Community-led vaccination programs: Getting the fundamentals right.

In September 2021, South Sudanese Australians in Canberra, ACT, piloted a community-led COVID-19 vaccination program.

Compensatory renal hypertrophy following nephrectomy: When and how?

Following surgical removal of one kidney, the other enlarges and increases its function. The mechanism for the sensing of this change and the growth is incompletely understood but begins within days and compensatory renal hypertrophy (CRH) is the dominant contributor to the growth. In many individuals undergoing nephrectomy for cancer or kidney donation this produces a substantial and helpful increase in renal function. Two main mechanisms have been proposed, one in which increased activity by the remaining kidney leads to hypertrophy, the second in which there is release of a kidney specific factor in response to a unilateral nephrectomy that initiates CRH. Whilst multiple growth factors and pathways such as the mTORC pathway have been implicated in experimental studies, their roles and the precise mechanism of CRH are not defined. Unrestrained hypoxia inducible factor activation in renal cancer promotes growth and may play an important role in driving CRH.