CD98hc is a target for brain delivery of biotherapeutics.

Brain exposure of systemically administered biotherapeutics is highly restricted by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we report the engineering and characterization of a BBB transport vehicle targeting the CD98 heavy chain (CD98hc or SLC3A2) of heterodimeric amino acid transporters (TVCD98hc). The pharmacokinetic and biodistribution properties of a CD98hc antibody transport vehicle (ATVCD98hc) are assessed in humanized CD98hc knock-in mice and cynomolgus monkeys. Compared to most existing BBB platforms targeting the transferrin receptor, peripherally administered ATVCD98hc demonstrates differentiated brain delivery with markedly slower and more prolonged kinetic properties. Specific biodistribution profiles within the brain parenchyma can be modulated by introducing Fc mutations on ATVCD98hc that impact FcγR engagement, changing the valency of CD98hc binding, and by altering the extent of target engagement with Fabs. Our study establishes TVCD98hc as a modular brain delivery platform with favorable kinetic, biodistribution, and safety properties distinct from previously reported BBB platforms.

Mutations in protein kinase Cγ promote spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 by impairing kinase autoinhibition.

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 (SCA14) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by germline variants in the diacylglycerol (DAG)/Ca2+-regulated protein kinase Cγ (PKCγ), leading to Purkinje cell degeneration and progressive cerebellar dysfunction. Most of the identified mutations cluster in the DAG-sensing C1 domains. Here, we found with a FRET-based activity reporter that SCA14-associated PKCγ mutations, including a previously undescribed variant, D115Y, enhanced the basal activity of the kinase by compromising its autoinhibition. Unlike other mutations in PKC that impair its autoinhibition but lead to its degradation, the C1 domain mutations protected PKCγ from such down-regulation. This enhanced basal signaling rewired the brain phosphoproteome, as revealed by phosphoproteomic analysis of cerebella from mice expressing a human SCA14-associated H101Y mutant PKCγ transgene. Mutations that induced a high basal activity in vitro were associated with earlier average age of onset in patients. Furthermore, the extent of disrupted autoinhibition, but not agonist-stimulated activity, correlated with disease severity. Molecular modeling indicated that almost all SCA14 variants not within the C1 domain were located at interfaces with the C1B domain, suggesting that mutations in and proximal to the C1B domain are a susceptibility for SCA14 because they uniquely enhance PKCγ basal activity while protecting the enzyme from down-regulation. These results provide insight into how PKCγ activation is modulated and how deregulation of the cerebellar phosphoproteome by SCA14-associated mutations affects disease progression.

Multi-omics analyses of the ulcerative colitis gut microbiome link Bacteroides vulgatus proteases with disease severity.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is driven by disruptions in host-microbiota homoeostasis, but current treatments exclusively target host inflammatory pathways. To understand how host-microbiota interactions become disrupted in UC, we collected and analysed six faecal- or serum-based omic datasets (metaproteomic, metabolomic, metagenomic, metapeptidomic and amplicon sequencing profiles of faecal samples and proteomic profiles of serum samples) from 40 UC patients at a single inflammatory bowel disease centre, as well as various clinical, endoscopic and histologic measures of disease activity. A validation cohort of 210 samples (73 UC, 117 Crohn's disease, 20 healthy controls) was collected and analysed separately and independently. Data integration across both cohorts showed that a subset of the clinically active UC patients had an overabundance of proteases that originated from the bacterium Bacteroides vulgatus. To test whether B. vulgatus proteases contribute to UC disease activity, we first profiled B. vulgatus proteases found in patients and bacterial cultures. Use of a broad-spectrum protease inhibitor improved B. vulgatus-induced barrier dysfunction in vitro, and prevented colitis in B. vulgatus monocolonized, IL10-deficient mice. Furthermore, transplantation of faeces from UC patients with a high abundance of B. vulgatus proteases into germfree mice induced colitis dependent on protease activity. These results, stemming from a multi-omics approach, improve understanding of functional microbiota alterations that drive UC and provide a resource for identifying other pathways that could be inhibited as a strategy to treat this disease.

Neuronal Activity Regulates Blood-Brain Barrier Efflux Transport through Endothelial Circadian Genes.

The blood vessels in the central nervous system (CNS) have a series of unique properties, termed the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which stringently regulate the entry of molecules into the brain, thus maintaining proper brain homeostasis. We sought to understand whether neuronal activity could regulate BBB properties. Using both chemogenetics and a volitional behavior paradigm, we identified a core set of brain endothelial genes whose expression is regulated by neuronal activity. In particular, neuronal activity regulates BBB efflux transporter expression and function, which is critical for excluding many small lipophilic molecules from the brain parenchyma. Furthermore, we found that neuronal activity regulates the expression of circadian clock genes within brain endothelial cells, which in turn mediate the activity-dependent control of BBB efflux transport. These results have important clinical implications for CNS drug delivery and clearance of CNS waste products, including Aß, and for understanding how neuronal activity can modulate diurnal processes.

Multidimensional Proteome Profiling of Blood-Brain Barrier Perturbation by Group B Streptococcus.

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) remains the leading cause of neonatal meningitis, a disease associated with high rates of adverse neurological sequelae. The in vivo relationship between GBS and brain tissues remains poorly characterized, partly because past studies had focused on microbial rather than host processes. Additionally, the field has not capitalized on systems-level technologies to probe the host-pathogen relationship. Here, we use multiplexed quantitative proteomics to investigate the effect of GBS infection in the murine brain at various levels of tissue complexity, beginning with the whole organ and moving to brain vascular substructures. Infected whole brains showed classical signatures associated with the acute-phase response. In isolated brain microvessels, classical blood-brain barrier proteins were unaltered, but interferon signaling and leukocyte recruitment proteins were upregulated. The choroid plexus showed increases in peripheral immune cell proteins. Proteins that increased in abundance in the vasculature during GBS invasion were associated with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen processing and endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction, a finding which correlated with altered host protein glycosylation profiles. Globally, there was low concordance between the infection proteome of whole brains and isolated vascular tissues. This report underscores the utility of unbiased, systems-scale analyses of functional tissue substructures for understanding disease.IMPORTANCE Group B Streptococcus (GBS) meningitis remains a major cause of poor health outcomes very early in life. Both the host-pathogen relationship leading to disease and the massive host response to infection contributing to these poor outcomes are orchestrated at the tissue and cell type levels. GBS meningitis is thought to result when bacteria present in the blood circumvent the selectively permeable vascular barriers that feed the brain. Additionally, tissue damage subsequent to bacterial invasion is mediated by inflammation and by immune cells from the periphery crossing the blood-brain barrier. Indeed, the vasculature plays a central role in disease processes occurring during GBS infection of the brain. Here, we employed quantitative proteomic analysis of brain vascular substructures during invasive GBS disease. We used the generated data to map molecular alterations associated with tissue perturbation, finding widespread intracellular dysfunction and punctuating the importance of investigations relegated to tissue type over the whole organ.