Discovering the strength of immunometabolism in cancer therapy: Employing metabolic pathways to enhance immune responses.

Immunometabolism, which studies cellular metabolism and immune cell function, is a possible cancer treatment. Metabolic pathways regulate immune cell activation, differentiation, and effector functions, crucial to tumor identification and elimination. Immune evasion and tumor growth can result from tumor microenvironment metabolic dysregulation. These metabolic pathways can boost antitumor immunity. This overview discusses immune cell metabolism, including glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, amino acid, and lipid metabolism. Amino acid and lipid metabolic manipulations may improve immune cell activity and antitumor immunity. Combination therapy using immunometabolism-based strategies may enhance therapeutic efficacy. The complexity of the metabolic network, biomarker development, challenges, and future approaches are all covered, along with a summary of case studies demonstrating the effectiveness of immunometabolism-based therapy. Metabolomics, stable isotope tracing, single-cell analysis, and computational modeling are also reviewed for immunometabolism research. Personalized and combination treatments are considered. This review adds to immunometabolism expertise and sheds light on metabolic treatments' ability to boost cancer treatment immunological response. Also, in this review, we discussed the immune response in cancer treatment and altering metabolic pathways to increase the immune response against malignancies.

Understanding the Interaction Mechanism between the Epinephrine Neurotransmitter and Small Gold Nanoclusters (Aun; n = 6, 8, and 10): A Computational Insight.

In this study, the interaction between the neurotransmitter epinephrine and small gold nanoclusters (AunNCs) with n = 6, 8, and 10 is described by density functional theory calculations. The interaction of Au6, Au8, and Au10 nanoclusters with epinephrine is governed by Au-X (X = N and O) anchoring bonding and Au···H-X conventional hydrogen bonding. The interaction mechanism of epinephrine with gold nanoclusters is investigated in terms of electronic energy and geometrical properties. The adsorption energy values for the most favorable configurations of Au6NC@epinephrine, Au8NC@epinephrine, and Au10NC@epinephrine were calculated to be -17.45, -17.86, and -16.07 kcal/mol, respectively, in the gas phase. The results indicate a significant interaction of epinephrine with AunNCs and point to the application of the biomolecular complex AunNC@epinephrine in the fields of biosensing, drug delivery, bioimaging, and other applications. In addition, some important electronic properties, namely, the energy gap between HOMO and LUMO, the Fermi level, and the work function, were computed. The effect of aqueous media on adsorption energy and electronic parameters for the most favorable configurations was also studied to explore the influence of physical biological conditions.

Neuroprotective effects of riluzole in Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review.

BACKGROUND: Despite several hundred clinical trials of drugs that initially showed promise, there has been limited clinical improvement in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This may be attributed to the existence of at least 25 abnormal cellular pathways that underlie the disease. It is improbable for a single drug to address all or most of these pathways, thus even drugs that show promise when administered alone are unlikely to produce significant results. According to previous studies, eight drugs, namely, dantrolene, erythropoietin, lithium, memantine, minocycline, piracetam, riluzole, and silymarin, have been found to target multiple pathways that are involved in the development of AD. Among these drugs, riluzole is currently indicated for the treatment of medical conditions in both adult patients and children and has gained increased attention from scientists due to its potential in the excitotoxic hypothesis of neurodegenerative diseases. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of drugs on AD based on cellular and molecular mechanisms. METHODS: The literature search for this study utilized the Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases to identify relevant articles. RESULTS: Riluzole exerts its effects in AD through diverse pathways including the inhibition of voltage-dependent sodium and calcium channels, blocking AMPA and NMDA receptors and inhibiting the release of glutamic acid release and stimulation of EAAT1-EAAT2. CONCLUSION: In this review article, we aimed to review the neuroprotective properties of riluzole, a glutamate modulator, in AD, which could benefit patients with the disease.

Detailed role of microRNA-mediated regulation of PI3K/AKT axis in human tumors.

The regulation of signal transmission and biological processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, migration, and angiogenesis are greatly influenced by the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Highly conserved endogenous non-protein-coding RNAs known as microRNAs (miRNAs) have the ability to regulate gene expression by inhibiting mRNA translation or mRNA degradation. MiRNAs serve key role in PI3K/AKT pathway as upstream or downstream target, and aberrant activation of this pathway contributes to the development of cancers. A growing body of research shows that miRNAs can control the PI3K/AKT pathway to control the biological processes within cells. The expression of genes linked to cancers can be controlled by the miRNA/PI3K/AKT axis, which in turn controls the development of cancer. There is also a strong correlation between the expression of miRNAs linked to the PI3K/AKT pathway and numerous clinical traits. Moreover, PI3K/AKT pathway-associated miRNAs are potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, therapy, and prognostic evaluation. The role and clinical applications of the PI3K/AKT pathway and miRNA/PI3K/AKT axis in the emergence of cancers are reviewed in this article.

LncRNA-miRNA interaction is involved in colorectal cancer pathogenesis by modulating diverse signaling pathways.

LncRNAs function as molecular sponges for miRNAs to control their availability for targeting mRNA molecules. This procedure indirectly regulates the expression of cancer-related genes. Some lncRNAs also directly interact with miRNAs, leading to their degradation or sequestration, which can negatively impact gene expression. miRNAs, on the other hand, play a critical role in controlling the expression of genes, including oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Multiple types of cancer have been linked to the onset and progression of miRNA dysregulation. Even though there is a lot of potential for treating CRC by targeting the LncRNA-miRNA axis, several challenges remain to be overcome. The specificity of the targeting approach, delivery methods, resistance, safety, and cost-effectiveness are critical research areas that must be addressed to advance this field and improve treatment outcomes for people with CRC.

In silico investigation on interaction of small Ag6 nano-particle cluster with tyramine neurotransmitter.

The interaction of tyramine neurotransmitter with silver nano-particle (Ag6) cluster is explored in terms of the molecular structure, electronic properties and NBO analysis of tyramine-AgNPs bio-molecular conjugate. The adsorption mechanism of tyramine onto the Ag6 cluster has been investigated through computing of the electronic and geometrical properties in addition to the adsorption energies in various possible configurations. The magnitude of adsorption energy corresponding to the most favorable tyramine-Ag6 bio-molecular conjugate has been computed to be - 14.36 kcal/mol in the gas phase, which infers a good adsorption of tyramine with AgNPs cluster suggesting the practical applications of tyramine-AgNPs bio-molecular conjugates in bio-sensing, drug delivery, bio-imaging and other applications. Different electronic properties such as the energy gap of HOMO-LUMO, Fermi level and work function have been investigated in detail. Moreover, the effect of aqueous media on adsorption energy and electronic properties of the most favorable tyramine-AgNPs bio-molecular conjugate is investigated in order to understand the impact of the real biological situation.

Emerging Insights into the Use of Advanced Nanomaterials for the Electrochemiluminescence Biosensor of Pesticide Residues in Plant-Derived Foodstuff.

Pesticides have an important role in rising the overall productivity and yield of agricultural foods by eliminating and controlling insects, pests, fungi, and various plant-related illnesses. However, the overuse of pesticides has caused pesticide pollution of water bodies and food products, along with disruption of environmental and ecological systems. In this regard, developing low-cost, simple, and rapid-detecting approaches for the accurate, rapid, efficient, and on-site screening of pesticide residues is an ongoing challenge. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) possesses the benefits of great sensitivity, the capability to resolve several analytes using different emission wavelengths or redox potentials, and excellent control over the light radiation in time and space, making it a powerful strategy for sensing various pesticides. Cost-effective and simple ECL systems allow sensitive, selective, and accurate quantification of pesticides in agricultural fields. Particularly, the development and progress of nanomaterials, aptamer/antibody recognition, electric/photo-sensing, and their integration with electrochemiluminescence sensing technology has presented the hopeful potential in reporting the residual amounts of pesticides. Current trends in the application of nanoparticles are debated, with an emphasis on sensor substrates using aptamer, antibodies, enzymes, and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Different strategies are enclosed in labeled and label-free sensing along with luminescence determination approaches (signal-off, signal-on, and signal-switch modes). Finally, the recent challenges and upcoming prospects in this ground are also put forward.

Metabolomic profiling of bacterial biofilm: trends, challenges, and an emerging antibiofilm target.

Biofilm-related infections substantially contribute to bacterial illnesses, with estimates indicating that at least 80% of such diseases are linked to biofilms. Biofilms exhibit unique metabolic patterns that set them apart from their planktonic counterparts, resulting in significant metabolic reprogramming during biofilm formation. Differential glycolytic enzymes suggest that central metabolic processes are markedly different in biofilms and planktonic cells. The glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is highly expressed in Staphylococcus aureus biofilm progenitors, indicating that changes in glycolysis activity play a role in biofilm development. Notably, an important consideration is a correlation between elevated cyclic di-guanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP) activity and biofilm formation in various bacteria. C-di-GMP plays a critical role in maintaining the persistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by regulating alginate production, a significant biofilm matrix component. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that S. aureus biofilm development is initiated by several tricarboxylic acid (TCA) intermediates in a FnbA-dependent manner. Finally, Glucose 6-phosphatase (G6P) boosts the phosphorylation of histidine-containing protein (HPr) by increasing the activity of HPr kinase, enhancing its interaction with CcpA, and resulting in biofilm development through polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA) accumulation and icaADBC transcription. Therefore, studying the metabolic changes associated with biofilm development is crucial for understanding the complex mechanisms involved in biofilm formation and identifying potential targets for intervention. Accordingly, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in metabolomic profiling of biofilms, including emerging trends, prevailing challenges, and the identification of potential targets for anti-biofilm strategies.

Green nanobiopolymers for ecological applications: a step towards a sustainable environment.

To minimize the usage of non-renewable resources and to maintain a sustainable environment, the exploitation of green nanobiopolymers should be enhanced. Biopolymers are generally developed from various microorganisms and plants in the specified condition. This review article discusses the current advances and trends of biopolymers, particularly in the arena of nanotechnology. In addition, discussion on various synthesis steps and structural characterization of green polymer materials like cellulose, chitin, and lignin is also encompassed. This article aims to coordinate the most recent outputs and possible future utilization of nanobiopolymers to the ecosystem with negligible effects by promoting the utilities of polymeric materials like polycaprolactones, starch, and nanocellulose. Additionally, strategic modification of cellulose into nanocellulose via rearrangement of the polymeric compound to serve various industrial and medical purposes has also been highlighted in the review. Specifically, the process of nanoencapsulation and its advancements in terms of nutritional aspects was also presented. The potential utility of green nanobiopolymers is one of the best cost-effective alternatives concerning circular economy and thereby helps to maintain sustainability.

Not all T cell epitopes are equally desired: a review of in silico tools for the prediction of cytokine-inducing potential of T-cell epitopes.

Assessment of protective or harmful T cell response induced by any antigenic epitope is important in designing any immunotherapeutic molecule. The understanding of cytokine induction potential also helps us to monitor antigen-specific cellular immune responses and rational vaccine design. The classical immunoinformatics tools served well for prediction of B cell and T cell epitopes. However, in the last decade, the prediction algorithms for T cell epitope inducing specific cytokines have also been developed and appreciated in the scientific community. This review summarizes the current status of such tools, their applications, background algorithms, their use in experimental setup and functionalities available in the tools/web servers.