Correction: Bysiec et al. Numerical Analysis of Steel Geodesic Dome under Seismic Excitations. Materials 2021, 14, 4493.

In the original publication [...].

Behaviour of Soil-Steel Composite Bridges under Strong Seismic Excitation with Various Boundary Conditions.

Soil-steel composite bridges typically range from 3 to 32 m, and they can be applied as an effective alternative for reinforced concrete bridges with short spans. They are able to meet the same design and safety requirements as traditional bridges more rapidly and at a lower cost. The behaviour of such bridges under seismic events is not yet recognized, because seismic excitations are completely different from the static and dynamic loads that have been analysed so far. This paper presents the results of the numerical study of two various types of soil-steel composite bridges under strong seismic excitation. The first soil-steel composite bridge has a span of 17.67 m and a height of 6.05 m, and the second consists of two shells with a span of 4.4 m each and a height of 2.8 m. Numerical analysis was performed for three models for each bridge, taking into account different boundary conditions. The applied boundary conditions are intended to represent the commonly used reinforcements of this type of bridges (reinforced concrete collar, reinforced concrete front wall). The obtained results were compared with the model in which such reinforcements were not used. Calculations were conducted using the DIANA program based on a finite element method. The non-linear models with seismic excitation of El Centro from 1940 and Time History analysis were applied. The conclusions from the study can be useful in making a decision regarding the design of the soil-steel composite bridges located in seismic zones. In addition, it was found that the effect of the applied strengthening is significant in the behaviour of soil-steel composite bridges.

Experimental Test of Reinforced Timber of FRCM-PBO with Pull-Off Adhesion Method.

The article describes the results of pull-off adhesion strength of the FRCM-PBO (Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix-p-Phenylene benzobis oxazole) composite adhered to the epoxy resin layer which is the connector with the timber beam. In addition, this paper shows the results of the tests of resistance to pull-off the epoxy resin layer from the pine beam. The tests were carried out based on the Polish Standard PN-EN 1542. The Pearson linear correlation analysis was also carried out in order to determine the correlation between the obtained results and the destructive forces. The factors that occurred during the test that may affect its results, such as the method of applying the bursting force, surface preparation of the tested elements and the types of substrate destruction, were also characterized. The experimental data show that in all the tested samples, non-initial adhesive destruction between the adhesive layer and the disc was observed.

Influence of Traffic-Induced Vibrations on Humans and Residential Building-A Case Study.

The case study presents an assessment of the traffic-induced vibrations on humans and residential buildings, which is important for sustainable development. The analyzed residential building had several cracks in the walls. Control gypsum tapes were applied to all cracks in the building and additional elements near the road to determine the propagation of the damage. To determine the harmfulness of vibrations for humans, vibration acceleration measurements linked to road traffic inside the analyzed building were carried out. The vibration velocities inside the object were set based on the integration of the obtained accelerations. The experimental field investigation was carried out in places where humans commonly stayed (on the first floor) at the points where the vibrations are transmitted from the construction to humans. The study involved a time history analysis, a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis, and Root Mean Square (RMS) acceleration and velocity in a one-third octave bands spectrum. Based on the conducted experimental tests, it can be pointed out that the received velocity values in the tested building, caused by the passage of various vehicles, were below the permissible levels. However, it was noticed that the distance between the building and the fence had an important role in damping vibrations emitted by passing vehicles. The presented case study may be of use to other researchers who will be involved in similar cases and want to include sustainable infrastructure development.

Numerical Analysis of Steel Geodesic Dome under Seismic Excitations.

The paper presents the response of two geodesic domes under seismic excitations. The structures subjected to seismic analysis were created by two different methods of subdividing spherical triangles (the original octahedron face), as proposed by Fulinski. These structures are characterised by the similar number of elements. The structures are made of steel, which is a material that undoubtedly gives lightness to structures and allows large spans. Designing steel domes is currently a challenge for constructors, as well as architects, who take into account their aesthetic considerations. The analysis was carried out using the finite element method of the numerical program. The two designed domes were analysed using four different seismic excitations. The analysis shows what influence particular earthquakes have on the geodesic dome structures by two different methods. The study analysed the maximum displacements, axial forces, velocities, and accelerations of the designed domes. In addition, the Time History method was used for the analysis, which enabled the analysis of the structure in the time domain. The study will be helpful in designing new structures in seismic areas and in assessing the strength of various geodesic dome structures under seismic excitation.

Study on the Restoration of a Masonry Arch Viaduct: Numerical Analysis and Lab Tests.

This article presents an analysis of the load-carrying capacity of a historic masonry arch viaduct. The vault was made of bricks and lime-cement mortar. It was built in 1886 and, therefore, its historical character had to be included in the restoration project. The main task of the restoration was to bring the viaduct to a technical condition corresponding to the current requirements to allow normal (or limited) service. The strength of the brickwork and joints (mortar) was examined experimentally in the laboratory and on the viaduct. This paper presents numerical calculations for the masonry viaduct that were performed using two programs based on the finite element method. As the project documentation was unknown, two- and three-hinged models of the masonry arch were analyzed. The axial forces, shear forces, bending moments, displacement, normal stresses, and shear stresses generated from the numerical analysis have been discussed. The conditions of the load capacity of the arch viaduct due to compression and shearing have been met. The safety of a masonry arch of the viaduct was determined. Finally, the restoration scope of the masonry viaduct was proposed.