Corrigendum: Intra-accumbens raclopride administration prevents behavioral changes induced by intermittent access to sucrose solution.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00074.].

The central blockade of the dopamine DR4 receptor decreases sucrose consumption by modifying the microstructure of drinking behavior in male rats.

Sugar solutions promote hedonic feeding and increase the risk of obesity and binge-type behavior. In rodents, ingestion of sugar solutions enhances dopamine release to mesolimbic regions, suggesting changes in hedonic intake and brain reward processes. Moreover, dopaminergic D2R/D3R receptors contribute to the hedonic intake of palatable solutions. Although the experimental evidence indicate that the dopaminergic D4 receptor (D4R) modulates feeding at homeostatic levels, it is currently unknown whether D4R also regulate the hedonic intake of sugar solutions. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the central blockade of D4R on the consumption of a 20% sucrose solution, the drinking microstructure parameters, and levels of locomotor activity in sated rats. In the first experiment, male Wistar rats were daily exposed to a 20% sugar solution in the first hour of the light phase of the light:dark cycle. On day 10, rats received i.c.v injections of the D4R antagonist, L-745870 (0, 1 or 2 µg/5 µl) and sucrose consumption and drinking microstructure parameters (latency to start drinking, bouts, drinking duration, bout size, inter-bout interval, time in activity and time in resting) were evaluated. In the second experiment, rats were trained to receive the 20% sucrose solution as described in experiment 1. On day 10, after the 1 h of sucrose access, the rats were placed in the open field for 5-min (habituation phase). Then, rats received i.c.v injections of L-745870 (0, 1 or 2 µg/ 5 µl), and were placed again in the open-field test for 10-min (pharmacological phase). The number or crosses trough squares and number of rears were scored for both the habituation and pharmacological phase. Here we found that administration of L-745870 decreased the consumption of sucrose in a dose-depended manner. Moreover, L-745870-treated rats displayed microstructural changes, including greater number of bouts and reduced drinking duration, bout size and inter-bout intervals. Furthermore, the number of crosses and number of rears in the open field test remained unchanged for habituation and pharmacological phase. Finally, present findings suggest that D4R modulates the consumption of sugar solutions by alteration of hedonic responses, but the contribution of homeostatic systems is discussed. These results open perspectives for the potential use of the D4R antagonists for treating obesity or binge-eating behavior.

Food-grade titanium dioxide (E171) differentially affects satiation in mice fed a regular or a high fat diet.

Food-grade titanium dioxide (E171) is a widely used food additive and the toxicity after oral consumption is still under research, although it has been already banned in some countries. The consumption of this additive occurs mainly through ultra-processed food products which also contain high amounts of fat. High fat diets (HFD) impair the physiological system controlling satiation and satiety, which are responsible for control of food intake and energy status. The impact of E171 on animal behavior has been poorly explored and here we hypothesize that E171 could worsen the effects on feeding behavior induced by HFD. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effects of E171 on the feeding pattern and the behavioral satiety sequence (BSS) of mice fed with a regular diet (RD) or a HFD after 1 and 16 weeks of exposure. The results showed that RD + E171 increased food intake and feeding time, but the prototypical structure of the BSS pattern (feeding→ grooming-activity → resting), was preserved. Conversely, food consumption was not altered in HFD + E171, but the BSS pattern was disrupted as the animals prolonged resting time and spent less time being active. Our findings suggest that E171 delayed the onset of satiation in mice fed with RD but induced the opposite effect in mice fed with HFD.

Food-grade titanium dioxide (E171) induces anxiety, adenomas in colon and goblet cells hyperplasia in a regular diet model and microvesicular steatosis in a high fat diet model.

Food-grade titanium dioxide (E171) is a white additive widely used in solid and liquid food products. There is still debate about E171 toxic effects after oral consumption since this additive is deposited in colon, liver, spleen, testis and brain. The consumption of E171 commonly occurs with Western diets that are characterized by a high fat content. Thus, E171 could worsen adverse effects associated with a high fat diet (HFD) such as anxiety, colon diseases and testicular damage. We aimed to evaluate the effects of E171 on anxiety-like behavior, colon, liver and testis and to analyze if the administration of a HFD could exacerbate adverse effects. E171 was administered at ~5 mg/kgbw by drinking water for 16 weeks and mice were fed with a Regular Diet or a HFD. E171 promoted anxiety, induced adenomas in colon, goblet cells hypertrophy and hyperplasia and mucins overexpression, but had no toxic effects on testicular tissue or spermatozoa in regular diet fed-mice. Additionally, E171 promoted microvesicular steatosis in liver in HFD fed-mice and the only HFD administration decreased the spermatozoa concentration and motility. In conclusion, E171 administration increases the number of adenomas in colon, induces hypertrophy and hyperplasia in goblet cells and microvesicular steatosis.

Intra-accumbens Raclopride Administration Prevents Behavioral Changes Induced by Intermittent Access to Sucrose Solution.

Overeating is one of the most relevant clinical features in Binge Eating Disorder and in some obesity patients. According to several studies, alterations in the mesolimbic dopaminergic transmission produced by non-homeostatic feeding behavior may be associated with changes in the reward system similar to those produced by drugs of abuse. Although it is known that binge-eating is related with changes in dopaminergic transmission mediated by D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcS), it has not been determined whether these receptors may be a potential target for the treatment of eating pathology with binge-eating. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether sugar binging induced by intermittent access to a sucrose solution produced changes in the structure of feeding behavior and whether blocking D2 receptors prevented these changes. We used the intermittent access model to a 10% sucrose solution (2 h/day for 4 weeks) to induce sugar binging in Sprague Dawley female rats. Experimental subjects consumed in a 2-h period more than 50% of the caloric intake consumed by the subjects with ad-lib access to the sweetened solution without any increase in body weight or fat accumulation. Furthermore, we evaluated whether sugar binging was associated to the estrous cycle and we did not find differences in caloric intake (estrous vs. diestrus). Subsequently, we characterized the structure of feeding behavior (microstructural analysis) and the motivation for palatable food (breakpoints) of the subjects with sugar binging and found that feeding episodes had short latencies, high frequencies, as well as short durations and inter-episode intervals. The intermittent access model did not increase breakpoints, as occurred in subjects with ad-lib access to the sucrose. Finally, we evaluated the effects of D2 receptor blockade in the NAcS, and found that raclopride (18 nM) prevented the observed changes in the frequency and duration of episodes induced by intermittent access to the sucrose solution. Our results suggest that alterations in behavioral patterns associated with binge-eating behavior depend in part on the dopaminergic transmission in the NAcS and that the antagonism of D2 receptors may be a therapeutic tool for feeding pathology with binge-eating.

Influencias socioculturales y conductas alimentarias no saludables en hombres y mujeres de España y México / Sociocultural influences and disordered eating behaviors in men and woman of Spain and Mexico

En este estudio transcultural se evaluó el rol de las influencias socioculturales sobre conductas alimentarias no saludables en dos países hispano-parlantes (España y México). El Test de Actitudes Alimentarias (EAT, por sus siglas en inglés), el Test de Bulimia (BULIT) y el Cuestionario de Influencia del Modelo Estético Corporal (CIMEC) fueron administrados a 862 estudiantes (España, 254 mujeres y 184 varones; México, 243 mujeres y 181 varones). El análisis de los datos reveló no diferencias significativas en los efectos principales de la variable "País"; en los efectos principales de la variable "Género" se encontraron diferencias significativas en las sub-escalas malestar con la imagen corporal (p = . 001), influencia de los mensajes verbales (p = . 035) e influencia de los modelos sociales (p = . 008); y en los efectos principales de la variable "Sintomatología" en todas las sub-escalas (malestar con la imagen corporal, influencia de la publicidad, influencia de los mensajes verbales, influencia de los modelos sociales e influencia de las situaciones sociales). En las interacciones sólo se encontró diferencias en "País x Género" (influencia de la publicidad [p = .029]). Estos datos apoyan las diferencias reportadas entre mujeres y varones; así como subrayan que el efecto de las influencias socioculturales cambian a lo largo del tiempo.los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: 1) identificar y describir algunos de los elementos culturales pertinentes al tratamiento de los TCA en la población latina y, 2) esbozar un modelo de intervención para los TCA que sea culturalmente sensible a la población latina de los Estados Unidos. El desarrollo de intervenciones culturalmente sensibles es un componente importante para reducir la disparidad en los servicios de salud brindados a la población latina residente en los Estados Unidos.

This current cross-cultural study was designed to examine the role of sociocultural influences on disordered eating behaviors in two Spanish-speaking countries (Spain and Mexico). The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), the Bulimia Test (BULIT) and the Questionnaire on Influence on Body Shape Model (CIMEC, in Spanish) were administered to 862 students (Spain, 254 females and 184 males; Mexico, 243 females and 181 males). The data analysis revealed that there were no significant main effects of "Country"; there was significant main effect of "Gender" in the distress due to body image (p = .001), influence of verbal messages (p = .035) and influence of social models subscales (p = .008); and in main effects of "Symptomatology" in all the subscales (distress due to body image, influence of advertising, influence of verbal messages, influence of social models and influence of social situations). In the interactions only was found differences in "Country x Gender" (influence of advertising [p = .029]). These findings support the differences reported between males and females; as well as to underline that the effect of the sociocultural influences appears to change across time as culture change.

Imagen corporal y trastornos de la conducta alimentaria / Body image and eating disorders

Objetivo Evaluar la asociación de la edad y el peso corporal con la interiorización del ideal de delgadez, la insatisfacción corporal y los síntomas de trastorno de la conducta alimentaria entre mujeres adolescentes, jóvenes y adultas. Material y Métodos Participaron 145 mujeres de entre 12 y 46 años, quienes contestaron cuatro instrumentos de autoreporte para evaluar: síntomas de anorexia nerviosa, síntomas de bulimia nerviosa, interiorización del ideal corporal de delgadez e insatisfacción corporal; además fue registrado su peso y estatura para calcular el índice de masa corporal. Para analizar los datos, se utilizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial, específicamente correlación de Spearman y prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados Una mayor edad se asoció con incremento en la interiorización de ideal de delgadez y en la insatisfacción corporal, pero no así en cuanto a los síntomas de trastorno de la conducta alimentaria, los cuales no mostraron correlación con la edad. La comparación entre los grupos no sólo confirmó que las mujeres adultas reportaron mayor insatisfacción e interiorización, sino que sus actitudes y conductas alimentarias anómalas fueron prácticamente equiparables a las presentes en las adolescentes. Conclusiones Los resultados de este estudio sustentan la necesidad de profundizar en el conocimiento de las actitudes y conductas alimentarias anómalas en las mujeres adultas, debido a que es en esta etapa de la vida cuando la recurrencia en la realización de métodos extremos para el control del peso corporal, puede significar un mayor riesgo sobre el estado de salud.

Objective Assessing the association of age and weight with internalisation of the ideal of being thin, bodily dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptoms amongst three groups of females: teenage, young and adult women. Material and Methods 145 females participated, ranging in age from 12 to 46, who answered four self-reporting questionnaires aimed at measuring symptoms of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, the ideal of being thin and bodily dissatisfaction. The participants’ weight and height were also recorded for calculating their body mass index. Data analysis included descriptive and inferential statistics, specifically Spearman correlation and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results Being an older woman was associated with high internalisation of ideally being thin and bodily dissatisfaction; however, it was not correlated with eating disorder symptoms. Comparisons between groups showed that adult females were more dissatisfied with their bodies and their attitudes towards being thin; however, their attitudes and behaviour concerning abnormal eating were just as inappropriate as that amongst teenagers. Conclusions These findings show the need for research into attitudes towards eating amongst adult women because they use extreme methods for controlling weight which may result in higher health risks.

[Body image and eating disorders]. / Imagen Corporal y Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria.

OBJECTIVE: Assessing the association of age and weight with internalisation of the ideal of being thin, bodily dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptoms amongst three groups of females: teenage, young and adult women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 145 females participated, ranging in age from 12 to 46, who answered four self-reporting questionnaires aimed at measuring symptoms of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, the ideal of being thin and bodily dissatisfaction. The participants' weight and height were also recorded for calculating their body mass index. Data analysis included descriptive and inferential statistics, specifically Spearman correlation and Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: Being an older woman was associated with high internalisation of ideally being thin and bodily dissatisfaction; however, it was not correlated with eating disorder symptoms. Comparisons between groups showed that adult females were more dissatisfied with their bodies and their attitudes towards being thin; however, their attitudes and behaviour concerning abnormal eating were just as inappropriate as that amongst teenagers. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show the need for research into attitudes towards eating amongst adult women because they use extreme methods for controlling weight which may result in higher health risks.