Candidiasis y Candida albicans / Candidiasis and Candida albicans

La candidiasis es una enfermedad micótica debida a levaduras pertenecientes al género Candida. Dentro del gran conjunto de microorganismos que colonizan al ser humano, Candida albicans es el agente etiológico más comúnmente detectado ya que habita como comensal en las superficies mucosas y la piel. C. albicans participa en procesos de fermentación de azúcares y asimilación de nutrientes, pero, en algunas ocasiones se relaciona con procesos patológicos. En los últimos años los avances tecnológicos y médicos; así como el aumento en la incidencia de infecciones por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, el auge creciente de la terapia inmunomoduladora y el uso de antibióticos de amplio espectro durante largos períodos de tiempo se han convertido en los factores de riesgo más importantes para la creciente incidencia de infecciones por microorganismos del género Candida. Debido a esto, resulta imperativo el conocimiento de esta enfermedad y sus formas clínicas más importantes, así como el abordaje diagnóstico y el tratamiento actual; información que recolectamos en este documento para brindar una visión general sobre esta patología(AU)

Candidiasis is a fungal disease caused by yeasts belonging to the genus Candida. Within the large group of microorganisms that colonize humans, candida albicans is the most commonly detected etiological agent since it inhabits mucosal surfaces and skin as a commensal. C. albicans participates in sugar fermentation processes and assimilation of nutrients but, on some occasions, it is related to pathological processes. In recent years, technological and medical advances; As well as the increase in the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus infections, the growing boom in immunomodulatory therapy and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for long periods of time have become the most important risk factors for the increasing incidence of infections by microorganisms of the genus Candida. Due to this, knowledge of this disease and its most important clinical forms, as well as the current diagnostic approach and treatment, is imperative; information that we collect in this document to provide an overview of this condition(AU)

Chromobacterium violaceum Periareolar Infection, First Non-Lethal Case in Colombia: Case Report and Literature Review.

Chromobacterium violaceum is a facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative rod found in different ecosystems, especially tropical and subtropical areas. Human infections are rare, and just a few cases have been reported in literature. In this paper, we present the first non-lethal infection due to Chromobacterium violaceum, in an adult male with polycystic kidney disease in Colombia. Periareolar soft tissue infection was documented with isolation of Chromobacterium violaceum. Clinical manifestations, treatment, and outcome are shown.

Septic emboli from pyomyositis.

Pyomyositis commonly presents with fever, muscle pain and abscess formation involving deep soft-tissue compartments. Staphylococcus aureus is the main causative organism and diagnosis is usually established clinically, supported by imaging, but confirmation may be achieved by histopathological examination. Broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy and surgical debridement are the cornerstone of treatment. Its prognosis is good but, as in all soft-tissue infections, it depends on early intervention, directed antibiotics and, if indicated, prompt surgery. In this paper, we describe a case of pelvic pyomyositis complicated with bacteraemia and bilateral septic pulmonary emboli in a young man in Colombia.

Plasmodium vivax infection due to percutaneous exposure in non-endemic area.

Malaria is an acute febrile disease due to Plasmodium species widely distributed in tropical areas of the world and it is a leading cause of death in developing countries. In 2018, 62.141 confirmed cases of malaria were reported in Colombia with P. vivax and Plasmodium falciparum being the causal species. Vectorial transmission is the most common way of acquiring the infection, however it can also occur by blood transfusion, transplacental route and percutaneous exposure. We describe a case of P. vivax infection by needle stick injury in a laboratory technician in Bogotá, Colombia.

Enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Case Report and Literature Review / Doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob. Apresentação de caso e revisão da literatura

Resumen: La enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (ECJ) es una patología neurodegenerativa transmisible, producida por una proteína anómala infectante denominada prion. Junto con el kuru, el insomnio familiar fatal y el síndrome de Gerstmann-Stráussler-Scheinker, configura el grupo de las llamadas encefalopatías espongiformes. La ECJ es la forma más común en el ser humano: se calcula que afecta a una persona por cada millón, a nivel mundial, y la mayoría de los pacientes presenta síntomas clásicos de demencia y mioclonías, asociadas a cambios específicos en el electroencefalograma (EEG). Conforme la enfermedad progresa, el cuadro demencial empeora y pueden presentarse síntomas visuales, cerebelosos, piramidales y extrapiramidales. El diagnóstico definitivo se logra demostrando la degeneración espongiforme de las neuronas en histopatología. La ECJ siempre es mortal y no tiene tratamiento específico: cerca del 90% de los pacientes fallece dentro del primer año después del diagnóstico. En este artículo, se reporta el caso de un paciente con ECJ esporádica probable, de acuerdo con los criterios diagnósticos actuales de la OMS y se da a conocer una revisión de la literatura.

Abstract: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a transmissible neurodegenerative pathology produced by an infecting abnormal protein called prion. Together with kuru, fatal familial insomnia, and Gerstmann-Stráussler-Scheinker syndrome, it forms the group of so-called spongiform encephalopathies. CJD is the most common form in humans: it is estimated to affect one person per million worldwide and most patients have classic symptoms of dementia and myoclonus, associated with specific changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG). As the disease progresses, the dementia condition worsens and visual, cerebellar, pyramidal, and extrapyramidal symptoms may develop. The final diagnosis is achieved by proving the spongiform degeneration of neurons in the histopathology. CJD is always fatal and has no specific treatment: about 90 % of patients die within the first year of diagnosis. This article reports the case of a patient with probable sporadic CJD, following current who diagnostic criteria, and provides a literature review.

Resumo: A doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (DCJ) é uma doença patologia neurodegenerativa transmissível, produzida por uma proteína anormal infectante denominada prion. Juntamente com o kuru, a Insónia familiar fatal e a síndrome de Gerstmann-Stráussler-Scheinker, forma o grupo das chamadas encefalopatias espongiformes. A DCJ é a forma mais comum em humanos: estima-se que ela afete uma em cada um milhão de pessoas em todo o mundo, e a maioria dos pacientes apresenta sintomas clássicos de demência e mioclonia, associados a alterações específicas no eletroencefalograma (EEG). À medida que a doença progride, o quadro de demência piora e podem surgir sintomas visuais, ce-rebelares, piramidais e extrapiramidais. O diagnóstico definitivo é obtido por meio da demonstração da degeneração espongiforme dos neurónios na histopatologia. A dcj é sempre fatal e não possui tratamento específico: cerca de 90% dos pacientes morrem no primeiro ano após o diagnóstico. Neste artigo, é relatado o caso de um paciente com dcj esporádica provável, de acordo com os atuais critérios de diagnóstico da oms, e é apresentada uma revisão da literatura.

Occupational exposure to blood borne pathogens among healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study of a registry in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Occupational exposure to blood borne pathogens caused by percutaneous injuries or mucosal contamination is frequent among Healthcare Workers (HCW). METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of HCW with an occupational exposure to blood reported to professional risk insurance agencies between 2009 and 2014 was performed. Comparisons between groups according to exposure level (mild, moderate, and severe) were evaluated. RESULTS: Two thousand, four hundred three reports were classified according exposure as mild 2.7 %, moderate 74.8 %, severe 21.9 %. Factors related: health sciences student with mild exposure events [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 11.91, 95 % CI 5.13-27.61, p < 0.00001], and physician with moderate exposure events (AOR 1.90, 95 % CI 1.17-3.07, p = 0.009). Factors inversely related: physician with severe exposure events (AOR 0.54, 95 % CI 0.32-0.91, p = 0.02) and health sciences student with moderate exposure events (AOR 0.08, 95 % CI 0.04-0.15, p < 0.00001). It was found an important relationship between severe events with infectious diseases specialist assessment, and follow-up adherence. Additionally, a case of Human Immunodeficiency Virus seroconversion was presented (0.0004 %), no other seroconversions were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Occupational exposure events must be managed according to established protocols, but adherence failure was evident with the exception of severe exposure cases. Thus, interventions to enhance occupational safety are required. Occupation must be considered as a risk factor during initial assessment of events.

Giant Molluscum Contagiosum in an HIV positive patient.

Molluscum Contagiosum (MC) is a skin infection caused by a double-stranded DNA virus of the family Poxviridae that replicates in the human epidermis, affecting mainly children and young sexually active adults and causing flesh colored papular lesions with central umbilication with an average size of 3-5mm, although atypical lesions that reach great size (Giant Molluscum Contagiosum), 10-15mm, can be seen in almost any immunodeficiency condition. We report the case of a 35 year old male patient with C3 HIV disease with an abdominal pathology associated to skin lesions predominantly in the forehead and scalp that reached sizes over 5mm, diagnosed as Giant Molluscum Contagiosum by skin biopsies.

Colección cornell intraestromal y queratitis po fusarium spp: presentación de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Collection ntrasstromal corneal and keratits by fusarium spp: report of twwo cases and review of the literature / Recolha cornano intra-estromal e ceratite pr fusarium spp: relato de dois casos e revisão da literatura

Las infecciones oculares por hongos filamentosos han aumentado su incidencia con el pasar de los años. Los traumas corneales, la terapia inmunosupresora y el uso de lentes de contacto han hecho que éstas aumenten su incidencia, pero existe un pequeño porcentaje de paciente que sin ningún factor de riesgo presentan infecciones por estos mohos. En este artículo reportamos dos casos de infección ocular por Fusarium spp. en dos pacientes de 21 y 30 años de edad respectivamente, inmunocompetentes, pertenecientes a las Fuerzas Militares y sin factores de riesgo asociados.

The filamentous fungal eye infections have been increasing in incidence in the last years. Corneal trauma, immunosuppressive therapy and use of contact lenses have increased their incidence, nonetheless a small percentage of patients with no risk factors still present with these mold infections. In this article we report a case of ocular infection by Fusarium spp. in two patients, a 21-year-old and a 30-year-old males. They work with the Military Forces, and were immunocompetent with no risk factors associated to the problem.

As infecções oculares por fungos filamentosos têm aumentado a sua incidência com o passar dos anos. Os traumas da córnea, a terapia imunossupressora e o uso de lentes de contato têm feito que estas aumentem a sua incidência, mas existe uma pequena percentagem de pacientes que semnenhumfator de riscoapresentam infecções por estes bolores. Em este artigo reportamos dois casos de infecção ocular por Fusarium spp. em dois pacientes de 21 e 30 anos de idade respectivamente, imunocompetentes, pertencentes às Forças Militares e semfatores de risco associados.