Algal Bio-Stimulants Enhance Salt Tolerance in Common Bean: Dissecting Morphological, Physiological, and Genetic Mechanisms for Stress Adaptation.

Salinity adversely affects the plant's morphological characteristics, but the utilization of aqueous algal extracts (AE) ameliorates this negative impact. In this study, the application of AE derived from Chlorella vulgaris and Dunaliella salina strains effectively reversed the decline in biomass allocation and water relations, both in normal and salt-stressed conditions. The simultaneous application of both extracts in salt-affected soil notably enhanced key parameters, such as chlorophyll content (15%), carotene content (1%), photosynthesis (25%), stomatal conductance (7%), and transpiration rate (23%), surpassing those observed in the application of both AE in salt-affected as compared to salinity stress control. Moreover, the AE treatments effectively mitigated lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage induced by salinity stress. The application of AE led to an increase in GB (6%) and the total concentration of free amino acids (47%) by comparing with salt-affected control. Additionally, salinity stress resulted in an elevation of antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione reductase. Notably, the AE treatments significantly boosted the activity of these antioxidant enzymes under salinity conditions. Furthermore, salinity reduced mineral contents, but the application of AE effectively counteracted this decline, leading to increased mineral levels. In conclusion, the application of aqueous algal extracts, specifically those obtained from Chlorella vulgaris and Dunaliella salina strains, demonstrated significant efficacy in alleviating salinity-induced stress in Phaseolus vulgaris plants.

Molecular Control and Application of Male Fertility for Two-Line Hybrid Rice Breeding.

The significance of the climate change may involve enhancement of plant growth as well as utilization of the environmental alterations in male fertility (MF) regulation via male sterility (MS) systems. We described that MS systems provide a fundamental platform for improvement in agriculture production and have been explicated for creating bulk germplasm of the two-line hybrids (EGMS) in rice as compared to the three-line, to gain production sustainability and exploit its immense potential. Environmental alterations such as photoperiod and/or temperature and humidity regulate MS in EGMS lines via genetic and epigenetic changes, regulation of the noncoding RNAs, and RNA-metabolism including the transcriptional factors (TFs) implication. Herein, this article enlightens a deep understanding of the molecular control of MF in EGMS lines and exploring the regulatory driving forces that function efficiently during plant adaption under a changing environment. We highlighted a possible solution in obtaining more stable hybrids through apomixis (single-line system) for seed production.

Evaluation of Anti-microbial Activity of Ex vitro and Callus Extracts from Commiphora gileadensis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Commiphora gileadensis a medicinal plant rare species. A large amount of plant materials were needed to produce secondary metabolite under in vitro culture. Therefore, callus is used in the in vitro culture, since it can proliferate quickly and continuously provide an appropriate amount of plant which used for extracting the antimicrobial compounds from C. gileadensis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Rapid protocol for optimum callus production has been assessed to overcome limitations of the conventional propagation methods. The effect of plant growth regulator (PGR) on the regeneration of C. gileadensis was investigated for callus induction experiment using a standard MS medium with various concentrations of 6-Benzyl adenine (BA), Kinetin (Kn), 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0,1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mg L-1. RESULTS: The result showed that the maximum regeneration of callus induced the fresh and dry weight were obtained 5675±1321 and 376.7±56.9 mg, respectively on MS media containing 2 mg L-1 2,4D + 0.5 mg L-1 BA after 12 weeks. The anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities of C. gileadensis were evaluated using the callus and ex vitro extracts, six bacterial species fungal genera were used the agar well diffusion method used of 25, 50, 75 and 100 µL methanolic or ethonlic extracts of ex vitro and callus had considerable inhibition effects on the tested bacteria and fungi. CONCLUSION: Callus culture technique may be an important tool to get the C. gileadensis quickly as compared to the natural growth phenomenon where it takes many years. Moreover, it's give us an opportunity to get the active constituent without destroying the plant available in nature. The results of the present study can improve our understanding of the economic importance of C. gileadensis as activity ingredient antimicrobial agent and provided methods for its preparation.