Influence of Maternal Lifestyle and Diet on Perinatal DNA Methylation Signatures Associated With Childhood Arterial Stiffness at 8 to 9 Years.

[Figure: see text].

Fetal and infant growth predict hip geometry at 6 y old: findings from the Southampton Women's Survey.

BACKGROUND: We investigated relationships between early growth and proximal femoral geometry at age 6 y in a prospective population-based cohort, the Southampton Women's Survey. METHODS: In 493 mother-offspring pairs, we assessed linear size using high-resolution ultrasound at 11, 19, and 34 wk gestation (femur length) and at birth and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 y (crown-heel length/height). SD scores were created and conditional regression modeling generated mutually independent growth variables. Children underwent hip dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at 6 y; hip structure analysis software yielded measures of geometry and strength. RESULTS: There were strong associations between early linear growth and femoral neck section modulus (Z) at 6 y, with the strongest relationships observed for femur growth from 19 to 34 wk gestation (ß = 0.26 cm(3)/SD, P < 0.0001), and for height growth from birth to 1 y (ß = 0.25 cm(3)/SD, P < 0.0001) and 1 to 2 y (ß = 0.33 cm(3)/SD, P < 0.0001), with progressively weaker relationships over years 3 (ß = 0.23 cm(3)/SD, P = 0.0002) and 4 (ß = 0.10 cm(3)/SD, P = 0.18). CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that growth before age 3 y predicts proximal femoral geometry at 6 y old. These data suggest critical periods in which there is capacity for long-term influence on the later skeletal growth trajectory.

Different indices of fetal growth predict bone size and volumetric density at 4 years of age.

We have demonstrated previously that higher birth weight is associated with greater peak and later-life bone mineral content and that maternal body build, diet, and lifestyle influence prenatal bone mineral accrual. To examine prenatal influences on bone health further, we related ultrasound measures of fetal growth to childhood bone size and density. We derived Z-scores for fetal femur length and abdominal circumference and conditional growth velocity from 19 to 34 weeks' gestation from ultrasound measurements in participants in the Southampton Women's Survey. A total of 380 of the offspring underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at age 4 years [whole body minus head bone area (BA), bone mineral content (BMC), areal bone mineral density (aBMD), and estimated volumetric BMD (vBMD)]. Volumetric bone mineral density was estimated using BMC adjusted for BA, height, and weight. A higher velocity of 19- to 34-week fetal femur growth was strongly associated with greater childhood skeletal size (BA: r = 0.30, p < .0001) but not with volumetric density (vBMD: r = 0.03, p = .51). Conversely, a higher velocity of 19- to 34-week fetal abdominal growth was associated with greater childhood volumetric density (vBMD: r = 0.15, p = .004) but not with skeletal size (BA: r = 0.06, p = .21). Both fetal measurements were positively associated with BMC and aBMD, indices influenced by both size and density. The velocity of fetal femur length growth from 19 to 34 weeks' gestation predicted childhood skeletal size at age 4 years, whereas the velocity of abdominal growth (a measure of liver volume and adiposity) predicted volumetric density. These results suggest a discordance between influences on skeletal size and volumetric density.