Triterpenes G-A and G-E from Galphimia glauca with anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity in mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Galphimia glauca is a medicinal plant that treats inflammatory and anti-rheumatic problems. Its anti-inflammatory capacity has been reported pharmacologically, attributed to the triterpenes G-A and G-E. AIM: The objective of the present work was to measure the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effect of the methanolic extract (GgMeOH) of Galphimia glauca and the isolated galphimines G-A and G-E, first in an acute test of plantar edema with carrageenan, and later in the model of experimental-induced arthritis with CFA. The effect was measured by quantifying joint inflammation, the concentration of pro- (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, and IL-4) cytokines, and the ADA enzyme in joints, kidneys, and spleen from mice with experimental arthritis. METHOD: The extract and the active triterpenes were obtained according to established methods using different chromatographic techniques. Female ICR strain mice were subjected to intraplantar administration with carrageenan and treated with different doses of GgMeOH, G-A, and G-E; edema was monitored at different times. Subsequently, the concentration of TNF-a and IL-10 in the spleen and swollen paw was quantified. Meloxicam (MEL) was used as an anti-inflammatory control drug. The most effective doses of each treatment were analyzed using a complete Freunds adjuvant (CFA)-induced experimental arthritis model. Joint inflammation was followed throughout the experiment. Ultimately, the concentration of inflammation markers, oxidant stress, and ADA activity was quantified. In this experimental stage, methotrexate (MTX) was used as an antiarthritic drug. RESULTS: Treatments derived from G. glauca, GgMeOH (DE50 = 158 mg/kg), G-A (DE50 = 2 mg/kg), and G-E (DE50 = 1.5 mg/kg) caused an anti-inflammatory effect in the plantar edema test with carrageenan. In the CFA model, joint inflammation decreased with all natural treatments; GgMeOH and G-A inhibited the ADA enzyme in all organs analyzed (joints, serum, spleen, left and right kidneys), while G-E inhibited the enzyme in joints, serum, and left kidney. CFA caused an increase in the weight index of the organs, an effect that was counteracted by the administration of G. glauca treatments, which also modulate the response to the cytokines analyzed in the different organs (IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, IL-6, and TNF- α). CONCLUSION: It is shown, for the first time, that the GgMeOH extract and the triterpenes G-A and G-E of Galphimia glauca have an anti-arthritic effect (anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and ADA inhibitor), using an experimental arthritis model with CFA. Therefore, knowledge of the plant as a possible therapeutic agent for this rheumatic condition is expanding.

Isolation, chemical characterization, and anti-inflammatory activity of coumarins, flavonoids, and terpenes from Tagetes lucida.

Tagetes lucida is widely used in traditional Mexican medicine for several disorders, including those associated with inflammation. In this work, fifteen compounds were identified (1-15) from T. lucida. Some of these compounds (1-8, 10, 12-14) were detected for the first time in the plant, and quercetagetin 7-O-ß-(6''-Protocatecoyl) glucopyranoside (13) has been identified for any plant species. The inflammation inhibition effects of these compounds were as follows: Amix (1-2) > 10 > 12a > 13 > 14a > Bmix (3-9) > 12; 12 and 13 showed a dose-response behavior. The mixture of 14 and 15 was not active. This work contributes to the knowledge of the anti-inflammatory capacity of T. lucida and the chemical identity of their bioactive compounds.

Effect of Terpenoids and Flavonoids Isolated from Baccharis conferta Kunth on TPA-Induced Ear Edema in Mice.

In this study, we isolated from the aerial parts of Baccharis conferta Kunth (i) a new neoclerodane, denominated "bacchofertone"; (ii) four known terpenes: schensianol A, bacchofertin, kingidiol and oleanolic acid; and (iii) two flavonoids: cirsimaritin and hispidulin. All structures were identified by an exhaustive analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectroscopy (MS). Extracts from aerial parts were screened for anti-inflammatory activity in the mice ear edema model of 12-O-tetradecanoylforbol-13-acetate mice. Dichloromethane extract (BcD) exhibited 78.5 ± 0.72% inhibition of edema, followed by the BcD2 and BcD3 fractions of 71.4% and 82.9% respectively, at a dose of 1 mg/ear. Kingidiol and cirsimaritin were the most potent compounds identified, with a median effective dose of 0.12 and 0.16 mg/ear, respectively. A histological analysis showed that the topical application of TPA promoted intense cell infiltration, and this inflammatory parameter was reduced with the topical application of isolated compounds.

Anti-inflammatory activity of coumarins isolated from Tagetes lucida Cav.

The anti-inflammatory activity of hexane (TlH) and acetone (TlAc) extracts from the aerial parts of Tagetes lucida were evaluated in a mice model of 12-Ο-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-Acetate (TPA)-induced auricular oedema. Also, five coumarin compounds from the TlH extract were identified, characterized and evaluated: 7-isoprenyloxycoumarin (1), herniarin (2), 6-methoxy-7-isoprenyloxycoumarin (3), 6,7,8-trimethoxycoumarin (4) and scoparone (5). Compounds 1 and 3 had not been previously identified in T. lucida. Compound 1 showed the highest activity with an 81.1% of oedema inhibition, while 2 reduced it in 54.4%, the other compounds showed less than 50% of inhibitory activity. The chemical structure of the compounds reveal that the substituent at the C-7 position is a crucial factor in exerting the anti-inflammatory activity.