Reflection and absorption of electromagnetic radiation by inhomogeneous photoionized plasma, produced by multiphoton ionization of inert gas atoms.

The interaction of electromagnetic radiation with inhomogeneous plasma formed by multiphoton ionization of inert gas atoms has been studied. In high-frequency and normal skin effects modes the field structure in plasma is described and reflection and absorption coefficients are found. It is shown that as the thickness of the plasma region, in which the photoelectron density grows linearly, increases, both the depth of field penetration and the absorption coefficient increase, too. It is found that, due to the Ramzauer-Townsend effect, there is a relative increase in the effective frequency of photoelectron collisions with atoms, which is accompanied by a significant increase in the absorption coefficient.

Characteristics of the Allele Pool and the Genetic Differentiation of Goats of Different Breeds and their Wild Relatives by Str-Markers.

Based on 16 STR-loci, the allele pool and interbreed differentiation of goat breeds of Russian and foreign breeding were investigated in this study. These breeds included Karachai (KRCH-K, n=73, mountain zone; KRCH-Z, n=33, foothill zone), Dagestan Downy (DAGD, n=30), Dagestan Wool (DAGW, n=30), Soviet Wool (SOVW, n=30), Saanen (SAAN, n=34), Murciano-Granadina (MURS, n=37), as well as wild goats, represented by three species of mountain goats (n=52): Siberian Capricorn (Capra sibirica) of Altai (CSIB-S, n=6), Tajikistan (CSIB-T, n=4), Kyrgyzstan (CSIB-K, n=6), and the Himalayas (CSIB-H, n=4); Bezoar goat (Capa aegagrus) of Turkey (CAEG, n=3) and Pakistan (CAEG-S, n=3); West Caucasian tur (Capra caucasica): western Caucasian (Kuban, CCAU-K, n=10), central Caucasian (CCAU-M, n=8), and eastern Caucasian (Dagestan, CCAU-D, n=8). The highest genetic diversity was observed in the North Caucasus breeds, such as Karachai, Dagestan Downy, and Dagestan Wool. The mean numbers of alleles per locus and allelic diversity were 7.385-9.154 and 7.353-7.713, respectively. The genetic proximity of Caucasian breeds was confirmed by cluster analysis, and they formed a common branch with the highest genetic affinity, while the Orenburg and Soviet Wool breeds formed another branch, and the third branch with the least affinity was the dairy breed of foreign selection.The analysis of the phylogenetic tree of domestic and wild species established the formation of three clusters formed by the subspecies of the West Caucasian tur, Siberian ibex, and breeds of domestic goats. At the same time, populations of the Bezoar goats were localized at the root of the last cluster, which confirmed their role as the ancestors of domestic goats.

[CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE FACTORS AFFECT THE LEVELS OF NEUROPEPTIDES, INVOLVED IN THE CONTROL OF EATING BEHAVIOR, INSULIN RESISTANCE AND LEVEL OF CHRONIC SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION IN YOUNG OVERWEIGHT PERSONS].

The continuous rise of overweight and obesity is a major concern for present and future healthcare management. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of lifestyle changes on central regulatory mechanisms of maintaining energy homeostasis, insulin resistance and chronic systemic inflammation in 18-25 year old overweight patients. The anthropometric measurements were done for each patient, including body weight, height, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist to hip ratio, and body mass index (BMI). Patients were divided into two groups according to their BMI. 20 males and 21 females with BMI > 25 kg/m2 were included in the first, study, group. The second, control, group consisted of 16 males and 11 females with BMI - 18.5 - 24.9 kg/m 2. Lipid profile, fasting glucose and insulin levels, HOMA-IR, TNF-α, ceruloplasmin, neuropeptides Agouti-related protein - AgRP and kokain- and amphetamine-mediated transcript - CART were examined at the beginning of the study (Day 1) and after 10 week treatment period (Day 70). During the 10 week treatment period, people in the study group underwent physical exercise programs of 40-60 minute duration three times per week, and brisk walking during the remaining days. The mean calorie expenditure during the exercise was 500 kcal/day. Each patient in the study group was given balanced, healthy diet with 20% calorie restriction from baseline diet. Our study reveled that negative energy balance caused a statistically significant decrease in AgRP, reduction of visceral fat stores, increase of HDL, reduction of TNF-α and dissolution of insulin resistance signs. Significant but not statistically significant reduction of CART level was observed after increased physical activity program and calorie restriction diet, which might play an important role in the mechanism of decreasing weight. However, further investigations are required in order to determine its place in body weight regulation.

[Clinical effectiveness of pioglitazone in the combination treatment of patients with asthma concurrent with coronary heart disease].

AIM: To investigate the clinical effectiveness of pioglitazone in the combination treatment of patients with asthma concurrent with coronary heart disease (CHD). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty patients aged 40-75 years with asthma concurrent with CHD were examined. External respiratory function (ERF), electrocardiograms, blood pressure (BP), and anthropometric measurements were assessed in all the patients. Blood and urine laboratory values and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) concentrations were estimated; endothelial function was determined measuring endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilation (EDVD and EIVD). The patients were randomized into a comparison group receiving only standard therapy and a study group taking pioglitazone as part of combination therapy for 3 months. RESULTS: At the randomization stage prior to pioglitazone combination therapy, the patient groups did not statistically significantly differ in basic clinical and anamnestic data. Three-month standard therapy resulted in stabilization of ERF and endothelial function. During the treatment, there were increases in the frequency of asthma symptoms and the duration of angina attacks, however, there was a decline in hs-CRP levels (p<0.001). Incorporation of pioglitazone into the standard treatment regimen of patients with asthma concurrent with CHD improved clinical disease control, decreased the degree of bronchial obstruction and the frequency of angina pain and asthma attacks using nitroglycerin and salbutamol, lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure, improved EDVD (increases in the maximum linear velocity of blood flow after a test for reactive hyperemia (RH), index of reactivity (IR), and A% brachial artery (BA) diameter) and EIVD (increases in IR and A% BA diameter), and reduced systemic inflammation from hs-CRP values (p<0.001) and hypercholesterolemia from total cholesterol levels (p<0.02). CONCLUSION: The incorporation of pioglitazone in the combination therapy of patients with asthma concurrent with CHD improves the clinical course of the diseases and increases their control, reduces systemic inflammation, and improves endothelial functional activity.

[FULLERENE C60 INHIBITED FREE RADICAL AND DESTRUCTIVE PROCESSES IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE DURING ADJUVANT ARTHRITIS IN RATS].

The effects of fullerene C60 (FC60) on the level of free radical and destruction processes were studied in rats with experimental adjuvant arthritis (AA). It was shown the protective effect of FC60 during AA. The effect was accompanied by an increase of the antioxidant enzymes activity, superoxide dismutase in the liver (15.96 ± 0.38 µmol/kg x s) and in the kidneys (5.36 ± 0.27 µmol/kg x s) and catalase in the kidneys (9.56 ± 0.78 µmol/kg x s) and in the heart (2.26 ± 0.41 µmol/kg x s) in comparison to control group (43.83± 5.69%; 54.55 ± 6.18%; 11.68 ± 0.52 µmol/kg x s; 3.43 ± 0.47 µmol/kg x s; 4.77 ± 0.5 µmol/kg x s; 0.98 ± 0.12 µmol/kg x s accordingly). It was shown a protective effect of FC60 during AA directed on the depression of the destructive processes in connective tissue that was expressed through the reduction of the total collagenolitic activity level in cartilage (10.05 ± 0.06 µmol/g/min) and bone (11.21 ± 0.04 µmol/g/min) tissues, free hydroxyproline contents (1.54 ± 0.04 µg/ml) and alkaline phasphatase activity (1.24 ± 0,14 µmol/l x sec) in comparison to control group (11.91 ± 0.49 µmol/g/min; 13.19 ± 0.15 µmol/g/min; 2.25 ± 0.07 µg/ ml; 2.19 ± 0.24 µmol/l x sec accordingly). Taken together, these results accentuate the perspective of future investigations of action FC60 during rheumatoid arthritis as a feasible therapeutic agent.

[The anti-inflammatory effect of fullerene C60 on adjuvant arthritis in rats].

The anti-inflammatory properties of non-modified fullerene C60 (FC60) by adjuvant arthritis in Wistar rats have been studied. It was shown that the intraperitoneal introduction of FC60 (50 ng) reveals an anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective actions in the phase of systemic manifestation of adjuvant arthritis. The effect was carried out by limitation of inflammation of damaged limb, normalization of body weight, the decrease in body temperature. Introduction of FC60 promote the reduction of leukocyte level, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, concentrations of sialic acids and the ceruloplasmin levels, processes degeneration of cartilaginous tissues of the joint of rats. It has been concluded that the therapeutic effectiveness of non-modified FC60 in experimental adjuvant arthritis is comparable with the action of water-soluble forms of fullerenes. The results substantiate the future investigations of non-modified FC60 for design of therapeutic agents for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in clinics.

[Clinical effectiveness of metformin and ramipril combination in complex therapy of patients with metabolic syndrome].

6 monthly application of the combination of metformin with ramipril (1000 and 5 mg per day respectively) in complex treatment of metabolic syndrome (MS) leads to improvement of the clinical course of ischemic heart disease (decrease of quantity and duration of painful cardial attacks, depression of the functional class of an angina of exertion, decrease of displays of chronic heart failure), normalization of arterial pressure and decrease of an abdominal obesity which can be considered as prophylaxis of development of diabetes mellitus 2 types and its cardiovascular complications. Combination of metformin with ramipril in complex treatment of a MS is effective and safe option of therapy of MS.

[Immune elements of pathogenesis of multiorgan failure syndrome in newborns].

Expression of clusters determination of T-cells immune links (CD4, CD8, CD95) and level of interferon-alpha at newborns with multiorgan failure syndrome were investigated. It were shown supressive character of immune reactions and reduction the level of interferon-alpha in this contingent of patients.

[Pathogenic mechanisms of proatherogenic changes in pregnant women with concomitant obesity].

The concentration of insulin, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) and indices of lipid metabolism (concentrations of triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, cholesterol of low density lipoproteins and cholesterol of very low density lipoproteins) in women with concomitant obesity in the second trimester of pregnancy were studied. Changes of the lipid profile in the pregnant women with concomitant obesity indicate development of type IV hyperlipoproteinemia. Concentrations of insulin and CRP in the blood serum of the pregnant women with obesity were respectively 92.1% and 62.5% higher than in the control group. On the basis of literature data and our own research it was concluded that the complex of the metabolic changes (insulin resistance, dislipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, systemic inflammation) in pregnant women with obesity promotes development of proatherogenic changes.

[Pharmacogenetic features of the effect of metformin in patients with coronary heart disease in the presence of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus in terms of PPAR-gamma2 gene polymorphism].

AIM: To define the pharmacogenetic features of the effect of metformin in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), by taking into consideration PPAR-gamma2 Pro1 2Ala polymorphism. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-four men with CHD and MS and 28 men with CHD and T2DM were examined. The effect of metformin as a short course in combination therapy was evaluated. A population control group consisted of 46 apparently healthy men. The genetic PPRA-gamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism was studied. A number of indicators (total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total lipids, triglycerides, beta-lipoproteins, glycated hemoglobin, C-peptide) and proinflammatory markers, such as interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were determined in the blood. RESULTS: Analysis of the frequencies of Pro and Ala alleles indicated a decrease in the latter in CHD patients with T2DM. The CHD and MS patients who carried the Pro allele showed a significant metformin-induced reduction in weight, waist circumference, body mass index, and concentrations of TC, C-peptide, and cytokines, such IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha. CONCLUSION: Metformin exhibits a high therapeutic efficacy in patients with CHD in the presence of T2DM or MS who have the Pro/Pro genotype, which is of interest in terms of pharmacogenetics and calls for further investigation.

[The condition of lipid peroxidation in mice and the effect of fullerene C60 during immune response].

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of fullerene C60 on lipid peroxidation (POL) and antioxidant protection during the induction of the immune response to heteroantigen. Balb/c mice were immunized intraperitoneal (i.p.) with sheep erythrocytes for the primary immunization. Water dispersion of fullerene C60 was injected i.p. once at the dose 50 ng to mice on first, third and sixth days after immunization. During immune response, the increment ofmalonic dialdehide (MDA) was enhanced in liver, kidneys and heart tissues. Fullerene C60 induced POL during the latent phase of immune response, but inhibited this process during progression of immune response. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase in liver and spleen tissues were induced after injection of fullerene C60 to intact mice. After immunization, high level of activity of antioxidant enzymes and low level of organs mass factor were determined. Injection of fullerene C60 reduced the activities of SOD and catalase in spleen tissues. The results of our study indicate that fullerene C60 can display positive effect on POL processes and antioxidant enzymes activity which is probably due to membrane's stabilization action or the ability of fullerene C60 to bind free radicals independently.

[Fullerene C60 exhibits immunomodulatory activity during adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats].

The effect of fullerene C60 (FC60) on the immune processes during experimental adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) in rats has been studied. The results indicate the inhibitory action of FN60 during AA on cellular splenocyte proliferation, neutrophil phagocytic and oxygen-stimulatory activities in the NBT test, and humoral immune mechanisms involved in the production of antinuclear antibodies, formation of circulating immune complexes, and restoration of morphological structure of spleen. Taken together, these results allow FC60 to be considered as a new potential pharmacological agent that can realize its effects mainly through anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity.

[Quantitative analysis of individual groups of microorganisms, extracted from atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries in patients depending upon ASP299GLY polymorphism of TLR4 gene].

The estimation data of contamination by separate groups of microorganisms and dependence of the microbial content level upon TLR4 gene 896A/G polymorphism in 20 samples of atherosclerotic lesions in coronary arteries has been presented. The presence of TLR4 gene polymorphic allele G in the individual genotype determines the increased contamination of atherosclerotic plaque tissues by the representatives of the following genera: Lactobacillus sp., Enterobacterium sp., Sneathia sp./Leptotrihia sp./Fusobacterium sp., Mobiluncus sp./Corynebacterium sp., Peptostreptococcus sp. The emergence of new correlation pairs with participation of Lachnobacterium sp./Corynebacterium sp. among the carriers of G allele has been revealed via the intragroup correlation analysis. The obtained results confirm the possible involvement of the represented groups of microorganisms in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and the role of the TLR4 gene polymorphic variant G in the increased microbial contamination of the coronary arteries tissues.

[Effect of fullerene C60 on functional activity of phagocytic cells].

The effect of aqueous dispersion of fullerene C60 (FC60) on the functional activity of cells involved in the phagocytosis reactions was studied. FC60 (0.01 microM/l and 0.1 microM/l) produced mainly negative effects on the activity ofnonspecific immunity cells by inhibiting the myeloperoxidase enzymatic activity, decreased the level of induced chemiluminescence, and suppressed the expression of molecules CD54 involved in the adhesion. The only exception was a slight stimulating effect on the NBT test. The results indicate the FC60 influences various stages and mechanisms of phagocytosis.

[The effectiveness of pioglitazone in the treatment of patients with coronary heart disease on the background of metabolic syndrome].

We investigated the effectiveness of pioglitazone in the treatment of patients with coronary heart disease in combination with MS. In the conduct of research revealed that the addition to standard therapy in patients with coronary heart disease on the background of metabolic syndrome pioglitazone led to a reliable slight decrease in body weight, BMI, hip circumference, waist their relationship. Receiving pioglitazone also significantly reduces the concentration of immunoreactive insulin and blood glucose levels, significantly altered lipid metabolism, which generally leads to a lower level of systemic inflammation, metabolism and reduces the severity of insulin resistance. This allows you to recommend the inclusion of pioglitazone in complex coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome.

[Efficacy of short-term metformin application in complex treatment of patients with coronary artery disease and concomitant metabolic syndrome].

The inclusion of a short course of metformin in complex therapy of coronary artery disease with metabolic syndrome does not alter the clinical features of disease. It had a positive effect on weight loss and the activity of systemic inflammation. The lipid metabolism and insulin resistance were not significantly altered. This results suggest that the treatment with metformin during 1 month in patients with coronary artery disease and metabolic syndrome is sufficient for the manifestation of systemic anti-inflammatory effect of the drug, but not enough to implement a reliable effect of insulin resistance and to improve the clinical features of coronary artery disease.

[Efficacy of complex therapy with metformin and ramipril combination for patients with metabolic syndrome].

We have studied efficiency of a complex therapy with metformin and ramipril combination (1000 mg and 5 mg per day) respectively in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). The group of patients with MS which answered the basic criteria IDF (2005) was determined. Carbohydrate and Lipidic metabolism were studied. Patients were characterized with raised weight index (WI), arterial hypertension, increased concentration of triglycerides in blood serum, of glucose, of HbAlc level and S-peptide, and also high level of endotelin (1-38) and CD32+CD40+circulating particles of endothelium. Three months treatment lead to decrease in WI, arterial pressure, triglycerides concentration, HbAlc, glucose, except CD32+CD40+. Six months treatment lead to more expressed positive dynamics. Thus, metformin and ramipril combination in patients with MS leads to decrease in insulin resistancy, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism normalization, to restoration of endothelium functions that is possible to consider as prophylaxis of the development of type 2 diabetes melitus and its cardiovascular complications.

[Isolation and characteristics of anti-adenovirus monoclonal antibodies in immunoenzyme and immunofluorescent reactions]. / Poluchenie i kharakteristika monoklonal'nykh antitel k adenobirusu v immunofermentnykh i immunofluorestsentnykh reaktsiiakh.

New monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to adenovirus hexon, highly active in ELISA and immunofluorescent analysis, were prepared. According to competitive ELISA, new MAbs differed in their blocking activity and were directed to 2 different hexon epitopes. MAb 3H8 did not modify antigen binding of the rest MAbs labeled with peroxidase (PAb x Pox), and none of unlabeled MAbs suppressed the reaction of MAb x Pox 3H8. MAbs 1E8 7F1, 1E11, and 3B1 reacted with each other but differed by the spectrum and level of competitive inhibition, which indicated that they were directed to different epitopes of adenovirus hexon. Comparison of the specific activity of MAbs 7F1 and 1E8 in direct immunofluorescent detection of adenovirus antigens in infected cell cultures and clinical materials from patients showed a good coincidence (90-97%) of the results with the IMAGEN Adenovirus test (Dako) and with polyclonal FITC conjugates to adenovirus hexon.

[The efficacy of recombinant vaccines against hepatitis B and the results of their use in a schedule for pediatric prophylactic inoculations]. / Effektivnost' rekombinantnykh vaktsin protiv gepatita B i rezul'taty ikh primeneniia v kalendare detskikh profilakticheskikh privivok.

The results of field clinical trials of Russian and American yeast vaccines against hepatitis B are presented. The study revealed that both vaccines were faintly reactogenic, safe and exhibited high immunological activity. After the full course of immunization following the schedule 0-1-2 months 92.5% and 97.5% of patients receiving, respectively. Russian vaccine "Combiotech" and American vaccine "H-B-Vax II" were found to have specific antibodies. The maximum effect was registered when the vaccines were introduced according to the schedule 0-1-6 months. Seroconversions were observed in 97.5% and 100% of the vaccinees receiving the Russian and American vaccines respectively, in the latter case the highest antibody level being observed. The use of the vaccines within the prophylactic immunization schedule showed that antibodies to hepatitis B appeared in immunized children in 93-100% of cases. Seroconversion indices and the levels of antibodies to diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis and measles were statistically significant and were the same in children receiving only the vaccines according to the immunization schedule and in children immunized, in addition to these vaccines, against hepatitis B.