Análise do padrão de envolvimento de linfonodos no carcinoma de células escamosas da orofaringe submetido à cirurgia robótica transoral / Analysis of the pattern of lympho node involvement in oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma submitted to transoral robotic surgery

A inovação das ressecções robóticas transorais permitiram o acesso a regiões da orofaringe cujas incisões convencionais tinham maior morbidade, reservando o acesso cervical para os casos com indicação de esvaziamento cervical. O estudo da linfangiogênese dos tumores de orofaringe se faz essencial, com vistas a individualização do tratamento do pescoço destes pacientes. Para tanto, foram analisados 156 prontuários de pacientes submetidos à orofaringectomia por via transoral robótica para o tratamento de carcinoma escamoso no período de 2012 a 2020 no Instituto Nacional de Câncer. A incidência de acometimento do nível IIA neste estudo foi de 39% (n=61) e III de 19,2% (n=30). O nível IIB estava majoritariamente associado ao acometimento do nível IIA. O baixo acometimento dos níveis cervicais IA, IB e V demonstra que ressecção profilática destes não apresentou benefícios associado à elevada morbidade. O conhecimento do padrão de disseminação linfonodal do câncer de orofaringe pode determinar a melhor abordagem cirúrgica do pescoço

The innovation of transoral robotic resections allowed access to regions of the oropharynx where conventional incisions had greater morbidity, reserving cervical access for cases requiring neck dissection. The study of lymphangiogenesis of oropharyngeal tumors is essential, with a view to individualizing the treatment of the neck of these patients. To this end, 156 medical records of patients who underwent robotic transoral oropharyngectomy for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma from 2012 to 2020 at the National Cancer Institute were analyzed. The incidence of level IIA involvement in this study was 39% (n=61) and III was 19.8% (n=31). Level IIB was mostly associated with level IIA involvement. The low involvement of cervical levels IA, IB and V demonstrates that prophylactic resection of these did not provide benefits associated with high morbidity. Knowledge of the lymph node spread pattern of oropharyngeal cancer can determine the best surgical approach to the neck

Minor Salivary Gland Cancer of the Head and Neck: A Review of Epidemiologic Aspects, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Minor salivary gland carcinomas (MiSGC) of the head and neck are a group of rare cancers with significant heterogeneity in histological types and with variable clinical behavior. This study aims to clarify the incidence, epidemiology, predictive factors, and outcome-based survival in a large cohort of patients treated at the Brazilian National Cancer Institute (BNCI) over a 20-year period by comparing and associating the results of current articles on the world stage. RECENT FINDINGS: The difficulty in developing an algorithm of treatment is due to the low number of cases when evaluated in a single institution and the variety of histological subtypes that have different behaviors and different treatments according to each anatomical location. We reviewed the experience of tertiary centers for the treatment of head and neck cancer and epidemiological studies from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database of the National Cancer Institute of the USA. The lack of consensus on the management of MiSGC requires further knowledge about the biological behaviors of these tumors, as the identification of predictive factor of failure and survival to adequate treatment intensity. The growing collaboration of different centers publishing their experience allows us to unify these samples to reach concrete conclusions about these tumors.

Palliative Care in Heart Failure: An Integrative Review of Nurse Practice.

Introduction: Because it is a chronic disease of progressive evolution, heart failure requires nursing attitudes and practices that are articulated with palliative care, implemented in an interdisciplinary team along with patients and their families. Objective: Identifying nurses' attitudes and practices in palliative care in cardiology. Method: Integrative literature review. The searches were carried out in the following bases: Google Scholar, Virtual Health Library, LILACS, SciELO, Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Scopus; through the terms Palliative Care AND Cardiology AND Nursing. Results: We identified 1298 studies published in the last five years, 14 of which have been selected for the scope of this review. Nurse attitudes and practices were characterized as: approach to symptom control; promotion of comfort and well-being; integrality of care and family orientation; effective communication among patients, family members and nursing team; timely evaluation for palliative care. Most of the studies included in this review have evidence level 2C (n = 7) and 2B (n = 4). Therefore, the results can be interpreted as reliable. Conclusions: This study makes important contributions to the practice of nurses in palliative care for heart failure. Based on the evidence collected, nurses can develop actions with the nursing team and with the interdisciplinary team related to direct patient and family care, as well as professional training. However, the field lacks studies showing the practices and actions implemented by the nursing team.

Cellular prion protein offers neuroprotection in astrocytes submitted to amyloid ß oligomer toxicity.

The cellular prion protein (PrPC), in its native conformation, performs numerous cellular and cognitive functions in brain tissue. However, despite the cellular prion research in recent years, there are still questions about its participation in oxidative and neurodegenerative processes. This study aims to elucidate the involvement of PrPC in the neuroprotection cascade in the presence of oxidative stressors. For that, astrocytes from wild-type mice and knockout to PrPC were subjected to the induction of oxidative stress with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and with the toxic oligomer of the amyloid ß protein (AßO). We observed that the presence of PrPC showed resistance in the cell viability of astrocytes. It was also possible to monitor changes in basic levels of metals and associate them with an induced damage condition, indicating the precise role of PrPC in metal homeostasis, where the absence of PrPC leads to metallic unbalance, culminating in cellular vulnerability to oxidative stress. Increased caspase 3, p-Tau, p53, and Bcl2 may establish a relationship between a PrPC and an induced damage condition. Complementarily, it has been shown that PrPC prevents the internalization of AßO and promotes its degradation under oxidative stress induction, thus preventing protein aggregation in astrocytes. It was also observed that the presence of PrPC can be related to translocating SOD1 to cell nuclei under oxidative stress, probably controlling DNA damage. The results of this study suggest that PrPC acts against oxidative stress activating the cellular response and defense by displaying neuroprotection to neurons and ensuring the functionality of astrocytes.

Relato de caso: Carcinoma papilífero em bócio multinodular com comportamento de lesão indiferenciada / Case Report: Papillary thyroid goiter with behavior of undifferentiated lesion

O bócio multinodular é, tradicionalmente, considerado uma condição benigna com baixo risco de malignidade associada. No entanto, alguns estudos publicados sugerem que a incidência de malignidade em pacientes com bócio multinodular se aproxima da de pacientes com nódulo tireoidiano solitário. Apresentamos um caso que traz essa discussão comparando nossa experiência com a literatura internacional. Paciente com bócio multinodular tratado ambulatorialmente por 3 anos com Bethesda I evoluiu agressivamente com lesão cutânea ulcerada e carcinoma papilar T4a com metástase linfonodal. O risco de malignidade no bócio multinodular não deve ser subestimado, e que um nódulo dominante e não dominante deve ser avaliado como se fosse um nódulo solitário

Multinodular goiter is, traditionally, been thought of as a benign condition with a low risk of associated malignancy. However, some published studies suggests that the incidence of malignancy in patients with multinodular goiter approaches that of patients with a solitary thyroid nodule. We present a case that brings this discussion by comparing our experience with international literature. A patient with multinodular goiter treated as an outpatient for 3 years with Bethesda I progressed aggressively with an ulcerated skin lesion and a T4a papillary carcinoma with lymph node metastasis. The risk of malignancy in multinodular goiter has not to be underestimated, and that a dominant and nondominant nodule should be valued as if it were a solitary nodule

Brazilian Horses from Bahia State Are Highly Infected with Sarcocystis bertrami.

The protozoan Sarcocystis bertrami (syn. Sarcocystis fayeri) infects horses and has dogs as definitive hosts. Herein we aimed to detect S. bertrami in Brazilian horses destined for human consumption and to determine the frequency of infection in the examined animals. Muscle fragments from 51 horses were collected in a slaughterhouse in Bahia State during three different seasons of the year. Samples from six tissues from each animal were prepared for macroscopic and microscopic evaluation, using tissue grinding, squash and histology. Sarcocystis sp. was observed in 100% of the examined horses. Selected samples were processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Species identification was confirmed using a PCR targeted to the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1). Histological examination revealed sarcocysts with variable sizes and shapes, and dispersed within the muscle fibers. When observed by TEM, the sarcocyst wall was wavy and covered by an electrodense layer. The villar protrusions were digitiform and bent. To our knowledge, this study is the first morphological and molecular confirmation of S. bertrami in horses in Brazil and South America.

Prediction of food quality parameters in fish burgers by partial least square models using RGB pattern of digital images.

Abstract: Rancid taste, pH, and TBARS are important quality parameters of food oxidation, analyzed in a time-consuming and destructive way. Non-destructive characterization of food can be achieved correlating this data with computational vision. Thus, the present study aimed to use RGB digital images to predict sensory rancid taste, pH, and TBARS results in fish burgers. A mobile obtained the digital images, in a controlled environment, and 768 grayscales were performed using RGB histograms. The pH, showed a peak at 21st day of storage, which PCA confirmed by isolating the 21st samples, corroborated by HCA grouping 21st day samples. PLS models from RGB digital images and sensory rancidity, pH and TBARS data, using mean center method and SIMPLS algorithm found models with > 0.97 R2. Thus, any digital image of this batch of burgers, inserted into the model to predict rancid taste, pH and TBARS has high confidence level of prediction.

Cellular prion protein activates Caspase 3 for apoptotic defense mechanism in astrocytes.

The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is anchored in the plasma membrane of cells, and it is highly present in cells of brain tissue, exerting numerous cellular and cognitive functions. The present study proves the importance of PrPC in the cellular defense mechanism and metal homeostasis in astrocytes cells. Through experimental studies using cell lines of immortalized mice astrocytes (wild type and knockout for PrPC), we showed that PrPc is involved in the apoptosis cell death process by the activation of Caspase 3, downregulation of p53, and cell cycle maintenance. Metal homeostasis was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique, indicating the crucial role of PrPC to lower intracellular calcium. The lowered calcium concentration and the Caspase 3 downregulation in the PrPC-null astrocytes resulted in a faster growth rate in cells, comparing with PrPC wild-type one. The presence of PrPC shows to be essential to cell death and healthy growth. In conclusion, our results show for the first time that astrocyte knockout cells for the cellular prion protein could modulate apoptosis-dependent cell death pathways.

Amino acid profile of food fishes with potential to diversify fish farming activity.

In Brazil, 47% of the fish farming correspond to the tilapia species, and the main producers are the south and northeast regions. This work aimed at characterizing the amino acid profile of three fishes with the potential for rearing and diversification in Brazil and worldwide. The fishes grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), and catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were obtained from a rural property located in the city of Pato Branco, PR, Brazil, and analyzed regarding the amino acid composition through High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. The amino acid profile showed the presence of glutamic acid, followed by lysine, aspartic acid, and leucine as the most prominent amino acids for the three fishes. Among the studied species, the grass carp presented the highest content of essential amino acids, registering all values superior to the minimum recommendation standards determined by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The disclosure of the significant nutritional value presented by these species consolidate their protein quality and expand possibilities to improve the fish farming and development of derivative products.

Fatores de satisfações e insatisfações no trabalho de enfermeiros / Satisfaction and dissatisfaction factors in the work of nurses

Objetivo: identificar os fatores que motivam a satisfação e insatisfação no trabalho de enfermeiros. Método: trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, descritivo, com 15 enfermeiros de um pronto-socorro de um hospital de universitário. Coletaram-se os dados por meio de entrevistas individuais audiogravadas e se utilizou a Técnica de Análise de Conteúdo na modalidade Análise Temática. Resultados: emergiram-se após análise duas categorias: << Fatores que motivam a insatisfação no trabalho >> e << Fatores que motivam a satisfação no trabalho >>. Relacionou-se a insatisfação ao número insuficiente de recursos humanos e materiais e à falta de valorização da sociedade do enfermeiro; já a satisfação esteve associada com a oportunidade de capacitação e as reuniões do serviço. Conclusão: precisam-se programar estratégias que proporcionem maximizar as vivências de satisfação e minimizar a insatisfação, o que repercutirá em uma melhor qualidade de assistência aos pacientes, familiares e na promoção da saúde do trabalhador.(AU)

Objective: to identify the factors that motivates nurses' job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Method: this is a qualitative, descriptive study, with 15 nurses from an emergency room at a university hospital. Data was collected through individual audio-recorded interviews and the Content Analysis Technique was used in the Thematic Analysis modality. Results: two categories emerged after analysis: << Factors that motivate job dissatisfaction >> and << Factors that motivate job satisfaction >>. Dissatisfaction was related to the insufficient number of human and material resources and the lack of appreciation of the nurse's society; satisfaction was associated with training opportunities and service meetings. Conclusion: strategies need to be programmed to maximize the experiences of satisfaction and minimize dissatisfaction, which will result in a better quality of care for patients, family members and the promotion of workers' health.(AU)

Objetivo: identificar los factores que motivan la satisfacción e insatisfacción laboral de los enfermeros. Método: este es un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, con 15 enfermeros de una sala de emergencias en un hospital universitario. Los datos se recopilaron a través de entrevistas individuales grabadas en audio y la Técnica de Análisis de Contenido se utilizó en la modalidad de Análisis Temático. Resultados: surgieron dos categorías después del análisis: << Factores que motivan la insatisfacción laboral >> y << Factores que motivan la satisfacción laboral >>. La insatisfacción se relacionó con la cantidad insuficiente de recursos humanos y materiales y la falta de apreciación de la sociedad del enfermero; la satisfacción se asoció con oportunidades de capacitación y reuniones de servicio. Conclusión: las estrategias deben programarse para maximizar las experiencias de satisfacción y minimizar la insatisfacción, lo que dará como resultado una mejor calidad de atención para los pacientes, los familiares y la promoción de la salud de los trabajadores.(AU)

Flash Profile as an effective method for assessment of odor profile in three different fishes.

Fish has a high nutritional value and its regular consumption is associated with lower probabilities of cardiovascular diseases. Brazilians are characterized as low fish consumers, and the fish odor significantly affects the consumer acceptance or rejection. Grass carp, catfish and pacu are three fishes with high potential of farming in the Southwestern region of Paraná, Brazil, and worldwide. The characterization of their odor profile using the Flash Profile technique is the focus of this study. With assessors selected for odor analysis, the assessment of samples of the three species of fish was carried out in two stages (1) generation of attributes using the Grid method and (2) evaluation of the fish samples, according to attributes individually selected, with 9 cm unstructured and anchored scales. The data was processed by using generalized procrustes analysis. A total of 19 selected assessors were able to recognize and describe the stimuli perceived by the different substances. The terminology surveyed revealed the term "fishy" as the most cited, followed by "pond water", "fat" and "rancid". Flash Profile provided a precise odor characterization and discrimination with quantitative differences among the fishes. Pacu was the species related to the terms earth, fat, plant, fridge and wood. Earth, viscera, putrid, fat, burnt oil, blood, fishy odor and acid characterized the catfish, related to the most negative descriptors. Grass carp was associated to the terms pond water, fishy odor, rancidity, fat and grass.

Lactobionic Acid as a Potential Food Ingredient: Recent Studies and Applications.

Lactobionic acid (LBA) is a bionic acid naturally found in the "Caspian Sea yogurt" and chemically constituted of a gluconic acid bonded to a galactose. The compound is known for its numerous proven attributes as an antioxidant, chelator, and moisturizer agent. There is a growing interest of the academic community and industry research sectors in the application of LBA as a food ingredient. Thus, this review describes the current methods of LBA production, patents related, general applications and regulations, research statistics, future prospects, and an overview of the challenges faced by the food industry to incorporate the acid in their products. Studies associated to food application and human intake are scarce in the literature. To date, they account for only a small amount of all available research papers and patents on the subject, which is due to LBA prohibitions despite the approval of its salt (calcium lactobionate) and the lack of regulation in most countries. Further studies on the safety of consumption should be carried out in coming years in order to elucidate its toxicological aspects and to extend the technological possibilities of the food processing industry.

Evaluation of anti-HSV-1 activity and toxicity of hydroethanolic extract of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip. (Asteraceae).

BACKGROUND: Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) is widely distributed throughout the world's population. The virus spreads through direct contact with an infected individual. After primary infection, the virus remains in a latent state, and the recurrence of herpetic lesions is common. Standard treatment is performed with nucleoside analogues, but the selection of resistant strains have occurred, thus requiring the continual search for new antiviral agents. Plant extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds are a good source for studying possible antiviral compounds. HYPOTHESIS: Among plants with antiviral activity, the crude extract of aerial parts of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip. (Asteraceae) have previously shown to inhibit HSV-1 infection in vitro. METHODS: The present study investigated the chemical composition of a crude hydroethanolic extract (CHE) of T. parthenium, and in vivo safety and therapeutic efficacy against HSV-1 infection. RESULTS: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that the CHE was composed of phenolic acids (chlorogenic acids) and sesquiterpene lactones (parthenolide). Acute and subchronic toxicity and genotoxicity tests in vivo showed that oral CHE administration did not result in signs of toxicity, with no genotoxic potential. The CHE was also safe for topical administration, in which no irritation of the epidermis was observed in treated animals. Tests of topical and oral therapeutic efficacy showed that the CHE was effective against HSV-1 infection. Topical administration was the most effective, the results for which were comparable to acyclovir. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that the CHE from aerial parts of Tanacetum parthenium has in vivo anti-HSV-1 activity and is safe for oral and topical application.

Notificação de violência intrafamiliar na perspectiva de enfermeiros e médicos da Estratégia Saúde da Família / Notification of intrafamily violence from the perspective of nurses and doctors of the Family Health Strategy

A violência, além de um problema social, policial e/ou de justiça, constitui também um importante problema de saúde pública. Dentre as violências que afligem a população, de forma representativa, a violência intrafamiliar, assunto complexo e frequente, apresenta prevalência mais alta do que muitas patologias, tendo imensa invisibilidade e afetando a sociedade de forma contínua. Afeta em especial mulheres, crianças, adolescentes, idosos e portadores de deficiência. Entende-se que a notificação de violências interpessoais e autoprovocadas é uma das ações de vigilância em saúde, sendo um passo importante para a construção de medidas protetivas às pessoas que vivenciam situações de violência. A Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) por sua proximidade, vínculo e atenção à saúde da população assistida, torna-se uma grande potência no que diz respeito à identificação da violência intrafamiliar e sua notificação. Considerando esse panorama, objetivamos com este estudo descrever a percepção de enfermeiros e médicos da ESF da AP. 3.1 do município do Rio de Janeiro, sobre as principais manifestações de violência identificadas no contexto intrafamiliar; discutir a percepção de enfermeiros e médicos sobre a notificação de violência intrafamiliar e analisar os fatores facilitadores e dificultadores na realização das notificações de violência intrafamiliar por profissionais da ESF. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória com abordagem qualitativa, que teve como participantes enfermeiros e médicos atuantes na ESF. O cenário da pesquisa foi um Centro Municipal de Saúde (CMS) localizado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Na análise de dados foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. Como resultados, emergiram duas grandes categorias: Perspectivas das manifestações de violência intrafamiliar por enfermeiros e médicos da ESF e Percepção de enfermeiros e médicos da ESF sobre a notificação de violência intrafamiliar. Os principais grupos populacionais atingidos pela violência intrafamiliar foram: mulheres, crianças e adolescentes e idosos, respectivamente. Na caracterização das principais formas de manifestação de violência, foram identificadas, nesta ordem: violência física, seguida da violência verbal/moral, negligência/abandono, violência sexual e violência psicológica. A notificação de violência foi considerada uma forma de cuidar. Discussões sobre os fatores que influenciam notificação da violência levantaram considerações sobre o que facilita e o que dificulta a realização da notificação pelos profissionais

Violence, besides being a social, police and/or justice problem, is also an important public health problem. Among the violences afflicting the population, in a representative form, intrafamily violence, a complex and frequent issue, has higher prevalence than many diseases, having immense invisibility and affecting society continuously. It affects, in particular, women, children, adolescents, the elderly and people with disabilities. It is understood that the notification of interpersonal and self-inflicted violence is an action of health surveillance, being an important step for the construction of protective measures to persons who experience violence situations. The Family Health Strategy (FHS), for its proximity, bond and attention to the population's health, becomes a major power regarding the identification and notification of intrafamily violence. Considering this panorama, the aim of this study is to describe the perceptions of nurses and doctors from the FHS in Rio de Janeiro's Programmatic Area 3.1 on the main expressions of violence identified in the domestic context; to discuss the perceptions of nurses and doctors about the notification of domestic violence and to examine the facilitating and hindering factors in carrying out the notification of domestic violence by the Family Health Strategy's professionals. This is an exploratory research with qualitative approach, whose participants were nurses and doctors active in the FHS. The research scenario was a municipal Health Centre located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. In the data analysis, it was used the content analysis proposed by Bardin. As a result, two broad categories emerged: Prospects of intrafamily violence demonstrations by FHS's nurses and doctors and Perception of FHS's nurses and doctors on the notification of domestic violence. The main population groups affected by intrafamily violence were: women, children and adolescents, and elderly, respectively. The main forms of violence manifestations have been identified in this order: physical violence, followed by verbal/moral violence, neglect/abandonment, sexual violence and psychological violence. The violence notification was considered a form of care. Discussions on the factors that influence the notification of violence raised considerations on factors that facilitate and factors that hinder the realization of the notification by the professionals.

Spatial study of leprosy in Bahia, Brazil, 2001-2012: an approach based on the local empirical Bayesian model. / Estudo espacial da hanseníase na Bahia, 2001-2012: abordagem a partir do modelo bayesiano empírico local.

OBJECTIVE: to compare the temporal evolution and spatial distribution of epidemiological indicators of leprosy, both crude and also corrected using the empirical Bayesian model, Bahia, Brazil, 2001-2012. METHODS: this was an ecological study using data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System; all 417 municipalities in Bahia were included and the following indicators per 100,000 inhabitants were analyzed - detection rate of new cases in the general population, in those <15 years old, and in those with grade 2 physical disability -; the local empirical Bayesian model was used to smoothen the indicators, and Student's t-test was used to compare means. RESULTS: indicators estimated by the model were higher than crude indicators; estimated detection rates in the general population and in those <15 years old were higher than crude rates in 253 (60.7%) and 209 (50.1%) municipalities, respectively; areas of greatest risk were concentrated in the northwestern and southern regions of the state. CONCLUSION: spatial distribution of the disease was heterogeneous and there was possible underreporting of cases.

Parthenolide Influences Herpes simplex virus 1 Replication in vitro.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Parthenolide is a sesquiterpene lactone that is present in plants of the Tanacetum genus, for which many biological effects have already been reported, including antiherpetic activity. Although the effectiveness of parthenolide against Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) has already been demonstrated, such findings are still controversial. The objective of this study was to investigate the ways in which parthenolide exerts anti-HSV-1 activity. METHODS: The cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of parthenolide were determined by the MTT method and plaque reduction assay, respectively. The expression of cell and viral proteins during the treatment of infected cells was investigated by Western blot. RESULTS: Both strains of HSV-1 were sensitive to parthenolide, and parthenolide was active only after penetration of the virus into the host cell. The expression of p65 protein decreased, the expression of caspases 8 and 9 increased, and the expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 protein was altered in infected cells after parthenolide treatment, resulting in lower cell survival. The low expression of viral proteins gB, gD, and ICP0 confirmed the reduction of HSV-1 particle production. CONCLUSION: Parthenolide exerts anti-HSV-1 activity by impairing cell viability, which consequently interferes with the efficient infection and production of new viral particles.

Estudo espacial da hanseníase na Bahia, 2001-2012: abordagem a partir do modelo bayesiano empírico local / Estudio espacial de la lepra en Bahia, Brasil, 2001-2012: enfoque a partir del modelo bayesiano empírico local / Spatial study of leprosy in Bahia, Brazil, 2001-2012: an approach based on the local empirical Bayesian model

Objetivo: comparar a evolução temporal e a distribuição espacial dos indicadores epidemiológicos de hanseníase brutos e corrigidos pelo modelo bayesiano empírico, Bahia, Brasil, 2001-2012. Métodos: estudo ecológico com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação; foram incluídos todos os 417 municípios baianos e analisados os indicadores/100 mil habitantes - taxa de detecção de casos novos na população geral, em <15 anos e de grau 2 de incapacidade física -; utilizou-se o modelo bayesiano empírico local para suavização dos indicadores, e o teste t de Student, para comparação das médias. Resultados: os indicadores estimados pelo modelo foram superiores aos observados; as taxas de detecção geral e em <15 anos estimadas foram superiores às observadas em 253 (60,7%) e 209 (50,1%) municípios, respectivamente; as áreas de maior risco concentraram-se no eixo Norte-Oeste e na região Sul do estado. Conclusão: distribuição espacial heterogênea da doença e existência de possível subnotificação de casos.

Objetivo: comparar la evolución temporal y la distribución espacial de los indicadores epidemiológicos de la lepra brutos y corregidos por el modelo bayesiano empírico, Bahia, 2001-2012. Métodos: estudio ecológico con datos del Sistema de Información de Agravamientos de Notificación; se incluyeron todos los 417 municipios baianos y se analizaron los indicadores/100 mil habitantes - tasa de detección de casos nuevos en la población general, en <15 años y de grado 2 de incapacidad física -; se utilizó el modelo bayesiano empírico local para suavizar los indicadores, y la prueba t de Student, para la comparación de los promedios. Resultados: los indicadores estimados por el modelo fueron superiores a los observados; las tasas de detección general y en <15 años estimadas fueron superiores a las observados en 253 (60,7%) y 209 (50,1%) municipios; las áreas de mayor riesgo se concentraron en el eje Norte-Oeste y en la región sur del estado. Conclusión: distribución espacial heterogénea de la enfermedad y existencia de posible subnotificación.

Objective: to compare the temporal evolution and spatial distribution of epidemiological indicators of leprosy, both crude and also corrected using the empirical Bayesian model, Bahia, Brazil, 2001-2012. Methods: this was an ecological study using data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System; all 417 municipalities in Bahia were included and the following indicators per 100,000 inhabitants were analyzed - detection rate of new cases in the general population, in those <15 years old, and in those with grade 2 physical disability -; the local empirical Bayesian model was used to smoothen the indicators, and Student's t-test was used to compare means. Results: indicators estimated by the model were higher than crude indicators; estimated detection rates in the general population and in those <15 years old were higher than crude rates in 253 (60.7%) and 209 (50.1%) municipalities, respectively; areas of greatest risk were concentrated in the northwestern and southern regions of the state. Conclusion: spatial distribution of the disease was heterogeneous and there was possible underreporting of cases.

Perfil sociodemográfico da adolescente em situação de rua: análise das condições socioculturais / Socio-demographic profile of female adolescents in a street situation: analysis of sociocultural conditions / Perfil sociodemográfico de la adolescente en situación de calle: análisis de las condiciones socioculturales

Objetivo: analisar o perfil sócio-econômico-demográfico de mulheres adolescentes em situação de rua, na perspectiva das condições socioculturais. Metodologia: pesquisa quantitativa com 21 mulheres adolescentes com experiência de viver na rua, acolhidas em duas unidades da rede municipal de acolhimento do Rio de Janeiro. Os dados foram produzidos a partir de entrevistas contendo questões objetivas de caracterização do perfil sócio-econômico-demográfico, e submetidos à análise estatística com cálculos de frequência absoluta e percentual. Resultados: maioria das adolescentes é preta/parda; apresenta baixa escolaridade; proveniente de comunidades pobres; seus responsáveis têm baixa escolaridade, desemprego/subemprego ou envolvimento com ilegalidade/criminalidade; maioria afastada do convívio familiar há mais de 1 ano com sucessivas passagens pelo acolhimento institucional. Conclusão: dados refletem as raízes históricas do grupo, com reprodução do padrão parental, ressaltando a precariedade intergeracional. A longa história de afastamento do convívio familiar indica a dimensão do esgarçamento dos laços familiares, fornecendo indícios das precariedades econômicas e psicoafetivas e da necessidade de intervenções preventivas.

Objectives: to analyze the social, economic and demographic profile of female adolescents in a street situation, from the standpoint of socio-cultural conditions. Methodology: this quantitative study of 21 adolescent women with experience of living on the street, in care at two of Rio de Janeiro's municipal shelters. Data were produced from interviews with objective questions to characterize a social, economic and demographic profile, and were subjected to statistical analysis by calculating absolute and percentage frequencies. Results: most of the adolescents were black or brown, had little schooling, and were from poor communities; most had lived away from their families for more than one year and had been institutionalized several times; their guardians had little schooling, and were un- or under-employed or involved in illegal or criminal activities. Conclusion: the data reflect the group's historical roots and its reproduction of parental patterns, and highlight the intergenerational precarity. The long histories of removal from the family indicate the extent to which family ties are fragmentary, and evidence precarious economic and psycho-affective conditions and the need for preventive interventions.

Objetivos: analizar el perfil socioeconómico-demográfico de chicas adolescentes en situación de calle, en la perspectiva de las condiciones socioculturales. Metodología: investigación cuantitativa con 21 adolescentes del sexo femenino con experiencia de vivir en la calle, recibidas en dos unidades de acogida de la red municipal de Río de Janeiro. Los datos fueron producidos a partir de entrevistas con preguntas objetivas de caracterización del perfil socioeconómico-demográfico y sometidos al análisis estadístico con cálculos de frecuencia absoluta y porcentual. Resultados: la mayoría de las adolescentes son negras/pardas; tienen baja escolaridad; proceden de comunidades pobres; sus responsables tienen baja escolaridad, desempleo/subempleo o implicación con ilegalidad/ criminalidad; la mayoría está alejada de la convivencia familiar desde hace más de un año con sucesivos pasos por instituciones de acogida. Conclusión: los datos reflejan las raíces históricas del grupo, resaltando la precariedad intergeneracional. La larga historia de alejamiento de la convivencia familiar indica cómo se desgastan los lazos familiares, mostrando indicios de las precariedades económicas y psicoafectivas y de la necesidad de intervenciones preventivas.

Generation of Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGEs) by glycoxidation mediated by copper and ROS in a human serum albumin (HSA) model peptide: reaction mechanism and damage in motor neuron cells.

Glucose, in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), acts as an as an oxidative agent and drives deleterious processes in Diabetes Mellitus. We have studied the mechanism and the toxicological effects of glucose-dependent glycoxidation reactions driven by copper and ROS, using a model peptide based on the exposed sequence of Human Serum Albumin (HSA) and containing a lysine residue susceptible to copper complexation. The main products of these reactions are Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs). Carboxymethyl lysine and pyrraline condensed on the model peptide, generating a Modified Peptide (MP). These products were isolated, purified, and tested on cultured motor neuron cells. We observed DNA damage, enhancement of membrane roughness, and formation of domes. We evaluated nuclear abnormalities by the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay and we measured cytostatic and cytotoxic effects, chromosomal breakage, nuclear abnormalities, and cell death. AGEs formed by glycoxidation caused large micronucleus aberrations, apoptosis, and large-scale nuclear abnormalities, even at low concentrations.

Encapsulation and release studies of strawberry polyphenols in biodegradable chitosan nanoformulation.

Polyphenols (negative groups) of strawberry extract interacts with positively protonated amino groups of chitosan which helps in maximum encapsulation. This approach can improve the bioavailability and sustained release of phytochemicals having lower bioavailability. The optimum mass ratio of chitosan-tripolyphosphate and polyphenols (PPs) loading was investigated to be 3:1 and 0.5mg/ml of strawberry extract, respectively. Prepared nanoformulation were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The formed particles size ranged between 300 and 600nm and polydispersity index (PDI) of≈0.5. The optimized formulation showed encapsulation efficiency of 58.09% at 36.47% of polyphenols loading. Initial burst and continuous release of PPs was observed at pH 7.4 of in vitro release studies. PPs release profile at this pH was found to be non-Fickian analomous diffusion and the release was followed first order kinetics. And at pH 1.4, diffusion-controlled Fickian release of PPs was observed.