Sustainable fabrication of dimorphic plant derived ZnO nanoparticles and exploration of their biomedical and environmental potentialities.

Although, different plant species were utilized for the fabrication of polymorphic, hexagonal, spherical, and nanoflower ZnO NPs with various diameters, few studies succeeded in synthesizing small diameter ZnO nanorods from plant extract at ambient temperature. This work sought to pioneer the ZnO NPs fabrication from the aqueous extract of a Mediterranean salt marsh plant species Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss. and assess the role of temperature in the fabrication process. Various techniques have been used to evaluate the quality and physicochemical characteristics of ZnO NPs. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS) was used as the primary test for formation confirmation. TEM analysis confirmed the formation of two different shapes of ZnO NPs, nano-rods and near hexagonal NPs at varying reaction temperatures. The nano-rods were about 25.3 and 297.9 nm in diameter and in length, respectively while hexagonal NPs were about 29.3 nm. The UV-VIS absorption spectra of the two forms of ZnO NPs produced were 370 and 365 nm for nano-rods and hexagonal NPs, respectively. FT-IR analysis showed Zn-O stretching at 642 cm-1 and XRD confirmed the crystalline structure of the produced ZnO NPs. Thermogravimetric analysis; TGA was also used to confirm the thermal stability of ZnO NPs. The anti-tumor activities of the two prepared ZnO NPs forms were investigated by the MTT assay, which revealed an effective dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on A-431 cell lines. Both forms displayed considerable antioxidant potential, particularly the rod-shaped ZnO NPs, with an IC50 of 148.43 µg mL-1. The rod-shaped ZnO NPs were superior candidates for destroying skin cancer, with IC50 of 93.88 ± 1 µg mL-1 ZnO NPs. Thus, rod-shaped ZnO NPs are promising, highly biocompatible candidate for biological and biomedical applications. Furthermore, both shapes of phyto-synthesized NPs demonstrated effective antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. The outcomes highlight the potential of phyto-synthesized ZnO NPs as an eco-friendly alternative for water and wastewater disinfection.

Insights into levofloxacin adsorption with machine learning models using nano-composite hydrochars.

Hydrothermal carbonization was applied to taro peel wastes to produce hydrochars using a facile and environmentally friendly process. Four different entities were prepared: hydrochar (TPh), phosphoric-activated hydrochar (P-TPh), and silver@hydrochars (Ag@TPh, Ag@P-TPh). The elemental compositions of the single and composite hydrochars were confirmed by EDX. Among the produced hydrochars, the morphology of the Ag@hydrochar composites demonstrated more wrinkled structure, and Ag nanoparticles decorated the surface. The optimal experimental conditions for levofloxacin adsorption were determined to be a contact time of 45 min, hydrochar dose of 0.15 g L-1, and pH of 7. The best adsorption performances were assigned to Ag@hydrochars. Two machine learning models were applied to predict the levofloxacin adsorption efficiency of the Ag@hydrochars. A central composite design (CCD) and a 3-10-1 artificial neural network (ANN) model were developed to estimate the removal performance of levofloxacin using Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation algorithm based on correlation and error analysis of the adopted training functions. Furthermore, the ANN sensitivity analysis revealed the order of the relative importance variable as initial concentration> hydrochar dose> pH. The predicted values of the CCD and ANN models fitted the experimental results with R2> 0.989. Therefore, the applied models were effective in predicting levofloxacin removal under different operating conditions. This work provides an open option for the sustainable management of food industry wastes and the possibility of waste valorization to effective hydrochar composites to be applied in water treatment processes.

Vertical alveolar bone augmentation of atrophied posterior mandibular regions with simultaneous dental implant placement using allogeneic bone rings vs autogenous bone rings: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: Ideal implant placement in atrophied posterior mandibular regions is challenging due to surgical difficulties and anatomical limitations. This study aimed to evaluate the use of allogeneic bone rings for vertical augmentation of atrophied posterior mandibular regions with simultaneous implants compared to autogenous bone rings, while avoiding donor site morbidity. METHOD AND MATERIALS: A total of 24 vertically atrophied posterior mandibular segments (in 14 patients) were equally randomized into a study group in which mineralized freeze-dried allogeneic bone rings were used, and a control group in which autogenous bone rings with prepared implant osteotomies were harvested from the chin and used. All augmentation sites were prepared before inserting the bone rings. Implants were simultaneously inserted, fixing the bone rings into the native bone. All patients were clinically assessed after 1 week, 2 weeks, and 1 month. Crestal bone level was radiographically assessed after 1 week, 6 months, and 3 months of prosthetic loading. RESULTS: None of the 24 bone rings showed signs of implant or graft failure. There was no significant difference in the crestal bone level between the groups. CONCLUSION: Allogeneic bone rings can be a viable alternative to autogenous bone rings in augmenting the posterior aspect of the mandible, mitigating the concerns associated with donor site complications.

Anthracyclines and the risk of arrhythmias: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: There have been controversial findings from recent studies regarding anthracyclines use and the subsequent risk of arrhythmias. This study aimed to evaluate the existing evidence of the risk of arrhythmias in patients treated with anthracyclines. METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched up to April 2022 using keywords such as "anthracycline" and "arrhythmia." Dichotomous data were presented as relative risk (RR) and confidence interval (CI), while continuous data were presented as mean difference (MD) and CI. Revman software version 5.4 was used for the analysis. RESULTS: Thirteen studies were included with a total of 26891 subjects. Pooled analysis showed that anthracyclines therapy was significantly associated with a higher risk of arrhythmia (RR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.41-1.76; P < .00001), ST segment and T wave abnormalities (RR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.18-2.55, P = .005), conduction abnormalities and AV block (RR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.06-3.25, P = .03), and tachycardia (RR: 1.736, 95% CI: 1.11-2.69, P = .02). Further analyses of the associations between anthracyclines and atrial flutter (RR = 1.30, 95% CI = 0.29-5.89, P = .74), atrial ectopic beats (RR: 1.27, 95% CI: 0.78-2.05, P = .34), and ventricular ectopic beats (RR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.53-1.65, P = .81) showed no statistically significant results. Higher doses of anthracycline were associated with a higher risk of arrhythmias (RR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.08-2.05; P = .02) compared to the lower doses (RR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.00-1.85; P = .05). Newer generations of Anthracycline maintained the arrhythmogenic properties of previous generations, such as Doxorubicin. CONCLUSION: Anthracyclines therapy was significantly associated with an increased risk of arrhythmias. Accordingly, Patients treated with anthracyclines should be screened for ECG abnormalities and these drugs should be avoided in patients susceptible to arrhythmia. The potential benefit of the administration of prophylactic anti-fibrotic and anti-arrhythmic drugs should also be explored.

A new promising approach to urodynamic stress urinary incontinence care can help menopausal women.

Introduction: The goal of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of single-incision mini-sling in the surgical treatment of postmenopausal urodynamic stress urinary incontinence (SUI) compared to the standard trans-obturator mid-urethral sling. Material and methods: This prospective study was carried out in two tertiary centres; Al-Azhar University Maternity & Urology Hospitals. A total of 120 postmenopausal women with urodynamic SUI were randomized to undergo either single-incision mini-sling (n = 60) or standard trans-obturator mid-urethral sling procedure (n = 60) from May 2019 until Oct 2021. Main outcome measures: efficacy was evaluated utilizing objective cure rate (cough stress test) and subjective cure rate (Sandvik incontinence severity index and International Consultations on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form), intraoperative and postoperative complications, and postoperative pain (using a visual analogue scale). Results: The single-incision mini-sling (SIMS) and transobturator tape (TOT) groups had no statistically significant difference in subjective and objective cure rates (p > 0.05). Compared with the transvaginal tape O group, patients in the SIMS group had significantly less postoperative pain, shorter operative duration, and less intraoperative blood loss (all p-values < 0.05). No significant difference in perioperative complications was observed between both groups. Conclusions: Single-incision mini-sling was superior to TOT in postmenopausal as SIMS is of similar effectiveness, more safe and minimally invasive with earlier ambulance.

Nanofiltration Membranes for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions: Preparations and Applications.

Water shortages are one of the problems caused by global industrialization, with most wastewater discharged without proper treatment, leading to contamination and limited clean water supply. Therefore, it is important to identify alternative water sources because many concerns are directed toward sustainable water treatment processes. Nanofiltration membrane technology is a membrane integrated with nanoscale particle size and is a superior technique for heavy metal removal in the treatment of polluted water. The fabrication of nanofiltration membranes involves phase inversion and interfacial polymerization. This review provides a comprehensive outline of how nanoparticles can effectively enhance the fabrication, separation potential, and efficiency of NF membranes. Nanoparticles take the form of nanofillers, nanoembedded membranes, and nanocomposites to give multiple approaches to the enhancement of the NF membrane's performance. This could significantly improve selectivity, fouling resistance, water flux, porosity, roughness, and rejection. Nanofillers can form nanoembedded membranes and thin films through various processes such as in situ polymerization, layer-by-layer assembly, blending, coating, and embedding. We discussed the operational conditions, such as pH, temperature, concentration of the feed solution, and pressure. The mitigation strategies for fouling resistance are also highlighted. Recent developments in commercial nanofiltration membranes have also been highlighted.

Potentials of mono- and multi-metal ion removal from water with cotton stalks and date palm stone residuals.

In this work, cotton stalks (Gossypium barbadense) and date palm stones (Phoenix dactylifera) have been used as biosorbents to remove cadmium; Cd(II), lead; Pb(II), and zinc; Zn(II) from mono- and multi-solutions. Each biosorbent was characterized using SEM-EDX, and FT-IR. The findings showed that pH, dose, contact time, metal concentration, and particle size affect the treatment process. The adsorption pattern was Pb(II) > Cd(II) > Zn(II) for both biosorbents. The adsorption performance of cotton stalks was higher than that of date palm stones. The fitted maximum uptake capacities; qm of cotton stalks were higher than those of date palm stones. The maximum adsorption at optimum conditions of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) with cotton stalks were 98%, 92.1%, and 78.9%, respectively, within 30 min. While the maximum adsorption of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) with date palm stones were 94.6%, 76%, and 68.6%, respectively. Results confirmed the antagonistic effect of heavy metal removal at optimum conditions. Biosorbents could remove ~ 100% of the metal ions from real wastewater samples. Regeneration investigation revealed a successful reusability of both biosorbents for four cycles.

HER2/neu expression status of post BCG recurrent non-muscle-invasive bladder urothelial carcinomas in relation to their primary ones.

BACKGROUND: Transurethral resection (TUR) followed by adjuvant therapy is still the treatment of choice of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma (NMIBUC). However, recurrence is one of the most troublesome features of these lesions. Early second resection and adjuvant BCG therapy has been shown to improve the outcome. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic value of C-erbB-2 (HER2/neu) expression status in Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma cases, before and after intravesical Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG immunotherapy). MATERIALS AND METHODS: HER2/neu expression was studied in 120 (Ta-T1) Non-Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma cases. The expression was evaluated and compared to the expression after Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy. RESULTS: HER2/neu expression in low and high grade of the Non- Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma was (38%) and (83%) respectively. The difference of the expression rates by tumor grade was statistically significant. In recurring lesions post BCG therapy, C-erbB-2 expression was markedly decreased (31.6%) when compared to its expression before therapy (65%). CONCLUSIONS: The HER2/neu expression increased as the tumor grade rose. The reduction in expression following BCG treatment in Non-Invasive transitional cell carcinoma cases could reflect a reduction of the potential malignancy of the tumor.

Comparative study between ureter first approach and conventional open Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty in paediatric patients: A prospective randomised study.

BACKGROUND: Uretero-pelvic junction obstruction is the most common form of congenital anomaly of the kidney and urinary tract with an incidence of about 1/1.000-1.500 of births and the aetiology and pathogenesis of this anomaly are still unclear until now. METHODS: This is a prospective randomized comparative study conducted from March 2022 to December 2022. Thirty children with uretero-pelvic junction obstruction were included and randomly divided into two groups according to a 1:1 ratio (computer-generated randomization, single blind). Fifteen cases (12 males and 3 female) were subjected to ureter first approach pyeloplasty, and another fifteen (9 males and 6 female) were subjected to conventional Anderson Hynes pyeloplasty. RESULTS: The mean age of all patients was 6.7 ± 5.4 years in ureter first approach group and 5.1 ± 4.3 years in conventional Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty group. There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding age, gender, presentation, side, preoperative renogram and post-operative renogram. Also, there were no significant differences between the two groups regarding operative time (in first group 110.3 ± 12.4 and in the second group 111.2 ± 12.0 with p < 0.836), pre and post-operative complication rate. Two cases of urinary tract infections in the first group, one of them having fever, and four cases in the second group, two of them having fever (p < 0.651); four cases of loin pain in the first group and one case in the second group (p < 0.330); one case in the first group having pro- longed leakage of urine for 7 days in post-operative period (p < 0.309). However GFR and t 1/2 improved significantly after operation in both groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Ureter first approach is a simple and effective procedure in children with good short term outcomes and could be done safely especially for beginners and less expert surgeons. Finally, it can overcome the problem of long ureteric stricture that may be found intraoperatively because you can shift easily to a flap procedure and complete a tension free anastomosis.

Treatment of Inactive Ovaries of Holstein Dairy Cows by Epidural Injection of GnRH Analogue (Receptal) and Its Impact on the Reproductive Hormones, Oxidant/Antioxidant Profile and Micro and Macro-Elements Profile.

This study was designed to evaluate a new therapeutic approach for inactive ovaries based on the epidural administration of a GnRH agonist (Receptal) and an investigation of the impact of this treatment on the hormonal, oxidant/antioxidant and micro- and macro-element profiles. Sixty cows with postpartum anestrus were divided into two groups: the first group (group Repid, n = 30) was administered an epidural injection of Receptal, while the second group (group Cepid, n = 30) received saline and was considered the control group. Evaluation of hormonal (progesterone, FSH, LH, testosterone, and cortisol), oxidant/antioxidant (MDA, SOD, GPx and TAC) as well as micro- and macroelement (calcium, phosphorus, manganese and magnesium) profiles was done in serum. The results showed that the epidural injection of Receptal has the potential to induce estrus response and conception incidence in treated cows. Compared to the control group, progesterone, FSH, and LH concentrations were significantly increased in the treated group, whereas testosterone and cortisol decreased (p < 0.05) following treatment. In addition, the treated group had greater TAC and GPx concentrations than the control group. Serum concentrations of magnesium increased (p < 0.05) following receptal treatment, but differences in other minerals were not detected. This research suggests a novel, effective method of treating inactive ovaries with epidural infusion of a GnRH agonist.

Efficient Removal of Phosphate from Wastewater by a Novel Phyto-Graphene Composite Derived from Palm Byproducts.

The increased demand for clean water especially in overpopulated countries is of great concern; thus, the development of eco-friendly and cost-effective techniques and materials that can remediate polluted water for possible reuse in agricultural purposes can offer a life-saving solution to improve human welfare, especially in view of climate change impacts. In the current study, the agricultural byproducts of palm trees have been used for the first time as a carbon source to produce graphene functionalized with ferrocene in a composite form to enhance its water treatment potential. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, thermogravimetric analysis, and Raman techniques have been used to characterize the produced materials. SEM investigations confirmed the formation of multiple sheets of the graphene composite. Data collected from the zeta potential revealed that graphene was supported with a negative surface charge that maintains its stability while XRD elucidated that graphene characteristic peaks were evident at 2θ = 22.4 and 22.08° using palm leaves and fibers, respectively. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to find out the most suitable conditions to remove PO4 3- from wastewater by applying different parameters, including pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration, and time. Their effect on the adsorption process was also investigated. Results demonstrated that the best adsorption capacity was 58.93 mg/g (removal percentage: 78.57%) using graphene derived from palm fibers at 15 mg L-1 initial concentration, pH = 3, dose = 10 mg, and 60 min contact time. Both linear and non-linear forms of kinetic and isotherm models were investigated. The adsorption process obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and was well fitted to the Langmuir isotherm.

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Sea Lavender (Limonium pruinosum L. Chaz.) extract: characterization, evaluation of anti-skin cancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials.

In the present study, a green, sustainable, simple and low-cost method was adopted for the synthesis of ZnO NPs, for the first time, using the aqueous extract of sea lavender, Limonium pruinosum (L.) Chaz., as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent. The obtained ZnO NPs were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The UV-Vis spectra of the green synthesized ZnO NPs showed a strong absorption peak at about 370 nm. Both electron microscopy and XRD confirmed the hexagonal/cubic crystalline structure of ZnO NPs with an average size ~ 41 nm. It is worth noting that the cytotoxic effect of the ZnO NPs on the investigated cancer cells is dose-dependent. The IC50 of skin cancer was obtained at 409.7 µg/ml ZnO NPs. Also, the phyto-synthesized nanoparticles exhibited potent antibacterial and antifungal activity particularly against Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739) and the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans (ATCC 10221). Furthermore, they showed considerable antioxidant potential. Thus, making them a promising biocompatible candidate for pharmacological and therapeutic applications.

Synergetic effect of green synthesized reduced graphene oxide and nano-zero valent iron composite for the removal of doxycycline antibiotic from water.

In this work, the synthesis of an rGO/nZVI composite was achieved for the first time using a simple and green procedure via Atriplex halimus leaves extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent to uphold the green chemistry principles such as less hazardous chemical synthesis. Several tools have been used to confirm the successful synthesis of the composite such as SEM, EDX, XPS, XRD, FTIR, and zeta potential which indicated the successful fabrication of the composite. The novel composite was compared with pristine nZVI for the removal aptitude of a doxycycline antibiotic with different initial concentrations to study the synergistic effect between rGO and nZVI. The adsorptive removal of bare nZVI was 90% using the removal conditions of 25 mg L-1, 25 °C, and 0.05 g, whereas the adsorptive removal of doxycycline by the rGO/nZVI composite reached 94.6% confirming the synergistic effect between nZVI and rGO. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second order and was well-fitted to Freundlich models with a maximum adsorption capacity of 31.61 mg g-1 at 25 °C and pH 7. A plausible mechanism for the removal of DC was suggested. Besides, the reusability of the rGO/nZVI composite was confirmed by having an efficacy of 60% after six successive cycles of regeneration.

Excitation Wavelength and Colloids Concentration-Dependent Nonlinear Optical Properties of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Laser Ablation.

We reported experimental results from investigations that employed the Z-scan method to explore the dependence of silver nanoparticles' (AgNPs) nonlinear optical properties on the excitation wavelength, AgNP concentration, and size. Using a 532 nm Nd: YAG laser beam at 100 mJ/pulse for different ablation times, AgNPs were synthesized from a silver target immersed in distilled water. UV-Vis spectroscopy and an atomic absorption spectrometer are used to characterize the optical properties of laser-synthesized AgNPs as well as their concentrations. The AgNPs' size and shape are determined using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The laser-synthesized AgNPs are spherical, with an average particle size of 12 to 13.2 nm. Whatever the ablation time, the AgNP colloids exhibit reversed saturable absorption and a negative nonlinear refractive index (n2). Both n2 and the nonlinear absorption coefficient (α3) increase as the AgNP concentration increases. As the excitation wavelength and average size of the AgNPs increase, n2 and α3 decrease.

Comparative study between thulium laser and cold knife visual urethrotomy for treatment of short bulbomembranous urethral stricture.

INTRODUCTION: The classical way to treat urethral stricture is the direct vision cold knife internal urethrotomy (DVIU). Along with advances in laser technology, laser urethrotomy is widely used, such as neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet, argon, potassium titanyl phosphate, and thulium laser. We aimed to compare thulium laser urethrotomy (TLU) and cold knife visual urethrotomy (CKVU) in terms of short bulbomembranous urethral stricture management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective interventional study was conducted for 24 months, from January 2018 to January 2020, on 60 patients with primary short bulbo-membranous urethral stricture who came to the Department of Urology of Al-Azhar University Hospital, New Damietta, Egypt. We divided these patients into 2 age-matched groups; 30 patients treated with CKVU and 30 patients with TLU. RESULTS: Regarding efficacy, postvoid residual urine volume (PVR) was reduced significantly in both groups (P < .001) after 6 months of follow-up; however, the reduction in TLU was greater than CKVU (P = .008). The improvement of Qmax after 6 months was significant and comparable in both groups. Regarding the quality of life, both groups showed a significant (<0.05) improvement in international prostate symptom score (IPSS) and the Male Sexual Health Questionnaire (MSHQ) scale, without no significant difference between both groups (>0.05). TLU showed a significantly (P = .038) shorter operative duration (24 ± 4.17 min) than CKVU duration (33 ± 4.86 min). Compared with CKVU, TLU was associated with less blood loss during surgery (P = .001), lower recurrence rate (46.7% vs. 19.97%, respectively), and lower frequencies of urethral dilatation (P = .001). CONCLUSION: TLU is an effective and safe therapy for managing bulbomembranous urethral strictures, with a relatively low recurrence rate. Further investigations of other techniques are recommended to look for the most appropriate procedure to combat the urethral stricture problem.

Microplastics: Occurrences, treatment methods, regulations and foreseen environmental impacts.

Microplastics are a silent threat that represent a high degree of danger to the environment in its different ecosystems and of course will also have an important impact on the health of living organisms. It is evident the need to have effective treatments for their treatment, however this is not a simple task, this as a result of the behavior of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants due to their different types and nature, their long molecular chain, reactivity against water, size, shape and the functional groups they carry. Wastewater treatment plants are at the circumference of the release of these wastes into the environment. They often act as a source of many contaminations, which makes this problem more complex. Challenges such as detection in the current scenario using the latest analytical techniques impede the correct understanding of the problem. Due to microplastics, treatment plants have operational and process stability problems. This review paper will present the in-depth situation of occurrence of microplastics, their detection, conventional and advanced treatment methods as well as implementation of legislations worldwide in a comprehensive manner. It has been observed that no innovative or new technologies have emerged to treat microplastics. Therefore, in this article, technologies targeting wastewater treatment plants are critically analyzed. This will help to understand their fate, but also to develop state-of-the-art technologies or combinations of them for the selective treatment of microplastics. The pros and cons of the treatment methods adopted and the knowledge gaps in legislation regarding their implementation are also comprehensively analyzed. This critical work will offer the development of new strategies to restrict microplastics.

Biogenic synthesis of reduced graphene oxide from Ziziphus spina-christi (Christ's thorn jujube) extracts for catalytic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant potentialities.

In the current work, various concentrations of the aqueous extract of Ziziphus spina-christi were employed for the phytoreduction of graphene oxide (GO). The green synthesized reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was characterized through UV-Vis spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) denoted the presence of numerous phytoconstituents including ketones, terpenoids, fatty acids, esters, and flavonoids, which acted as reducing and capping agents. The obtained results indicated the increase in rGO yield and shape with increasing the extract concentration. The optimized rGO was instantaneously ~100% removed methylene blue (MB) from the water at 5 mg L-1. However, the removal efficiency was slightly declined to reach 73.55 and 65.1% at 10 and 15 mg L-1, respectively. A powerful antibacterial activity for rGO particularly against gram-negative bacteria with a high concentration of 2 × 108 CFU mL-1 was confirmed. Furthermore, rGO demonstrated promising and comparable antioxidant efficiency with vitamin C against DPPH free radical scavenging. While vitamin C recorded 13.45 and 48.4%, the optimized rGO attained 13.30 and 45.20% at 12 and 50 µg mL-1, respectively.

Reuse of poor-quality water for sustainable crop production in the changing scenario of climate.

The availability of freshwater is limited for agriculture systems across the globe. A fast-growing population demands need to enhance the food grain production from a limited natural resources. Therefore, researchers and policymakers have been emphasized on the production potential of agricultural crops in a sustainable manner. On the challenging side, freshwater bodies are shrinking with the pace of time further limiting crop production. Poor-quality water may be a good alternative for fresh water in water scarce areas. It should not contain toxic pollutants beyond certain critical levels. Unfortunately, such critical limits for different pollutants as well as permissible quality parameters for different wastewater types are lacking or poorly addressed. Marginal quality water and industrial effluent used in crop production should be treated prior to application in crop field. Hence, safe reuse of wastewater for cultivation of food material is necessary to fulfil the demands of growing population across the globe in the changing scenario of climate.