.

Fatores de risco para a asma em adultos, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Risk factors for asthma in adults in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

A incidência e mortalidade por asma vêm aumentando em vários países do mundo. Com o objetivo de avaliar a prevalência e fatores de risco para a asma na população adulta de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, conduziu-se um estudo populacional e transversal, em amostra de 1.968 pessoas, dos 20 a 69 anos de idade. A prevalência de "sintomas atuais de asma" foi de 6 por cento, observando-se variação com diferentes critérios diagnósticos. Na análise bruta, os fatores de risco observados foram: sexo feminino, faixa etária dos 60 aos 69 anos, cor da pele não-branca, baixas escolaridade e renda familiar, história familiar de asma e atopia, atopia pessoal, tabagismo, índice de massa corporal baixo e distúrbios psiquiátricos menores. Na análise multivariada permaneceram os seguintes fatores de risco: história paterna e materna de asma, distúrbios psiquiátricos menores, idade de 60 a 69 anos, renda familiar inferior a 1,01 salário mínimo, atopia pessoal e sexo feminino. Os resultados salientam a variação na prevalência de asma com diferentes critérios diagnósticos, e que fatores genéticos, sociais e relacionados ao estilo de vida são relevantes na ocorrência da doença.

Asthma incidence and mortality rates have increased in recent years. The present cross-sectional survey aimed to measure asthma prevalence and risk factors in a random sample of 1,968 individuals (20-69 years of age) in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Overall prevalence of "current asthma symptoms" was 6 percent, varying according to diagnostic criteria. Associated risk factors in the crude analyses were: female gender, age 60-69 years, non-white skin color, low education, low family income, family history of atopy and asthma, personal history of atopic disease, smoking, low body mass index, and minor psychiatric disorders. In the multivariate analysis the following risk factors remained associated with "current asthma symptoms": mother and father with asthma history, minor psychiatric disorders, age 60-69 years, household income less than 1.01 minimum wage, history of atopic disease, and female gender. The results highlight the variation in asthma prevalence according to diagnostic criteria and confirm the importance of genetic, social, and lifestyle factors.