Experimental Medications for Using in Endodontics: Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity and Mutagenesis Analysis / Medicamentos Experimentais para Uso em Endodontia: Análise de Citotoxicidade, Genotoxicidade E Mutagênese

The objective was to evaluate the cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic properties of two experimental medication in Endodontics. For cytotoxic evaluation, fibroblast and osteoblast cells (1x104 cells/well) were plated and divided into groups conforming to the product added in culture medium: EM1 - 20 µL of experimental medication 1 (EM1); EM2 - 20 µL of experimental medication 2 (EM2); VE - 20 µL of vehicle used in medications; C - without product. The MTT assay was performed at 24, 48 e 72 hours for cytotoxic analysis. For genotoxic and mutagenic evaluation, 42 male rats were used. After 1 and 7 days of tubes containing EM1 or EM2, or empty (NC) were subcutaneously implanted, and after 1 day, a single dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) to be applied, the bone marrow was collected and submitted to comet and micronuclei assay. The significance level of 5% was considered for all statistical analysis. The viability of fibroblasts was <70% to both medications at 24h, and EM1 at 72h; at 72h, the proliferation cells was observed in EM2 (>100%). Both medications were non-cytotoxic to osteoblasts, and the EM2 stimulate the cell proliferation at 72h. The damage frequency of CY was statistically similar to EM1 and different to EM2 (p<0.05). The number of micronuclei was insignificant to EM1 and EM2 and no difference to group NC (p>0.05). Despite the absence of mutagenesis and non-cytotoxicity to osteoblasts, the EM1 was cytotoxic and genotoxic to fibroblasts. The EM2 was non-genotoxic, non-cytotoxic and nonmutagenic. (AU)

O objetivo foi avaliar as propriedades citotóxicas, genotóxicas e mutagênicas de dois medicamentos experimentais em Endodontia. Para avaliação citotóxica, células fibroblásticas e osteoblásticas (1x104 células/poço) foram plaqueadas e divididas em grupos de acordo com o produto adicionado no meio de cultura: EM1 - 20 µL da medicação experimental 1 (EM1); EM2 - 20 µL da medicação experimental 2 (EM2); VE - 20 µL de veículo utilizado em medicamentos; C ­ sem produto. O ensaio MTT foi realizado aos 24, 48 e 72 horas para análise citotóxica. Para avaliação genotóxica e mutagênica foram utilizados 42 ratos machos. Após 1 e 7 dias foram implantados por via subcutânea tubos contendo EM1 ou EM2, ou vazios (NC), e após 1 dia, foi aplicada dose única de ciclofosfamida (CY), a medula óssea foi coletada e submetida ao ensaio de cometa e micronúcleos. O nível de significância de 5% foi considerado para todas as análises estatísticas. A viabilidade dos fibroblastos foi <70% para ambas as medicações às 24h e ao EM1 às 72h; às 72h, a proliferação de células foi observada em EM2 (>100%). Ambas as medicações foram não citotóxicas para os osteoblastos, e o EM2 estimulou a proliferação celular às 72h. A frequência de dano do CY foi estatisticamente semelhante ao EM1 e diferente do EM2 (p<0,05). O número de micronúcleos foi insignificante para EM1 e EM2 e não houve diferença para o grupo NC (p>0,05). Apesar da ausência de mutagênese e não citotoxicidade para osteoblastos, o EM1 foi citotóxico e genotóxico para fibroblastos. O EM2 era não genotóxico, não citotóxico e não mutagênico. (AU)

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Bio-C Repair, Endosequence BC Root Repair, MTA Angelus and MTA Repair HP.

The aim was to evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Bio-C Repair (BCR), compared to Endosequence BC Root Repair (ERRM), MTA Angelus (MTA-Ang), and MTA Repair HP (MTA-HP). MC3T3 osteoblastic cells were exposed to extracts of the repairing bioceramic cements. After 1, 3, and 7 days, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were evaluated by MTT and Micronucleus tests, respectively. Cells not exposed to biomaterials were used as a negative control. Data were compared using ANOVA two-way, followed by the Tukey Test (α=5%). MTA-Ang and MTA-HP showed no difference in relation to control regarding cytotoxicity in any experimental times. BCR and ERRM reduced cell viability after 3 and 7 days (p<0.05); however, the reduction caused by BCR was less than that caused by ERRM. Considering the micronucleus formation, all biomaterials caused an increase after 3 and 7 days (p<0.05), being greater for the BCR and ERRM groups. It can be concluded that BCR is non-cytotoxic in osteoblastic cells, as well as MTA-Ang e MTA Repair HP. BCR and ERRM showed greater genotoxicity than others tested biomaterials.

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Bio-C Repair, Endosequence BC Root Repair, MTA Angelus and MTA Repair HP

Abstract The aim was to evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Bio-C Repair (BCR), compared to Endosequence BC Root Repair (ERRM), MTA Angelus (MTA-Ang), and MTA Repair HP (MTA-HP). MC3T3 osteoblastic cells were exposed to extracts of the repairing bioceramic cements. After 1, 3, and 7 days, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were evaluated by MTT and Micronucleus tests, respectively. Cells not exposed to biomaterials were used as a negative control. Data were compared using ANOVA two-way, followed by the Tukey Test (α=5%). MTA-Ang and MTA-HP showed no difference in relation to control regarding cytotoxicity in any experimental times. BCR and ERRM reduced cell viability after 3 and 7 days (p<0.05); however, the reduction caused by BCR was less than that caused by ERRM. Considering the micronucleus formation, all biomaterials caused an increase after 3 and 7 days (p<0.05), being greater for the BCR and ERRM groups. It can be concluded that BCR is non-cytotoxic in osteoblastic cells, as well as MTA-Ang e MTA Repair HP. BCR and ERRM showed greater genotoxicity than others tested biomaterials.

Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar in vitro a citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade do Bio-C Repair (BCR), em comparação com o Endosequence BC Root Repair (ERRM), MTA Angelus (MTA-Ang) e MTA Repair HP (MTA-HP). As células osteoblásticas MC3T3 foram expostas aos extratos dos cimentos biocerâmicos reparadores. Após 1, 3 e 7 dias, a citotoxicidade e a genotoxicidade foram avaliadas pelos testes MTT e Micronúcleo, respectivamente. Células não expostas aos biomateriais foram utilizadas como controle negativo. Os dados foram comparados por ANOVA de dois fatores, seguido do Teste de Tukey (p = 5 %). MTA-Ang e MTA-HP não apresentaram diferença em relação ao controle quanto à citotoxicidade em nenhum dos tempos experimentais. BCR e ERRM reduziram a viabilidade celular após 3 e 7 dias (p < 0,05); no entanto, a redução causada pelo BCR foi menor que aquela causada pelo ERRM. Todos os biomateriais causaram aumento na formação de micronúcleos após 3 e 7 dias (p < 0,05), sendo maior para os grupos BCR e ERRM. O BCR não é citotóxico em células osteoblásticas, assim como cimentos MTA-Ang e MTA Repair HP. BCR e ERRM apresentaram maior genotoxicidade do que outros biomateriais testados.

Impact of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 probiotic in the prevention of periodontitis associated with immunosuppression.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effects of the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 (HN019) in the development of experimental periodontitis (EP) in rats submitted to chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil [5FU]). METHODS: Eighty male rats were divided into the following groups: control (C); treated with 5FU (60 mg/kg at day 30 and 40 mg/kg at day 32); treated with probiotic (HN019) (daily, for 44 days, starting at day 0); treatment with 5FU and probiotic (5FU-HN019); only EP (EP) (ligature placed on lower first molars at day 30, maintained for 14 days); EP and treatment with 5FU (EP-5FU); EP and treatment with probiotic (EP-HN019); and EP and treatment with 5FU and probiotic (EP-5FU-HN019). Euthanasia occurred at day 44. Morphometric, histomorphometric, microtomographic, immunohistochemical, immunoenzymatic, and gene expressions analyses were performed. The data obtained were statistically analyzed (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The EP-5FU-HN019 group showed less bone and connective tissue loss when compared with EP-5FU group, while EP-HN019 and EP-5FU-HN019 groups had greater bone volume than EP and EP-5FU groups, respectively (p < 0.05). A decrease in immunostaining for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and RANKL, an increase for osteoprotegerin and lower interleukin-1ß levels were observed in EP-5FU-HN019 group, when compared with EP-5FU group (p < 0.0001). Probiotic therapy led to an increase in the proportions of B. lactis in the feces (p = 0.0018), but not in the biofilm, and reduced the expression of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella intermedia in the biofilm (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: B. lactis HN019 reduced the severity of EP in rats submitted to chemotherapy, modulating immunoinflammatory parameters in periodontal tissues and reducing periodontopathogens expression on biofilm in rats submitted to chemotherapy.

Does photobiomodulation improve muscle performance and recovery? a systematic review / ¿la fotobiomodulación mejora el desempeño y la recuperación muscular? una revisión sistemática / A fotobiomodulação melhora o desempenho e a recuperação muscular? uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Photobiomodulation (PBM) appears to limit exercise-induced muscle damage, improve biochemical and functional recovery, and reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of photobiomodulation (PBM) in skeletal muscle recovery after exercise, addressing the different types of lasers and parameters used. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing the effects of PBM were included. The primary outcome evaluated was performance, and the secondary was inflammatory marker expression. The searches were conducted in March 2021. Fifteen RCTs that met the inclusion criteria were included. There was significant variability regarding the doses and wavelengths used, as well as in the types of lasers. However, in most studies, PBM promoted improvement of maximum voluntary contraction, better oxygen consumption, increased time to achieve exhaustion and fatigue, and decreased creatine kinase (CK), oxidative stress, and fatigue markers, mainly when used before exercise. Photobiomodulation applied before exercise, regardless of variations in doses and wavelengths, improves muscle performance and decreases levels of inflammation and fatigue markers. Evidence level II; Systematic review of level II studies.

RESUMEN La fotobiomodulación (PBM) parece aliviar el daño muscular inducido por el ejercicio, mejorando la recuperación bioquímica y funcional y reduciendo la inflamación y el estrés oxidativo. Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo evaluar la eficacia de la fotobiomodulación (PBM) en la recuperación del músculo esquelético después del ejercicio, abordando los diferentes tipos de láseres y parámetros utilizados. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) que compararon los efectos de la PBM. El resultado primario evaluado fue el desempeño y el secundario fue la expresión de marcadores inflamatorios. Se analizaron los estudios publicados hasta marzo de 2021. Resultados: Se incluyeron quince ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. Hubo una importante variabilidad en cuanto a las dosis y longitudes de onda utilizadas, así como al tipo de láser. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de los estudios, la PBM promovió una mejor contracción voluntaria máxima, un mejor consumo de oxígeno, un mayor tiempo para alcanzar el agotamiento y la fatiga, y una disminución de los niveles de creatina quinasa (CK), del estrés oxidativo y de los marcadores de fatiga, especialmente cuando se utiliza antes del ejercicio. La fotobiomodulación aplicada antes del ejercicio, a pesar de presentar gran variabilidad de dosis y longitudes de onda, ha demostrado mejorar el desempeño muscular y disminuir los niveles de marcadores inflamatorios y de fatiga. Nivel de evidencia II; Revisión sistemática de estudios de nivel II.

RESUMO A fotobiomodulação (PBM) parece amenizar o dano muscular induzido pelo exercício, melhorando a recuperação bioquímica e funcional e reduzindo a inflamação e o estresse oxidativo. Esta revisão sistemática teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia da fotobiomodulação (PBM) na recuperação do músculo esquelético depois do exercício, abordando os diferentes tipos de lasers e parâmetros utilizados. Foram incluídos estudos clínicos randomizados (RCTs) que comparam os efeitos da PBM. O desfecho primário avaliado foi o desempenho e o secundário foi a expressão de marcadores inflamatórios. Foram analisados estudos publicados até março de 2021. Foram incluídos 15 RCTs que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Houve variabilidade significativa quanto às doses e comprimentos de onda usados, bem como aos tipos de laser. Porém, na maioria dos estudos, a PBM promoveu melhora da contração voluntária máxima, melhor consumo de oxigênio, aumento do tempo para atingir exaustão e fadiga, e diminuição dos níveis de creatina quinase (CK), estresse oxidativo e marcadores de fadiga, principalmente quando usado antes do exercício. A fotobiomodulação aplicada antes do exercício, apesar de apresentar grande variabilidade de doses e comprimentos de onda, melhora o desempenho muscular e diminui os níveis de marcados inflamatórios e de fadiga. Nível de evidência II; Revisão sistemática de estudos de Nível II .

Anticaries Agent Based on Silver Nanoparticles and Fluoride: Characterization and Biological and Remineralizing Effects-An In Vitro Study.

Objective: The aim of the study was to characterize and evaluate the stability, antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, and remineralizing effects of silver nanoparticles and fluoride anticaries agent (AgF) on staining dental enamel. Materials and Methods: An experimental AgF solution was prepared and compared to silver diamine fluoride (SDF). First, the AgF was characterized and the stability was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli strains were used to evaluate the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration and cytotoxicity performed using L929 fibroblastic cells by MTT test. Caries-like lesions induced by pH-cycling in human enamel were obtained, and then, the superficial microhardness, cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were performed. Photographic images were taken to analyze the enamel staining. Results: The AgF showed stableness in long term with bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions without cytotoxicity. Enamel remineralization, in surface and in depth (CSMH), was observed when the AgF was used, and it was similar to SDF. SEM showed enamel precipitation, and EDS observed the presence of P, Ca, Au, Ag, and Cl elements. Contrary to SDF, AgF did not stain the enamel. Conclusion: The nano silver fluoride anticaries agent tested presented long-term stability, superficial and in-depth remineralizing capacity with antimicrobial potential and biocompatibility and did not stain the enamel.

Effect of Photo Biomodulation on Muscle Repair: a Literature Review / Efeito da Fotobiomodulação Sobre o Reparo Muscular: uma Revisão de Literatura

Abstract Muscle injuries are frequent, both in the practice of exercises and in the work environment, and after the injury, healing begins. The inflammatory phase of muscle healing is accompanied by an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and a reduction in the antioxidant activity of defense enzymes. This imbalance between both can generate oxidative stress, which can cause oxidative damage by directly affecting vital cellular constituents, such as lipids, proteins and DNA, in addition to interfering negatively in the muscle cells differentiation . Therefore, substances or therapies that stimulate antioxidant repair and defense are crucial to keep the levels of free radical production low, and to minimize factors that delay or prevent tissue recovery, among these therapies photo biomodulation has stood out. The objective of this literature review is to clarify the FBM effect on oxidative stress and muscle repair. Therefore, a search was carried out in the databases of Pubmed, Scielo, Lilacs and PEDro, using the keywords "Photo biomodulation", "low power laser", "muscle repair", "oxidative stress", and in English were "Photo biomodulation", "low level laser therapy", "muscle repair" and "oxidative stress". The texts that addressed the research topic, published between 2000 and 2020, were chosen. After analyzing the articles, it was possible to observe that photo biomodulation, despite presenting a great variety of parameters, moment of application and irradiation protocol found in the literature, shows beneficial results in the repair muscle and in the reduction of oxidative stress and fatigue markers. (AU)

Resumo Lesões musculares são frequentes, tanto na prática de exercícios como no ambiente de trabalho, sendo que após a lesão, inicia a cicatrização. A fase inflamatória da cicatrização muscular é acompanhada do aumento da produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) e uma redução da atividade antioxidante das enzimas de defesa. Este desequilíbrio entre ambos pode gerar o estresse oxidativo, que leva a danos e atingi diretamente constituintes celulares vitais, como lipídios, proteínas e DNA, além de interferir negativamente na diferenciação das células musculares. Portanto, substâncias ou terapias que estimulem a reparação e a defesa antioxidante são cruciais para manter os níveis de produção de radicais livres baixos, e minimizar os fatores que atrasam ou impedem a recuperação do tecido, dentre estas terapias a fotobiomodulação tem se destacado. O objetivo da presente revisão de literatura é esclarecer o efeito da FBM sobre o estresse oxidativo e o reparo muscular. Sendo assim, realizou-se uma pesquisa nas bases de dados da Pubmed, Scielo, Lilacs e PEDro, utilizando as palavras-chave "Fotobiomodulação", "laser de baixa potência", "reparo muscular", "estresse oxidativo", e em inglês foram "photobiomodulation", "low level laser therapy", "muscle repair" e "oxidative stress". Foram escolhidos os textos que abordavam o tema da pesquisa, publicados entre 2000 e 2020. Analisando os artigos foi possível observar que a fotobiomodulação apesar de apresentar grande variedade de parâmetros, momento de aplicação e protocolo de irradiação encontrados na literatura, mostra resultados benéficos no reparo muscular e na diminuição de marcadores do estresse oxidativo e fadiga. (AU)

Evaluation of the effects of different applications of kinesio taping on postural control in healthy women.

It has been demonstrated that Kinesio Tape (KT) application has immediate positive effects on balance in healthy individuals, but its mid-term effects have not yet been investigated. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effects of KT on postural control in young women, using four strategies. METHODS: Forty-eight healthy women aged 18-35 years old were randomly assigned to four groups with different elastic bandages (G1: ankle; G2: hamstrings; G3: lumbar; G4: different taping applications) and their postural control was evaluated using stabilographic parameters obtained on a force platform during right and left unipodal (UNP-R and UNP-L) and semi-tamdem tests at pre-intervention (PRE), immediately after (IME), and 24 and 48 h after the application of bandages. RESULTS: G1 showed a significantly lower velocity in the antero-posterior direction for the PRE compared to the IME period (p = 0.0204) in the UNP-R task, and the same was observed in the medio-lateral velocity when comparing the results for PRE with IME (p = 0.0340 and p = 0.0244) in the UNP-L task. Regarding the frequency, G2 had a significantly lower mean for the PRE, compared to IME (p < 0.001) in the UNP-R in antero-posterior direction, and in medio-lateral direction in the UNP-R (p = 0.003) and in the UNP-L task (p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: The use of KT changed postural control, mainly considering the velocity and frequency of COP oscillations, and especially immediately after its application.

Microcurrent stimulates cell proliferation and modulates cytokine release in fibroblast cells.

AIMS: To analyse the effects of microcurrent on L929 fibroblast cell culture. METHODS: Cells were cultivated in six-well plates at densities of 5×104, 1×105, 3×105 and 5×105 cells/well to determine the best plating density. Subsequently, two methods of current application were tested: with a paper cone coupled to the electrode (M1) and with the electrode directly inside the well (M2). Then, streams of 60µA (G60), 100µA (G100), 500µA (G500) and 900µA (G900) were applied to the cells (n=3) once a day for three minutes, for a period of one (T1), two (T2) and three days (T3). The MTT assay method was used to evaluate cell proliferation. For the quantification of the inflammatory markers by flow cytometry, the group and time that presented the best results were selected. RESULTS: The ideal plating density was established as 1x105 cells/well and M2 as the best application method. An increase in cell viability was observed at all intensities from T1 to T2, but with no significant differences. From T2 to T3, there was a decrease in viability in all groups, with a significant difference only in G500 (p<0.05). Flow cytometry was performed in the GC and G900 groups at T2. It was possible to observe an increase of 0.56pg/ml in Interleukin (IL)-17 and a decrease of 5.45pg/ml in IL-2. CONCLUSION: This study showed that two applications of microcurrent increases cell proliferation and modulates the inflammatory response, aiding tissue regeneration and playing a key role in rehabilitation.

Evaluation of Dental Practices Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil.

Dentists are healthcare professionals who are at high risk of infection and transmission of the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). The primary objective of the present study was to evaluate the changes in clinical practice made by Brazilian dentists during the COVID-19 pandemic. From June 22 to July 13, 2020, an online questionnaire was sent to dentists using Google Forms. After providing consent, 1,178 dentists answered questions regarding their knowledge and clinical experiences related to COVID-19. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, Fisher's exact, or Kruskal-Wallis tests, with a significance level of 5%. Brazilian dentists significantly changed their routine dental practices. Biosafety measures were added in their offices by 98% of the dentists, increasing operating costs for 88.3% of dentists. Greater discomfort due to the increase in personal protection equipment (PPE) worn during the pandemic was reported by 58.6%. Furthermore, 84.2% reduced heir hours of service. It was found that the dentists decreased their workload, used additional PPE, and took additional biosafety measures.

Kinesio taping use to reduce pain and edema after third molar extraction surgery: A randomized controlled split-mouth study.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluating Kinesio Taping (KT) use to reduce pain and edema in individuals subjected to surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molars. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirteen individuals (5 men and 8 women, mean age: 23.25 years) were subjected to mutual extraction of two mandibular third molars based on the same surgical protocol and pharmacological approach. All individuals were subjected to kinesio taping application on one side of patients' face (test group - KT), in the immediate postoperative period. The other side of the face was not subjected to KT application, and it was used as control (No KT). An examiner assessed individuals' pain and edema based on the visual analog scale (VAS) and on the Todorovic-Markovic method, respectively, at the preoperative, immediate postoperative, and second and fifth postoperative days. Statistical analysis was based on the Scheirer-Ray-Hare test. RESULTS: Edema (48 h and 120 h after surgery) and pain intensity (24 h, 48 h and 120 h after surgery) were lower on the KT side (p < 0.05). Moreover, edema and pain intensity fully reduced on the KT side 120 h after surgery (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Kinesio taping adopted in the current study was effective in reducing edema and postoperative pain in patients subjected to oral surgery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: KT enables patients to experience a more comfortable postoperative period and helps improving their quality of life.

Effects of low level laser therapy in cancer cells-a systematic review of the literature.

The aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic review regarding the use of photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy in tumoral cells, addressing the different types of lasers and parameters used. An electronic search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases. The inclusion criteria were being an in vitro study, with tumoral cells, and have at least one group of treatment with low-power laser and a control group (without treatment). Were excluded studies that used only non-carcinogenic cells, in vivo studies, studies that used high-power laser or the association with photosensitizers. The primary outcome evaluated was the cellular viability, and the secondary outcomes were the apoptosis rate and gene and inflammatory mediators' expression. Nineteen studies were identified among the lists of citations of studies that met the exclusion/inclusion criteria. There is a wide divergence regarding the wavelengths and doses used, as well as the type of laser, and each variation leads to different results, with some studies showing an increase in cell proliferation, while other studies showed a decrease. It is possible to suggest that PBM can be used in cancerous lesions in order to decrease the proliferation of these cells depending on the parameters used; however, the lack of standardization of laser irradiation protocols for in vitro investigations does not allow the establishment of ideal parameters for this purpose. Therefore, PBM should be used with caution in cancer patients until more studies are performed.

Probiotic Administration Increases Mandibular Bone Mineral Density on Rats Exposed to Cigarette Smoke Inhalation.

Smoking is one of the main risk factor for periodontal disease, increasing its prevalence and severity. Probiotics emerged as an alternative for the prevention and treatment of many diseases, since it can modulate the host immune response and modify the modify the microbiome. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of probiotic administration on the periodontal tissues in rats exposed to cigarette smoke inhalation (CSI). Forty rats were allocated into the following groups (n=10): group C (control, without CSI and probiotic); group PROB (control+probiotic); group CSI (CSI) and group CSI+PROB (CSI+probiotic). Groups PROB and CSI+PROB received 2g of an association of probiotic microorganisms incorporated into the feed during 6 months. Groups CSI and CSI+PROB were exposed to CSI for 60 min daily. After six months all the animals were euthanized and the hemi-mandibles were collected and processed for microcomputed tomography analyses. Regarding the body weight of the animals, feed consumption was similar among the groups, however, after the second month groups C and PROB showed higher body weight gain when compared to groups CSI and CSI+PROB (p<0.05). Group CSI presented reduced bone mineral density (BMD), whereas group PROB showed the highest values (p=0.01). It can be concluded that administration of probiotics promoted an increase in BMD and, consequently, a protective effect on the mandibular bone structures in rats exposed to inhalation of cigarette smoke.

Probiotic administration increases mandibular bone mineral density on rats exposed to cigarette smoke inhalation

Abstract Smoking is one of the main risk factor for periodontal disease, increasing its prevalence and severity. Probiotics emerged as an alternative for the prevention and treatment of many diseases, since it can modulate the host immune response and modify the modify the microbiome. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of probiotic administration on the periodontal tissues in rats exposed to cigarette smoke inhalation (CSI). Forty rats were allocated into the following groups (n=10): group C (control, without CSI and probiotic); group PROB (control+probiotic); group CSI (CSI) and group CSI+PROB (CSI+probiotic). Groups PROB and CSI+PROB received 2g of an association of probiotic microorganisms incorporated into the feed during 6 months. Groups CSI and CSI+PROB were exposed to CSI for 60 min daily. After six months all the animals were euthanized and the hemi-mandibles were collected and processed for microcomputed tomography analyses. Regarding the body weight of the animals, feed consumption was similar among the groups, however, after the second month groups C and PROB showed higher body weight gain when compared to groups CSI and CSI+PROB (p<0.05). Group CSI presented reduced bone mineral density (BMD), whereas group PROB showed the highest values (p=0.01). It can be concluded that administration of probiotics promoted an increase in BMD and, consequently, a protective effect on the mandibular bone structures in rats exposed to inhalation of cigarette smoke.

Resumo O tabagismo é um dos principais fatores de risco para a doença periodontal, aumentando sua prevalência e gravidade. Os probióticos surgiram como uma alternativa para a prevenção e tratamento de muitas doenças, uma vez que podem modular a resposta imune do hospedeiro e promover a modificação do microbioma. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da administração de probiótico sobre os tecidos periodontais em ratos expostos à inalação de fumaça de cigarro (CSI). Quarenta ratos foram divididos nos seguintes grupos (n=10): grupo C (controle, sem CSI e probiótico); grupo PROB (controle+probiótico); grupo CSI (CSI) e grupo CSI+PROB (CSI+probiótico). Os grupos PROB e CSI+PROB receberam 2g de uma associação de microrganismos probióticos incorporados à ração durante 6 meses. Os grupos CSI e CSI + PROB foram expostos à CSI por 60 minutos diários. Após seis meses, todos os animais foram eutanasiados e as hemi mandíbulas coletadas e processadas para análises de microtomografia computadorizada. Em relação ao peso corporal dos animais, o consumo de ração foi semelhante entre os grupos, porém, após o segundo mês os grupos C e PROB apresentaram maior ganho de peso quando comparados aos grupos CSI e CSI+PROB (p <0,05). O grupo CSI apresentou redução na densidade mineral óssea (DMO), enquanto que o grupo PROB apresentou os maiores valores (p=0,01). Pode-se concluir que a administração de probióticos promoveu aumento da DMO e, consequentemente, efeito protetor sobre as estruturas ósseas mandibulares em ratos expostos à inalação de fumaça de cigarro.

Diagnóstico e tratamento cirúrgico do freio labial com inserção marginal: relato de caso / Diagnosis and surgical treatment of labial frenulum with marginal insertion: a case report

O freio labial é uma estrutura presente em todos os indivíduos que em alguns casos pode apresentar-se mal posicionado, gerando efeitos adversos importantes, como formação de diastemas, mal adaptação de prótese, inibição dos movimentos dos lábios e língua, inflamação gengival, retração gengival e perda óssea. O presente estudo foi realizado com objetivo de relatar o diagnóstico e tratamento de um caso clínico de freio labial inferior com inserção marginal, causando retração gengival. Paciente de 39 anos de idade, gênero feminino, apresentou-se com acúmulo de biofilme e retração gengival entre os incisivos centrais inferiores. Após o exame clínico e a constatação da presença de freio labial inferior com inserção na gengiva marginal e ausência de gengiva queratinizada, optou-se pelo tratamento cirúrgico por meio da frenectomia labial inferior. Após o período de 45 dias do procedimento cirúrgico, o processo de reparo estava adequado, a paciente não relatou sintomatologia dolorosa, não havia sinais de infecção e houve uma melhora na qualidade de gengiva inserida. Pode-se concluir que, desde que bem indicada, através de um diagnóstico correto, a frenectomia labial pode resultar em um bom prognóstico e melhora da qualidade da gengiva inserida. (AU)

The labial frenulumis a structure present in all individuals that in some cases may be poorly positioned, generating important adverse effects such as diastema formation, maladaptation of prosthesis, inhibition of lip and tongue movements, gingival inflammation, gingival retraction and bone loss. The present study was carried out with the objective of reporting the diagnosis and treatment of a clinical case of lower labial brake with abnormal insertion, causing gingival retraction. A 39-year-old female patient presented with biofilm accumulation and gingival retraction between the lower central incisors. After the clinical examination and observation of the presence of a lower labial frenulum with marginal gingival insertion and absence of keratinized gingiva, surgical treatment was chosen by means of the inferior labial frenectomy. After the 45-day period of the surgical procedure, the repair process was adequate, the patient did not report painful symptoms, there were no signs of infection and there was an improvement in the quality of attached gingiva. It can be concluded that, since well indicated through a correct diagnosis, the lip frenectomy can result in a good prognosis and improvement of the quality of the attached gingiva. (AU)

Retalho posicionado coronalmente sem incisões relaxantes, associado a enxerto de tecido conjuntivo, para tratamento de retrações gengivais múltiplas / Coronally positioned flaps without relaxing incisions associated with a connective tissue graft to treat multiple gingival recessions

A retração gengival é caracterizada como o deslocamento apical da margem gengival em relação à junção cemento/esmalte (JCE), possuindo como consequência a exposição da superfície radicular. Diversas técnicas já foram descritas na literatura científi ca como tratamento para este problema gengival e, geralmente, a técnica cirúrgica de recobrimento radicular a ser escolhida relaciona-se com as características clínicas do caso, preferência do operador, habilidade manual, classifi cação da retração gengival, dentre outros. No entanto, a literatura indica que, dentre os procedimentos disponíveis, a técnica de retalho posicionado coronalmente com o uso de enxerto de tecido conjuntivo subepitelial parece ser a mais promissora. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um relato de caso de recobrimento radicular, utilizando a técnica de Zucchelli & De Sanctis associada a enxerto de tecido conjuntivo para recobrimento de retrações gengivais múltiplas. Paciente do sexo feminino, com 24 anos de idade, sem relato de alterações sistêmicas e/ou alergias, não etilista e não fumante, procurou tratamento odontológico queixando-se de hipersensibilidade dentinária e comprometimento estético bucal. Os resultados observados permitiram concluir que a técnica descrita por Zucchelli & De Sanctis, associada ao enxerto de tecido conjuntivo subepitelial, permitiu reduzir a altura das retrações gengivais, assim como aumentar e melhorar a qualidade do tecido gengival, com completa resolução da hipersensibilidade dentinária e alto nível de satisfação estética.

Gingival retraction is characterized as the apical displacement of the gingival margin in relation to the cementitious enamel junction (JCE), with consequent exposure to the root surface. Several techniques have already been described in the scientifi c literature as treatment for this gingival problem, and the surgical technique of root coverage to be chosen is generally related to the clinical characteristics of the case, operator preference, manual ability, classifi cation of gingival retraction, among others. However, the literature indicates that among the available procedures, the coronally positioned fl ap technique with the use of subepithelial connective tissue graft seems to be the most promising technique. The objective of this work is to present a case report of root coverage using the Zucchelli & De Sanctis technique associated with a connective tissue graft to cover multiple gingival retractions. Patient 24 years old, female, with no reports of systemic alterations and/or allergies, non-alcoholic and non-smoker, sought dental treatment complaining of dentine hypersensitivity and aesthetic impairment. The results showed that the technique described by de Zucchelli & De Sanctis associated with the subepithelial connective tissue graft reduced the height of gingival retractions, as well as increase and improve gingival tissue quality, with complete resolution of dentin hypersensitivity and high level of aesthetic satisfaction.

Doença peri-implantar: Abordagens contemporâneas / Peri-implant disease: contemporary approaches

O uso de implantes dentários é considerado uma revolução na Odontologia moderna. Entretanto, um dos grandes desafios encontrados na Implantodontia é o processo de reabsorção óssea ao redor dos implantes, após sua colocação ou durante o uso. Esta revisão teve por objetivo discutir alguns avanços nas pesquisas científicas que utilizam parâmetros clínicos para classificação da doença peri-implantar. Diversos estudos na literatura demonstram que essas ferramentas podem promover uma melhor compreensão, tanto do cirurgião-dentista quanto dos pacientes que necessitam da utilização desses.

The use of dental implants is considered a revolution in modern dentistry. However, the great challenges found at implantodontology is the process of bone resorption around implants after placement or during use. This review aims to discuss some advances in scientific research that use clinical parameters to classify peri-implant disease. Several studies in the literature demonstrate these tools can promote a better understanding for both dental surgeons and patients in need of this.

Probiotic therapy reduces inflammation and improves intestinal morphology in rats with induced oral mucositis.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of systemic administration of probiotics (PROB) on the progression of experimentally induced oral and intestinal mucositis in rats immunosuppressed by chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil: 5-FU). Twenty-four rats were divided into the following groups (n=6): GC (control), GPROB, G5FU and G5-FU/PROB. Groups GPROB and G5-FU/PROB received 1 g of probiotic incorporated into each 100 g of feed (Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacilllus acidophilus), beginning 30 days before oral mucositis induction. Groups G5FU and G5-FU/PROB received 60 mg/kg of 5-FU on days 0 and 2. The left oral mucosa of each animal was irritated by mechanical trauma (days 1 and 2). On days 3 and 7, three animals from each group were sacrificed, and their oral mucosa and small intestine were biopsied and processed for histopathological analysis. Groups G5-FU and G5-FU/PROB showed ulcerated oral lesions at day 3, with progression in group G5-FU and regression in group G5-FU/PROB at day 7. Histologically, less severe signs of inflammation in the oral mucosa were observed in group G5-FU/PROB than in group G5-FU. Regarding the intestine, villus-related defects of lesser magnitude were observed in group G5-FU/PROB, compared with group G5-FU. Group GPROB showed greater villus height than group GC. It can be concluded that probiotic supplementation reduced oral and intestinal inflammation in immunosuppressed rats with experimentally induced mucositis, and may protect the intestine from changes induced by chemotherapy, thus contributing to overall health.

Comparison of Two Screw-Retained Free Gingival Grafting Techniques.

Free gingival graft is a predictable technique for increasing the amount of attached gingiva and root coverage; however, its use is limited for cosmetic reasons. To overcome this issue, this study sought to compare 2 free gingival graft techniques that use oral screws to attach grafts. Free gingival graft was performed on teeth 44 to 46 using the traditional technique, while on the opposite side, on teeth 34 to 36, partly epithelialized free gingival grafts were performed. The partly epithelialized free gingival grafts were found to provide better cosmetic results relative to the completely epithelialized free gingival graft, and the use of stabilizing screws was found to be simple and effective.

LLLT actives MMP-2 and increases muscle mechanical resistance after nerve sciatic rat regeneration.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on metalloproteinase expression and the mechanical strength of skeletal muscle regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. Rats were subjected to crush injury of the right sciatic nerve, followed by LLLT (830 nm, 35, 70, 140, and 280 J/cm2) for 21 consecutive days. Functional gait analysis was performed at weekly intervals and the animals were sacrificed after the last evaluation at day 21 for collection of the gastrocnemius muscles, which were submitted to analysis of resistance, and the tibialis anterior, for evaluation of metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). The results were statistically analyzed at a significance level of 5%. The irradiated groups showed a significant decrease in the sciatic functional index and a significant increase in the mechanical strength when compared to the injured group with no treatment (p < 0.05), with no significant difference among the energy densities used. While no difference among groups was observed for the activity of MMP-2 in pro-active band, at the intermediate band, the activity was significantly higher (p < 0.05) for the groups irradiated with 35, 70, and 140 J/cm2, and at the active band, the activity was significantly more intense in the group irradiated with 280 J/cm2. The present study demonstrated that injury of the sciatic nerve, with consequent muscle denervation, are benefited by the laser therapy, which restores neuromuscular function, active MMP-2 and increases the maximum breaking strength.