Individual and community level factors associated with sexually transmitted infections among men in Tanzania: insights from the Tanzania demographic and health survey of 2022.

BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted infections continue to be a significant public health issue on a global scale. Due to their effects on reproductive and child health as well as their role in facilitating the spread of HIV infection, sexually transmitted infections impose a heavy burden of morbidity and mortality in many developing countries. In addition, stigma, infertility, cancer, and an increased risk of HIV are the primary impacts of STIs on sexual and reproductive health. While numerous studies have been conducted in Tanzania to address this specific topic in various settings, the majority of them weren't representative. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to use data from the most recent Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey in order to evaluate the individual and community-level factors associated with sexually transmitted infections among Tanzanian men at the national level. METHODS: The most recent datasets from the Tanzania demographic and health survey were used for secondary data analysis. A total of 5763 men participated in this study. The recent Tanzania demographic and health survey provides data for multilevel mixed effect analysis on the variables that contribute to sexually transmitted infections among men in Tanzania. Finally, the percentage and odd ratio were provided, together with their 95% confidence intervals. RESULT: This study includes a total weighted sample of 5763 men from the Tanzania demographic and health survey. Of the total study participants, 7.5% of men had sexually transmitted infections in the last twelve months. Being married [AOR: 0.531, 95% CI (0.9014, 3.429)] was a factor that reduced the risk of sexually transmitted infections among men. On the other hand, being between the age range of 20 and 24 years [AOR: 6.310, 95% CI (3.514, 11.329)] and having more than one union [AOR: 1.861, 95% CI (1.406, 2.463)] were the factors that increased the risk of sexually transmitted infections among men. CONCLUSIONS: Men's sexually transmitted infections have been associated with individual-level factors. So, the Tanzanian governments and the concerned stakeholders should provide special attention for men whose age range is 20-24 years old. Promoting marriages and limiting the number of sexual partners should be the main strategies to lower the risk of sexually transmitted infections among men in Tanzania.

Factors associated with anemia among reproductive age women in Nigeria; evidenced by the Nigeria malaria indicators survey: spatial and multilevel model analysis.

BACKGROUND: Anemia is a global public health problem among women of reproductive age group, especially in developing countries, which affect health, social and economic development that result in low physical activity, increased maternal morbidity and mortality and adverse neonatal outcome especially those with severe anemia. However, there is limited reliable and updated data on the spatial variations of anemia and its associated factors among reproductive-age women in Nigeria. METHODS: Secondary data analysis was conducted using data from the recent Nigeria malaria indicators survey datasets. The study comprised a total of 14,476 reproductive-age women. Spatial and multilevel mixed effect analysis on determinants factors of anemia among reproductive age women in Nigeria evidenced by the recent Nigerian malaria indicators survey. Finally, the percentage and odd ratio, its 95% confidence intervals, and the result of spatial analysis were reported. RESULT: This study includes a total weighted sample of 14,476 reproductive-age women from the Nigeria malaria indicators survey. The prevalence of anemia was 24.6% in Ethiopia. Being between the age range of 30-34 years [AOR: 0.217, 95% CI (0.171, 0.274)], Attending higher education [AOR: 0.848, 95%CI (0.740, 0.972)] and being male headed household [AOR: 0.540, 95% CI (0.471, 0.620)] were protective for anemia. On the other hand being poorest [AOR: 1.542 95%CI (1.299, 1.830)] and being listening radio less than once a week [AOR: 1.013, 95% CI (0.908, 1.131)] were risk for anemia. CONCLUSION: In this study Individual level factors were associated with anemia and also there were spatial variations in anemia across the region among reproductive-age women. Empowering women to have better educational status, improving the wealth index, and promoting education about prevention and control strategies of anemia through media especially in developing regions were the key factors to reduce anemia among reproductive age women in Nigeria.

Factors associated with modern contraceptive utilization among reproductive age women in Kenya; evidenced by the 2022 Kenyan demographic and health survey.

BACKGROUND: Globally, sexual and reproductive health is a significant public health issue for women of the reproductive age group. A modern contraceptive method enables individuals and families to manage fertility by reducing unintended pregnancies, abortions, pregnancy-related morbidity, and death. A modern contraceptive method is a drug or medical treatment that prevents sexual activity from leading to pregnancy. However, there is limited reliable and updated data on factors associated with modern contraceptive utilization among reproductive-age women at the national level in Kenya. So, the major goal of this study was to evaluate factors associated with modern contraceptive utilization among women of reproductive age in Kenya at the national level, as evidenced by the 2022 Kenyan demographic and health survey. METHODS: The most recent datasets from the Kenyan Demographic and Health Survey were used for secondary data analysis. In all, 14,987 women of reproductive age participated in the investigation. Data for multivariable analysis on the factors influencing modern contraceptive utilization among Kenyan women of reproductive age can be obtained from the Kenyan Demographic and Health Survey. Finally, the odd ratio and percentages were presented along with their 95% confidence intervals. RESULT: This study includes a total weighted sample of 14,987 reproductive-age women from the Kenyan demographic and health survey. Of the total contraceptive use, 90.1% of the study participants used modern contraceptives. Being married [AOR: 1.593, 95% CI (1.302, 1.948)], living in an urban area [AOR: 1.230, 95% CI (1.060, 1.428)], reading a magazine [1.002, 95% CI (0.921, 1.091)], listening to radio [AOR: 1.265, 95% CI (1.101, 1.454)], not breastfeeding [AOR: 1.296, 95% CI (1.114, 1.507), and having more than two children [AOR: 2.350, 95% CI (1.603, 3.445)] were the factors that promote modern contraceptive utilization. Conversely, having a history of terminated pregnancy [AOR: 0.767, 95% CI (0.657, 0.897), being Muslim [AOR: 0.566, 95% CI (0.418, 0.766)], and being in the 35-39 age range [AOR: 0.766, 95% CI (0.605, 0.971)] were all associated with a lower use of modern contraceptives. CONCLUSION: Certain factors such as marriage, living in urban areas, having more than two children, having a female-led household, belonging to the middle class, reading magazines, listening to the radio, and not breastfeeding have a positive correlation with the use of modern contraceptives. Conversely, being a Muslim, aged between 35 and 39, and having a history of miscarriages are negatively correlated with the use of modern contraceptives. This indicates that addressing socioeconomic, geographic, and cultural barriers could improve the effectiveness of modern contraceptive.

Sociodemographic factors associated with anemia among reproductive age women in Mali; evidenced by Mali malaria indicator survey 2021: spatial and multilevel mixed effect model analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Anemia is a severe global public health problem that threatens human health as well as social and economic development in both developing and developed nations. Anemia is a significant public health issue because; it affects people from all backgrounds. Anemia affected about one-third of non-pregnant women, 41.8% of pregnant women, and more than a quarter of the world's population. Any stage of a woman's life might result in anemia, due to physiological factors, infections, hormonal imbalances, pregnancy related complications, genetic factors, nutritional deficiency and environmental factors. Mali is a developing country with substantial anemia prevalence, particularly in the developing areas. In order to reduce anemia among women of reproductive age, the Mali government worked to enhance preventative and integrative interventions. One of the government's objectives is to reduce the prevalence of anemia in order to decrease maternal and infant mortality and morbidity. METHODS: Secondary data analysis was conducted using data from Mali Malaria Indicator Survey 2021 datasets. The study comprised a total of 10,765 reproductive-age women. Spatial and multilevel mixed effect analysis, chi-square, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were employed on determinant factors of anemia among reproductive age women in Mali. Finally, the percentage and odd ratio, its 95% confidence intervals, and the result of spatial analysis were reported. RESULTS: This study includes a total weighted sample of 10,765 reproductive-age women from Mali Malaria Indicator Survey 2021. The prevalence of anemia was 38%. Of them, 1.4%, were severely anemic, while 23.5% and 13.1% were moderately and mildly anemic, respectively in Mali. In the spatial analysis, the spatial distribution of anemia showed that a higher proportion of anemia found in southern and south west region of Mali. The northern and north east region of Mali had a low of proportion of anemia. being youngest age [20-24] years [ AOR = 0.817; 95% CI = (0.638,1.047); P = 0.000], attending higher education [AOR = 0.401; 95% CI= (0.278,0.579); P = 0.000], being male headed household [AOR = 0.653; 95% CI= (0.536,0.794); P = 0.000] and being richest [AOR = 0.629; 95% CI= (0.524,0.754) P = 0.000] were protective factors for anemia among reproductive age women. In contrast to this, living in rural area [ AOR = 1.053; 95% CI = (0.880,1.260); P = 0.000], being animist religion follower [AOR = 3.10; 95% CI= (0.763,12.623) P = 0.04], using unimproved drinking water sources [AOR = 1.117; CI= (1.017,1.228); P = 0.021} and using unimproved toilet facility [AOR = 1.018; CI= (0.917,1.130); P = 0.041} were considered as the risk factors for anemia among reproductive age women. CONCLUSION: In this study, anemia was linked to socio-demographic characteristics, and there were regional variations in the frequency of anemia among women of reproductive age. The most important measures to prevent anemia among women of reproductive age in Mali included empowering women to have higher levels of education, raising the wealth index, rise in awareness of improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities, spreading anemia education through religiously acceptable routes, and using an integrated approach to prevention and intervention in high-prevalent regions of the country.

Determinants of early initiation of first antenatal care visit in Ethiopia based on the 2019 Ethiopia mini-demographic and health survey: A multilevel analysis.

BACKGROUND: Early initiation of the first antenatal care visit provides a critical opportunity for health promotion, disease prevention, and curative care for women and their unborn fetuses. However, in developing countries, including Ethiopia, it is underutilized and most of the pregnant women didn't attend antenatal care visits during the first trimester (early). Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of early initiation of antenatal care visits and its determinants among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia. METHODS: A secondary data analysis was done based on the 2019 intermediate Ethiopian demographic health survey. The data were weighted by sampling weight for probability sampling and non-response to restore the representativeness of the data and have valid statistical estimates. Then, a total weighted sample of 2,935 women aged 15-49 years who gave birth in the five years preceding the survey and who had antenatal care visits for their last child was included. A multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model was fitted to examine the determinants of early initiation of first antenatal care visits. Finally, statistical significance was declared at a p-value < 0.05. RESULTS: In this study, the overall magnitude of early initiation of the first antenatal care visit was 37.4% (95%CI: 34.6-40.2%). Women who attend higher education (AOR = 2.26: 95%CI; 1.36-3.77), medium wealth status (AOR = 1.80: 95%CI; 1.17-2.76), richer wealth status (AOR = 1.86: 95%CI; 1.21, 2.85), richest wealth status (AOR = 2.34: 95%CI; 1.43-3.83), living in Harari region (AOR = 2.24: 95%CI; 1.16-4.30), and living at Dire-Dawa city (AOR = 2.24: 95%CI; 1.16-4.30) were higher odds of early initiation of first ANC visits. However, women who were rural resident (AOR = 0.70: 95%CI; 0.59-0.93), household headed by male (AOR = 0.87: 95%CI; 0.72, 0.97), having ≥ 5 family size (AOR = 0.71: 95%CI; 0.55-0.93), and living in SNNPRs (AOR = 0.44: 95%CI; 0.23-0.84) were lower odds of early initiation of first ANC visits. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of early initiation of first antenatal care remains low in Ethiopia. Women's education, residence, wealth status, household head, having ≥ 5 family sizes, and region were determinants of early initiation of first antenatal care visits. Improving female education and women's empowerment through economic transitions with special attention given to rural and SNNPR regional state residents could maximize the early initiation of first antenatal care visits. Furthermore, to increase early antenatal care uptake, these determinants should be considered when designing new policies or updating policies and strategies on antenatal care uptake to help increase early attendance, which can help in the reduction of maternal and neonatal mortality and to achieve sustainable development goals 3 by 2030.

Spatial variations and multilevel mixed effect analysis on determinants factors of modern contraceptive utilization among reproductive age women in Ethiopia; proven by Ethiopian mini demographic health survey 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Globally, in 2019, there are 1.9 billion women of reproductive age (15-49), of which 1.1 billion have a need for family planning. Of these, 842 million use contraceptives, and 270 million still have an unmet need for contraception. Ethiopia is a low-income country with inadequate access to family planning (FP), especially in the developing regions. The Ethiopian government was striving to increase the number of health facility in order to provide quality maternal care and services. Increasing the modern contraceptive prevalence rate is one of the goals of the government to reduce maternal and child mortality and morbidity. METHODS: Secondary data analysis was conducted using data from mini-EDHS of 2019 demographic and health Survey datasets. The study comprised a total of 8885 reproductive-age women. Spatial variations and multilevel mixed effect analysis on determinants factors of modern contraceptive use among reproductive age women in Ethiopia; evidenced by mini-EDHS 2019. Finally, the percentage and odd ratio, its 95% confidence intervals, and the result of spatial analysis were reported. RESULT: This study includes a total weighted sample of 8885 reproductive-age women from the 2019 mini-Ethiopian demographic and health survey. The prevalence of modern contraceptive use was 25.5% in Ethiopia. living in urban area [AOR = 2.13; 95% CI = (1.75, 2.61); P = 0.000], being married [AOR = 1.42; 95% CI = (1.19, 1.70); P = 0.000] were found positively associated with contraceptive use. In contrast to this, attending primary education [AOR = 0.91; 95% CI = (0.74, 1.12); P = 0.000]., being Muslim [AOR = 0.25; 95% CI = (0.22, 0.29); P = 0.000], being poorest [AOR = 0.54; 95% CI = (0.45, 0.66); P = 0.000] were found negatively associated with contraceptive use. CONCLUSION: In this study Individual and community level factors were associated with modern contraceptive use and also there were spatial variations in modern contraceptive use across the region among reproductive-age women. Empowering women to have better educational status, improving the wealth index, promoting marriage, creating awareness among rural residences women and promoting education about modern contraceptives through religiously acceptable persons, and promoting modern contraceptive use in developing regions were the key factors to improve modern contraceptive use among reproductive age women in Ethiopia.

Multilevel analysis of factors associated with HIV among women of reproductive age (15-49 years old) in Ethiopia: Bayesian approach.

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Sub-Saharan Africa regions are the most affected regions and accounted for 67% of HIV infections worldwide, and 72% of the world's AIDS-related deaths. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of HIV and identify factors associated with it among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia. METHODS: This study was conducted based on the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys data. The data were weighted using sampling weight for probability sampling and non-response to restore the representativeness of the data and get valid statistical estimates. Then, a total of 14,161 weighted sample women were used to investigate the study. Finally, a multilevel analysis was done based on the Bayesian approach to identify factors associated with HIV among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia. RESULTS: This study showed the prevalence of HIV among reproductive age group women was 0.85%. Being rural resident (adjusted odds ratio = 0.20; 95% CrI = 0.1-0.4), secondary education level (adjusted odds ratio = 0.20; 95% CrI = 0.1-0.4), rich wealth status (adjusted odds ratio = 4; 95% CrI = 3-6), married women but living separately (adjusted odds ratio = 2.3; 95% CrI = 1.2-4.5), long distance from the health facility (adjusted odds ratio = 0.4; 95% CrI = 0.3-0.5), and exposure to media (adjusted odds ratio = 2.9; 95% CrI = 1.8-4.7) were significantly associated with HIV. CONCLUSION: Being rural residents, women whose marital status is separated, wealthy, travel a long distance to get health facility, and are exposed to media are risky to be infected by HIV. Whereas being a rural resident and educated are preventive factors for HIV. Therefore, the government of Ethiopia and the ministry of health should consider those factors when they design HIV prevention and control strategies.