Environmental and behavioral factors associated with household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in children and adolescents.

Objective: To analyze the association between risk behaviors and environmental factors and SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents in the family environment. Methods: Cross-sectional study. A total of 267 children and adolescents aged 5-19 years who have contact with COVID-19-positive essential workers were tested between June and October 2020. Behavioral and environmental variables associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection were investigated. Association between these variables was performed using Poisson regression. Results: SARS-CoV-2 prevalence was 25.1%. Following the confirmation of COVID-19 diagnosis of the index case, 92.1% of adults reported hand hygiene and 83.5% showed habits of respiratory etiquette. However, 12.7% wore masks in common areas of the residence before COVID-19. Sharing common objects was a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection in the sample. Conclusion: Sharing objects among family members was identified as a risk factor associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents who lived with infected adults. There was high frequency of hand hygiene and low prevalence of mask use.

Cranial Base Pachymeningitis in Children: Beyond Tuberculosis.

Cryptococcal meningitis has clinical and radiologic manifestations similar to tuberculosis. A 12-year-old immunocompetent male developed cranial base pachymeningitis caused by Cryptococcus gattii infection. Although tuberculosis is the main cause of chronic meningitis in children, in regions with endemic cryptococcosis, high clinical suspicion and sensitive tests are essential for changing the high morbidity rate associated with cryptococcal infection.

Clinical findings in congenital infection by Zika virus: a retrospective study in a reference hospital in Central-West Brazil.

BACKGROUND: An increased number of congenital Zika virus infections with neurological and musculoskeletal malformations have been diagnosed worldwide, however, there are still several gaps in the knowledge about this infection, its associated mechanism, timing of transmission, and description of throughout findings of signs and symptoms, which is described in this paper. The purpose of this study is to describe aspects of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) beyond the central nervous system comprising detailed delineation of all the other clinical findings. METHODS: A retrospective research developed using electronic medical records. We analyzed the files of 69 children with an initial diagnosis of microcephaly by Zika vírus who were born in 2015, 2016 and 2017, treated during the period from 2016 to 2017. RESULTS: The newborns presented several neurological and musculoskeletal malformations, eye damage, hearing impairment and other malformations. CONCLUSIONS: The present study has significant impact for health care teams following lactents with Congenital Zika Syndrome.

Neurological Complications of Congenital Zika Virus Infection.

BACKGROUND: In utero Zika virus infection resulted in many newborns with congenital defects; this public health issue was followed by unprecedented scientific productivity in this field. Many questions remain about congenital Zika virus infection and its maternal transmission, pathogenesis, clinical events, and the resulting neurological damage. There are few review articles that synthesize the current knowledge of congenital neurological complications as well as the gaps in the pediatric literature. OBJECTIVE: We review the full range of data on neurological complications in the newborns and infants born to Zika virus-infected women. METHODS: A research question (PCC: Population, newborns and infants of infected mothers; Concept, neurological outcomes at birth; Context, congenital Zika virus infection) was created to guide our review in searching several databases: PubMed, Lilacs, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and OpenGrey literature. A total of 34 articles were included in the final review. RESULTS: Central nervous system calcifications, mainly at the cortical-subcortical junction, were the most prevalent neurological birth defects related to Zika infection (104/112, 92.9% from seven studies). Also, microcephaly occurred in 39.7% of all infected infants (1561/3931 patients in all the studies) and ventriculomegaly and/or hydrocephalus occurred in 63.1% (157/249 patients analyzed in 12 studies). A total of 10 articles detailed ocular findings, including macular lesions, focal pigment mottling of the retina, chorioretinal atrophy, optic nerve abnormalities, cataract, microphthalmia, and strabismus, among others. CONCLUSIONS: Neurological and related malformations are common lesions in individuals with congenital Zika syndrome. Long-term follow-up studies in this field are lacking.

Fatores de risco modificáveis para doença renal crônica na Estratégia de Saúde da Família / Modifiable risk factors in chronic renal failure in the Family Health Strategy

Objetivo Analisar a associação entre o tabagismo, o etilismo, a classe social e a atividade física com a doença renal crônica em amostra da população atendida pela Estratégia de Saúde da família da região Leste de Goiânia, Goiás. Métodos Estudo transversal, de base populacional, com uma amostra final de 272 indivíduos. As variáveis de avaliação do estilo de vida da população foram o nível de atividade física, o tabagismo, o uso de bebida alcoólica e a classe social. Para medir a associação entre as variáveis, foram empregados os testes Qui-quadrado, teste exato de Fisher e análise da razão de chance (odds ratio). Resultados Dos 272 indivíduos, 80 (29,41%) foram considerados portadores de doença renal crônica (possuíam filtração glomerular <60mL/min/1,73m² e/ou albuminúria). As variáveis estudadas não apresentaram associação significativa com a filtração glomerular. Conclusão A amostra em questão não revelou associação entre os fatores de risco modificáveis e a doença renal crônica. A continuidade do estudo se dará na forma de projetos de intervenção.

Objective To examine the association of smoking, alcohol intake, socioeconomic level, and physical activity with chronic renal failure in a sample of the population assisted by the Family Health Strategy in the eastern area of the city of Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. Methods This cross-sectional, population-based study analyzed data from 272 patients. The study lifestyle variables were level of physical activity, smoking status, alcohol intake, and socioeconomic level. The Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests and odds ratio measured the association between the variables. Results Eighty (29.41%) of the 272 study individuals had chronic renal failure, defined by aglomerular filtration rate <60mL/min/1.73m² and/or albuminuria. The study variables were not significantly associated with glomerular filtration rate. Conclusion Modifiable risk factors and chronic renal failure were not associated in the study sample.The study will continue as intervention projects.

Prevalence of chronic renal disease in adults attended by the family health strategy.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is an important Brazilian public health issue that has as main etiologies, arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM). The precocious diagnosis is important, because it allows the implementation of preventive measures that retard or interrupt the progression to the most advanced stages of the CKD. OBJECTIVE: Identify the prevalence and the associated factors to the CKD among adults served by the Family Health Strategy (FHS). METHODS: Cross-sectional study with epidemiological, descriptive and observational design, realized with 511 adults older than 20 years, served by the FSH in a region of Goiania. CKD was defined as GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m(2) and/or albuminuria ≥ 30 mg/g. The GFR was estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault equation and albuminuria by the ratio of albumin and urinary creatinine in the urine sample. The independent variables were age, sex, blood pressure, alcohol comsumption, DM, smoking and overweight/obesity. RESULTS: The CKD prevalence was 32,53%. While GFR < 60ml/min/1.73 m(2) occurred in 10,64% and albuminuria in 25,29% of the sample. The analysis identified a significant association between the ages ≥ 60 and GFR < 60ml/min/1.73 m2 (p < 0,001); as the albuminuria ≥ 30 mg/g the association was found in the male gender (p = 0,043), DM (p = 0,002) and alcohol consumption (p = 0,035). CONCLUSION: There was a high prevalence of CKD's early stages on FHS, taking in consideration the risk factors of age ≥ 60 years old, masculine gender, DM and alcohol consume. Therefore, a CKD screening and monitoring is suggested in adults who are served by the FHS.

Prevalência de doença renal crônica em adultos atendidos na Estratégia de Saúde da Família / Prevalence of chronic renal disease in adults attended by the family health strategy

Resumo Introdução: Doença renal crônica (DRC) é um importante problema de saúde pública que, no Brasil, tem como principais etiologias a hipertensão arterial (HA) e odiabetes mellitus (DM). O diagnóstico precoce possibilita a implementação de medidas preventivas que retardam ou mesmo interrompem a progressão para os estágios mais avançados da DRC. Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados à DRC entre adultos atendidos pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF). Métodos: Estudo transversal com delineamento epidemiológico, descritivo e observacional, realizado com 511 adultos maiores de 20 anos, atendidos na ESF em região de Goiânia, GO. Definiu-se DRC como TFG < 60 mL/min/1,73 m2 e/ou albuminúria ≥ 30 mg/g. A taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) foi estimada pela equação de Cockcroft-Gault e a albuminúria por meio da razão entre albumina e creatinina urinária em amostra de urina. Constituíram variáveis independentes: idade, sexo, pressão arterial, uso de álcool, DM, tabagismo e sobrepeso/obesidade. Resultados: A prevalência de DRC foi 32,53%, enquanto TFG < 60 mL/min/1,73 m2 ocorreu em 10,64% e albuminúria em 25,29% da amostra. A análise identificou associação significativa entre idade ≥ 60 anos e TFG < 60 mL/min/1,73 m2 (p < 0,001). Quanto à albuminúria ≥ 30 mg/g, encontrou-se associação com sexo masculino (p = 0,043), DM (p = 0,002) e consumo de álcool (p = 0,035). Conclusão: Observou-se alta prevalência de DRC nos estágio iniciais na ESF, sendo os fatores associados à doença idade ≥ 60 anos, sexo masculino, DM e consumo de álcool. Logo, sugere-se a realização de triagem e monitoramento para DRC em adultos atendidos na ESF.

Abstract Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is an important Brazilian public health issue that has as main etiologies, arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM). The precocious diagnosis is important, because it allows the implementation of preventive measures that retard or interrupt the progression to the most advanced stages of the CKD. Objective: Identify the prevalence and the associated factors to the CKD among adults served by the Family Health Strategy (FHS). Methods: Cross-sectional study with epidemiological, descriptive and observational design, realized with 511 adults older than 20 years, served by the FSH in a region of Goiania. CKD was defined as GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m2and/or albuminuria ≥ 30 mg/g. The GFR was estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault equation and albuminuria by the ratio of albumin and urinary creatinine in the urine sample. The independent variables were age, sex, blood pressure, alcohol comsumption, DM, smoking and overweight/obesity. Results: The CKD prevalence was 32,53%. While GFR < 60ml/min/1.73 m2occurred in 10,64% and albuminuria in 25,29% of the sample. The analysis identified a significant association between the ages ≥ 60 and GFR < 60ml/min/1.73 m2 (p < 0,001); as the albuminuria ≥ 30 mg/g the association was found in the male gender (p = 0,043), DM (p = 0,002) and alcohol consumption (p = 0,035). Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of CKD's early stages on FHS, taking in consideration the risk factors of age ≥ 60 years old, masculine gender, DM and alcohol consume. Therefore, a CKD screening and monitoring is suggested in adults who are served by the FHS.

Dengue em crianças: da notificação ao óbito / Dengue in children: from notification to death / Dengue en niños: de la notificación al óbito

Descrever aspectos históricos, epidemiológicos e clínicos da dengue em crianças, demonstrando a importância das notificações e conhecimento destas para prevenir a evolução de gravidade e os óbitos nessa população. FONTES DE DADOS: Revisão narrativa dos principais trabalhos publicados sobre dengue e dengue em crianças. Buscaram-se estudos nas seguintes bases de dados: Lilacs, SciELO, Medline e Scopus, além de documentos oficiais do Ministério da Saúde. A busca incluiu trabalhos publicados no período de janeiro de 1980 a março de 2011. Os descritores utilizados foram: dengue, dengue em criança, dengue em pediatria e notificação de doenças. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Todos os artigos encontrados foram avaliados e procurou-se estabelecer uma linha de tempo e principais informações alusivas ao tema, fatores referentes ao vírus e ao vetor também foram incluídos; informações sobre as características clínicas e importância das notificações foram apontadas, além da relevante investigação e elucidação de todos os óbitos notificados. Existe um grande número de estudos sobre o assunto, porém foi dada maior ênfase àqueles pertinentes às crianças. CONCLUSÕES: O conhecimento desta doença, que se configura como principal doença emergente e reemergente na atualidade, é fundamental para diagnóstico precoce, tratamento oportuno e prevenção de óbitos. Há uma lacuna na notificação adequada em Pediatria, assim como no detalhamento dos óbitos em crianças vítimas de dengue.

To report the historical aspects, epidemiological and clinical features of dengue fever in children, stressing the importance of disease reporting for prevention of deaths and morbidity in children. DATA SOURCE: A review of the major studies published on dengue and dengue in children was performed. The following databases Lilacs, SciELO, Medline and Scopus were studied along with official documents of the Ministry of Health of Brazil. The search covered the period from January 1980 to March 2011 and a combination of the following terms was applied: dengue, dengue in children, pediatric dengue, and disease notification. DATA SYNTHESIS: All studied found were evaluated and a timeline and key information connected to the theme were established; factors related to the virus and the vector were also included, and information on the clinical characteristics and importance of reporting the disease have been identified, as well as relevant research and elucidation of all deaths reported. There are a number of studies on the subject, but a greater emphasis was given to those relevant to children. CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge of this disease, which constitutes the main emerging and reemerging disease at the present, is essential for early diagnosis, timely treatment and prevention of deaths. Adequate report of cases is still lacking as well as an improvement of description of deaths in children with dengue.

Describir aspectos históricos, epidemiológicos y clínicos del dengue en niños, demostrando la importancia de las notificaciones y conocimiento de estas para la prevención de evolución de gravedad y óbitos en esta población. FUENTES DE DATOS: Revisión narrativa de los principales trabajos publicados sobre dengue y dengue en niños. Se buscaron estudios en las siguientes bases de datos: Lilacs, SciELO, Medline y Scopus, además de documentos oficiales del Ministerio de Salud. La búsqueda incluyó trabajos publicados en el periodo de enero de 1980 a marzo de 2011. Los descriptores utilizados fueron: dengue, dengue en niño, dengue en pediatría y notificación de enfermedades. SÍNTESIS DE LOS DATOS: Todos los artículos encontrados fueron evaluados y se buscó establecer una línea de tiempo y principales informaciones alusivas al tema, factores referentes al virus y al vector también fueron incluidos; informaciones sobre las características clínicas y la importancia de las notificaciones fueron señaladas, además de la relevante investigación y elucidación de todos los óbitos notificados. Existe un gran número de estudios sobre el tema, pero se dio más énfasis a aquellos relativos a los niños. CONCLUSIONES: El conocimiento de esta enfermedad, que se configura como principal enfermedad emergente y reemergente en la actualidad, es fundamental para diagnóstico temprano, tratamiento oportuno y prevención de óbitos. Hay una laguna en la notificación adecuada en Pediatría, así como en el detallar los óbitos en niños víctimas de dengue.

Projeto Nascer feliz: açôes integradas para a reduçâo da mortalidade infantil / Nascer feliz project: integrated actions to reduce infant mortality

Em 2003, a Secretaria Municipal da Saúde (SMS) de Goiânia, objetivando dar continuidade à reduçao da morbimortalidade infantil, propôs a implementaçao e implantaçao de um conjunto de ações de intervençao, com foco no período neonatal. A vigilância dos óbitos infantis apontouindicadores relativos àas causas básicas da mortalidade infantil na cidade. as ações desenvolvidas foram múltiplas, enfatizando o planejamento familiar, pré-natal, parto, atençao aos recém-nascidos, especialmente de alto risco. Como resultado, observou-se a reduçao da mortalidade infantil de 17,7 em 2000 para 14,4 para cada mil nascidos vivos em 2003. Destacam-se no mesmo período, quedas de 26,6 por cento dos óbitos fetais e 18 por cento de gravidez na adolescência, e aumento de 9 por cento do número de gestantes com mais de sete consultas de pré-natal