Exploring the Linkages between farm efficiency, farm environmental performance, and agri-environmental scheme adoption: Lessons from France.

The agricultural detrimental effects on the environment are a source of concern. Public mea-sures, such as agri-environmental schemes (AES), have been designed to incentivize farmers to adopt more sound environmental practices on the farm. In this study, we examine the effects of past initial economic and environmental performances on AES adoption by focusing on crop farms. Using Firth's logistic regression to address small sample bias with French FADN data from 1997 to 2007, we mainly find that technical efficiency has heterogeneous effects on AES adoption, depending on environmental indexes. This result suggests the presence of windfall effects. We also show complex interactions (antagonism or synergy) between economic and environmental performances in adoption decisions, and heterogeneous effects depending on the type of farming. The agricultural detrimental effects on the environment are a source of concern. Public mea-sures, such as agri-environmental schemes (AES), have been designed to incentivize farmers to adopt more sound environmental practices on the farm. In this study, we examine the effects of past initial economic and environmental performances on AES adoption by focusing on crop farms. Using Firth's logistic regression to address small sample bias with French FADN data from 1997 to 2007, we mainly find that technical efficiency has heterogeneous effects on AES adoption, depending on environmental indexes. This result suggests the presence of windfall effects. We also show complex interactions (antagonism or synergy) between economic and environmental performances in adoption decisions, and heterogeneous effects depending on the type of farming.

The plant ionome revisited by the nutrient balance concept.

Tissue analysis is commonly used in ecology and agronomy to portray plant nutrient signatures. Nutrient concentration data, or ionomes, belongs to the compositional data class, i.e., multivariate data that are proportions of some whole, hence carrying important numerical properties. Statistics computed across raw or ordinary log-transformed nutrient data are intrinsically biased, hence possibly leading to wrong inferences. Our objective was to present a sound and robust approach based on a novel nutrient balance concept to classify plant ionomes. We analyzed leaf N, P, K, Ca, and Mg of two wild and six domesticated fruit species from Canada, Brazil, and New Zealand sampled during reproductive stages. Nutrient concentrations were (1) analyzed without transformation, (2) ordinary log-transformed as commonly but incorrectly applied in practice, (3) additive log-ratio (alr) transformed as surrogate to stoichiometric rules, and (4) converted to isometric log-ratios (ilr) arranged as sound nutrient balance variables. Raw concentration and ordinary log transformation both led to biased multivariate analysis due to redundancy between interacting nutrients. The alr- and ilr-transformed data provided unbiased discriminant analyses of plant ionomes, where wild and domesticated species formed distinct groups and the ionomes of species and cultivars were differentiated without numerical bias. The ilr nutrient balance concept is preferable to alr, because the ilr technique projects the most important interactions between nutrients into a convenient Euclidean space. This novel numerical approach allows rectifying historical biases and supervising phenotypic plasticity in plant nutrition studies.