Sex difference in the risk factor distributions and outcomes after coronary artery bypass graft surgery in the young population.

OBJECTIVES: Coronary artery disease is becoming a major health concern in the young population. Male and female patients may experience different journeys after coronary artery disease events. We aimed to evaluate risk factors and compare outcomes between young male and female patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). METHODS: In this registry-based large sample size study, patients undergoing isolated CABG at a young age (premature isolated CABG) between 2007 and 2016 were included and followed up until 2020. Premature was defined as women and men younger than 55 years old. The main end points of the study were 7-year all-cause mortality and 7-year major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs). RESULTS: Of a total of 24 428 patients who underwent CABG, 7217 patients (men-to-women ratio ≈4:1) with premature isolated CABG were included. The median follow-up duration was 78.5 months (75.2-81.6 months). The prevalence rates of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and obesity were significantly higher in women than in men (58.3% vs 28.6%, 64.2% vs 38.5%, 69.7% vs 55.3% and 44.7 vs 23.9, respectively; all Ps < 0.05). The risk factor burden (mean of the risk factor count per year) was also higher among the female population. Diabetes mellitus was the common mortality predictor between men and women. In the subgroup analysis (interaction analysis in the adjusted model), hypertensive females had a higher rate of MACCE and a higher rate of mortality than hypertensive males; however, this difference was not significant in the non-hypertensive population. Opium addiction was a strong predictor of MACCE and all-cause mortality among men. Female patients had a higher rate of 7-year MACCE (hazard ratio, 1.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-1.51) and a higher rate of 7-year all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.23; 95% confidence interval, 0.98-1.53). CONCLUSIONS: The risk factor profile and predictors of outcomes were different between our female and male patients. Women carried a higher risk of events and mortality after CABG at a young age.

Spontaneous descending colon hematoma due to a rare complication of warfarin therapy: A case report.

Intramural hematoma of the colon should be considered as a diagnosis in anticoagulated patients who present with prolonged INR and GI symptoms. In stable cases, conservative medical treatment can be sufficient to avoid unnecessary procedures.

Effectiveness of Povidone-Iodine 1% Eye Drop on Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli Induced-Keratitis in Mice.

BACKGROUND: Bacterial keratitis is an ophthalmic infection that may result in irreversible corneal damage. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of povidone-iodine eye drop 1% in eye infection caused by inoculation of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli of mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 49 adult male CBA/J mice were used that divided into seven equal groups. The corneas of all mice were scratched and infected with a clinical strain of either S. pneumoniae or E. coli topically, except control group. Subgroups received chloramphenicol 0.5% eye drop twice daily in case of S. pneumoniae infection or ciprofloxacin 0.3% eye drop every 4 hours following E. coli infection from or povidone-iodine 1% eye drop in both groups, from post infection (PI) day 3 to7. Slit lamp examinations (SLE) of the corneas and eyes were performed every day to examine detectable or intense corneal opacity and erosion. RESULTS: In all infected mice, SLE scores were significantly higher than the control group on PI day 3. Scores increased steadily by time in all infected groups without treatment, reached to maximal value on PI day 7. In infected groups, treatment with either povidone-iodine 1% or chloramphenicol 0.5% or ciprofloxacin 0.3% on day 3, significantly decreased the SLE scores on PI day 7. CONCLUSION: Povidone-Iodine 1% was effective to decrease S. pneumoniae and E. coli induced-keratitis symptoms in mice. Treatment with povidone-iodine 1% was observed time-dependently and was comparable to common eye drop antibiotics.