Oropharyngeal dysphagia in head and neck cancer: how to reduce aspiration pneumonia.

OBJECTIVE: Oropharyngeal dysphagia is caused by difficulty in bolus preparation and transport from the mouth to the oesophagus; this may result in malnutrition and aspiration pneumonia. It has a high prevalence in head and neck cancer patients. The objective of this study is to reduce these complications using a new protocol of diagnosis and evaluation of oropharyngeal dysphagia. METHOD: This is a prospective study developed in a secondary hospital. All patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer in 2021 and 2022 are subjected to this protocol: an oropharyngeal dysphagia screening test, a swallowing-related quality of life questionnaire and a flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallow. RESULTS: A total of 72 evaluations are reported using this protocol, before and after cancer treatment, and only 1 presents with aspiration pneumonia. CONCLUSION: Using this protocol, the incidence of aspiration pneumonia can be reduced, and diet recommendations can be given earlier in order to maintain a patient's nutritional requirements.

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor C in Alcoholics.

AIMS: Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) promotes liver collagen deposition, acting on hepatic stellate cells. Despite this, low serum PDGF levels were reported in chronic hepatitis C or B infection, although some studies yield the opposite result. Since PDGF may be related not only to fibrosis but also with vascular, neuronal or muscle disease, it is important to analyze its behavior in alcoholics. METHODS: In total, 17 controls and 62 alcoholic patients consecutively admitted to the hospitalization unit of the Internal Medicine Service were included. We determined serum levels of PDGF C, routine laboratory evaluation, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. We analyzed the relationships between PDGF and liver function, ethanol intake and inflammatory reaction by both univariate and multivariate analysis to discern which variables PDGF levels depend on. RESULTS: Serum PDGF levels were significantly lower among patients (675 ± 466 pg/ml) than among controls (1074 ± 337 pg/ml; Z = 3.70; P < 0.001), and even lower among cirrhotics (549 ± 412 among cirrhotics vs 778 ± 487 among non-cirrhotics; Z = 2.33; P = 0.02). PDGF levels showed a direct correlation with prothrombin activity (ρ = 0.50; P < 0.001), platelet count (ρ = 0.44; P < 0.001) and inverse ones with bilirubin (ρ = -0.39; P = 0.002), IL-6 (ρ = -0.33; P = 0.016), IL-8 (ρ = -0.47; P < 0.001), and MDA levels (ρ = -0.44; P < 0.001). By multivariate analysis, only prothrombin activity and platelet count were independently related to PDGF. CONCLUSION: PDGF-C levels are decreased in alcoholics, especially among cirrhotics. Multivariate analysis discloses that only prothrombin activity and platelet count are independently related to PDGF-C levels.

Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 and Vascular Risk in Alcoholics.

INTRODUCTION: Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-ß1) is a pleiotropic cytokine. Its relationship with atherosclerosis is debatable, protective or deleterious effects have been described. Alcoholics are at increased vascular risk. Although TGF-ß1 is increased in alcoholics, its role on vascular risk factors has not been analyzed. This is the objective of this study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 79 heavy alcoholics and 34 controls were included. Calcium deposition in the aortic arch was assessed in the plain thorax X-ray film. Ankle-brachial index was recorded in 48 patients. All the patients underwent complete laboratory evaluation, including serum levels of TGF-ß1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ).We analyzed the relationships between TGF-ß1 and vascular risk factors by both univariate (parametric or non parametric tests), or multivariate analysis to discern on which variables TGF-ß1 levels depend. RESULTS: Serum TGF-ß1 levels were higher among patients (t = 2.73; P = 0.008), but no differences exist among cirrhotics (17246 ± 11,021 pg/mL) and non-cirrhotics (21,340 ± 12,442 pg/mL). TGF-ß1 showed significant correlations with total cholesterol (r = 0.28; P = 0.017) and HDL- cholesterol (r = 0.25; P = 0.042), and inverse correlations with body mass index (BMI; ρ = -0.37; P = 0.004), IL-4 (ρ = -0.31; P = 0.009), INF-γ (ρ = -0.28; P = 0.001), and IL-6 (ρ = -0.38; P = 0.001). By multivariate analysis, only BMI, IL-6 and HDL-cholesterol showed independent relationships with TGF-ß1. No relationships were observed with ankle-brachial index or calcium in the aortic arch, hypertension, diabetes, left ventricular hypertrophy or atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSION: TGF-ß1 levels are increased in alcoholics, but are unrelated to vessel wall calcification or arterial stiffness.

Soluble α-Klotho in Liver Cirrhosis and Alcoholism.

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: Alpha Klotho is a transmembrane protein that serves as co-receptor for FGF23. Ectodomain of membrane bound α Klotho may be shed by membrane bound proteases (activated, among other factors, by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) generating the soluble form of the protein (sKl) that functions as a hormone by itself. It modulates calcium influx into cells, blunts IGF-1/Insulin signaling, promotes synthesis of antioxidants, generally slows down tumor progression, delays cell senescence, is neuroprotective and promotes oligodendrocyte maturation and myelin synthesis, and muscle rejuvenation. It may be involved in inflammation and exerts antifibrogenic effects. Some of these pathways may become altered in alcoholism or liver cirrhosis, but data are scattered and scarce and an update is required. METHOD: Literature survey. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol consumption in non-alcoholics is inversely related to sKl, but alcoholic cirrhotics showed higher-than-normal sKl values in association with liver function derangement. In hepatoma cells, the intensity of Klotho staining was related to faster tumor progression and a shortened life span. Among severe alcoholic cirrhotics sKl is directly related to serum TNF-α levels, and, inversely, to brain atrophy. Given the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrogenic effects of Klotho, perhaps the increase in cirrhosis (and in other inflammatory conditions, such as sepsis or cancer) reflects an attempt to regulate increased inflammation, but clinical and experimental research is urgently needed in this field.

Are Modic changes in patients with chronic low back pain indicative of a worse clinical course? 10 years of follow-up. / ¿Supone la presencia de cambios Modic en pacientes con dolor lumbar crónico una peor evolución clínica y una mayor posibilidad de precisar cirugía? Evolución a 10 años.

OBJECTIVE: Establish the long-term (10 years) predictive value of Modic changes in the course of lumbar pain and the need for surgical treatment. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Observational longitudinal prospective cohort study. Comparison of progression at 10 years of 2 groups of patients with chronic lumbar pain: group A with Modic changes in MRI and group B with no Modic changes. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: neoplasia, inflammatory or infectious diseases, or previous surgery. Assessment was done with the aid of the VAS for low lumbar and radicular pain and the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire. The need for surgical or medical treatment and occupational disability during the study period was analyzed. For the statistical analyses, the Mann-Whitney U test and logistic regression were applied. RESULTS: Seventy patients, 24 male and 46 female, with a mean age of 56.5 years (35 in each group) were included in the study. No statistically significant differences in the intensity of lumbar pain, degree of impairment, or need for medical or surgical treatment (P>.05) were found in patients with Modic changes types 1, 2, or 3 between the baseline assessment and 10 years after. No statistically significant differences between patients with/without changes in Modic at 10 years of follow-up (P>.05) were determined. CONCLUSIONS: There is no relationship between Modic changes in MRI and greater intensity of lumbar pain or need for medical or surgical treatment at 10 years of follow-up. Modic changes cannot be considered a sign of bad prognosis by themselves, or an indication for surgery.

Multidrug resistant Fusarium keratitis.

CASE REPORT: We report a case of keratitis in a female contact lens wearer, who developed a deep corneal abscess. The culture of a corneal biopsy scraping was positive for multiresistant Fusarium solani. The patient has a complicated clinical course and failed to respond to local and systemic antifungal treatment, requiring eye enucleation. CONCLUSION: Fusarium keratitis may progress to severe endophthalmitis. Clinical suspicion is paramount in order to start antifungal therapy without delay. Therapy is complex due to the high resistance of this organism to usual antifungal drugs.

Lead, cadmium and zinc in hair samples: relationship with dietary habits and urban environment.

This study was performed in order to analyze the relationships between hair zinc, lead, and cadmium with the kind of diet consumed (by recall of the diet consumed the previous 14 days), living area (urban or rural), tobacco smoking, and body mass index (BMI) among 419 individuals of the Canary Archipelago. Median values and interquartile range were 43 µg/g (18.50-132.50) for zinc, 4.09 µg/g (2.19-8.38) for lead, and 0.128 µg/g (0.05-0.30) for cadmium. We observed that hair zinc was markedly elevated among those consuming fish more frequently and, to a lesser amount, among those who consumed meat frequently, among those living in urban areas, and among those with BMI over 25 kg/m(2), keeping a significant relationship with BMI. Hair lead was also higher among fish consumers, showed a trend to higher values among inhabitants of urban areas, and was lower among obese individuals. Hair cadmium was higher among those who consumed less vegetables and fruits. By multivariate analysis, introducing the variables meat, fish, and vegetable consumption, urban/rural; sex; age; and BMI values, we observed that fish consumption (beta = 0.15) was the only variable independently associated to higher zinc levels; fish consumption (beta = 0.15) and meat consumption (beta = 0.17) were related to high cadmium levels, whereas meat consumption was significantly associated to higher hair lead levels (beta = 0.15). Therefore, we conclude that hair zinc, cadmium, and lead seem to depend more heavily on dietary habits than on tobacco consumption or living in rural or urban areas.

Serum sclerostin in alcoholics: a pilot study.

AIMS: Sclerostin is an endogenous inhibitor of the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway secreted by osteocytes, which inhibits osteoblast function, differentiation and survival. As a consequence, sclerostin tends to decrease bone mass. Alcoholics frequently present osteoporosis, mainly due to decreased bone synthesis. The behaviour of sclerostin in these patients is unknown. The aim of this work was to analyse the relationship between serum sclerostin levels and bone mineral density (BMD), ethanol consumption, nutritional status, liver function derangement and biomarkers of bone homeostasis in alcoholic patients. METHODS: We included 31 alcoholic patients, of whom 11 were infected with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and 7 age and sex-matched controls. All underwent densitometry, and serum sclerostin, osteocalcin, collagen telopeptide, parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, cortisol and testosterone were determined. RESULTS: Sclerostin levels were significantly higher in patients (30.95 ± 18.91 pmol/l) than controls (t = 4.4; P < 0.001), especially in non-HCV patients; they showed an inverse correlation with osteocalcin, prothrombin activity and serum albumin, and a direct correlation with bilirubin and telopeptide, but not with BMD, nutritional status or ethanol intake. CONCLUSIONS: Serum sclerostin was raised in alcoholic patients, and it correlated with decreased markers of bone synthesis and increased markers of bone breakdown. The elevation in sclerostin levels was clearly related with liver function, but not with ethanol intake, nutritional status or concomitant HCV infection.

TH-1 and TH-2 cytokines in stable chronic alcoholics.

UNLABELLED: In alcoholics, the activation of Kupffer cells by gram negative bacteriae leads to an inflammatory response and cytokine secretion, which in turn activate T-lymphocytes. Possibly, Th-1 lymphocytes are activated first, followed by a Th-2 response. Th-2 cytokines, especially interleukin (IL)-13 (scarcely studied in alcoholics), may be involved in the progression to chronic stages. AIMS: The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship of Th-1 and Th-2 cytokines with liver function, alcohol consumption, nutritional status and survival. METHODS: Serum Th-1 [interferon-γ (IFN-γ)] and Th-2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-13), IL-10, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), were determined for 18 controls and 47 stable alcoholics with variable liver function impairment, who were followed-up during a median time of 90 months, a period during which 14 patients died. RESULTS: IL-4 was lower among patients; no differences were observed regarding IL-6, but the remaining ILs were higher among alcoholics. IL-10 and IL-13 were even higher in cirrhotics (Z = 2.88, P = 0.004, and Z = 2.09, P = 0.037, respectively). A significant, direct, correlation was observed between IL-13 and IL-10 (ρ = 0.49, P = 0.001), and non-significant, inverse ones were observed between IFN-γ and IL-13 (ρ = -0.23), IL-4 (ρ = -0.14) and IL-10 (ρ = -0.09). IL-13 and IL-10 were inversely related with liver function and, directly with immunoglobulin A levels, but not with survival. CONCLUSION: Serum IFN-γ values were increased in alcoholics, who also showed raised IL-13 and IL-10, but lower IL-4 levels. Given the immunomodulatory roles of IL-10 and IL-13, this increase may be interpreted as a compensatory rise of anti-inflammatory cytokines. We failed to find any relation with mortality.

Prognostic value of changes in lean and fat mass in alcoholics.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The prognostic value of nutritional status and/or lean and fat mass assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) has been widely analyzed, in both alcoholics and non-alcoholics. However, the prognostic value of changes in fat and lean mass over time in alcoholics has scarcely been studied, nor has the effect of alcohol abstinence on these changes. METHODS: From an initial cohort of 113 alcoholic patients, 70 prospectively underwent two DEXA assessments six months apart. One hundred and five patients (including 66 of those who underwent two DEXA assessments) were followed up for 34.9 ± 36.4 months (median = 18 months, interquartile range = 7.25-53.75 months). During this follow-up period, 33 died (including 20 of those who had undergone a second DEXA assessment). RESULTS: Forty-two of the 70 patients undergoing a second DEXA assessment had abstained from alcohol. Of these, 69.04% (29) gained left arm lean mass, compared with only 35.71% (10 of 28) of those who had continued drinking (χ² = 7.46; p = 0.006). Similar results were observed regarding right arm lean mass (χ² = 4.68; p = 0.03) and right leg lean mass (χ² = 7.88; p = 0.005). However, no associations were found between alcohol abstinence and changes in fat parameters. Analysis by means of Kaplan-Meier curves showed that loss of total lean mass, right leg lean mass, left leg lean mass and total fat mass were all significantly associated with reduced survival. However, within 30 months of the second evaluation, significant associations were observed between changes of all parameters related to lean mass, and mortality, but no association between changes in fat parameters and mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Loss of lean mass over a period of six months after a first assessment is associated with worse prognosis in alcoholics, irrespective of whether they stop drinking during this period or not. Continued drinking is associated with greater loss of lean mass, but not with changes in fat mass.

Medical management of Ménière's disease: a 10-year case series and review of literature.

Ménière's disease is frequent in our area. It is a disabling pathology that affects the patient's quality of life. Its etiology and pathophysiology remain unclear and there are some therapeutic alternatives with controversial results. We present our series and treatment protocol for Ménière's disease and discuss the current evidence regarding its medical treatment. In the last 10 years, 252 patients were diagnosed with Ménière's disease based on their symptoms, and the results of tonal audiometry, videonystagmography and caloric stimulation tests. All cases received medical treatment according to our management protocol. Ménière's disease is more frequent in women (54.76%); 83.73% of cases are unilateral. Among these, vertigo was observed in 93.7%, hearing loss in 88.1%, tinnitus in 86.1% and pathologic caloric stimulation tests in 71% (88.27% with a reduced vestibular response). A 5-year follow-up was performed in 89.6% of the patients. Subjective improvement as reported by patients was achieved in 94.4% of the cases. There is great controversy about the medical treatment of Ménière's disease. We found no evidence for the most adequate medical treatment among the different alternatives described in literature. The patient's acceptance and understanding of the disease is very important.

Determinants for the development of oropharyngeal colonization or infection by fluconazole-resistant Candida strains in HIV-infected patients.

A point prevalence study to document oral yeast carriage was undertaken. Risk factors for the development of oropharyngeal colonization or infection by fluconazole-resistant Candida strains in HIV-infected patients were investigated with a case-control design. Cases included all patients with fluconazole-resistant strains (MIC> or =64 microg/ml), and controls were those with susceptible (MIC< or =8 microg/ml) or susceptible-dependent-upon-dose (MIC 16-32 microg/ml) strains. One hundred sixty-eight Candida strains were isolated from 153 (88%) patients, 28 (16%) of whom had oropharyngeal candidiasis. Overall, 19 (12%) of the patients harbored at least one resistant organism (MIC > or = 64 microg/ml). Among patients with resistant strains, tuberculosis (P<0.001), esophageal candidiasis (P = 0.001), clinical thrush (P<0.001), and a CD4 + cell count < 200/mm3 (P = 0.03) were more frequent. These patients had also been treated more commonly with antituberculous drugs (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 6.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.11-17.80), ciprofloxacin (OR 6.0; 95% CI 1.23-29.26), fluconazole (OR 4.59; 95% CI 1.55-13.52), and steroids (OR 4.13; 95% CI 1.11-15.39). Multivariate analysis showed that the determinants for fluconazole resistance were therapy with antituberculous drugs (OR 3.61; 95% CI 1.08-12.07; P=0.03) and one of the following: previous tuberculosis (OR 3.53; 95% CI 1.08-14.57; P=0.03) or fluconazole exposure (OR 3.41; 95% CI 1.10-10.54). Findings from this study indicate that treatment with antituberculous drugs, previous tuberculosis, and fluconazole exposure are the strongest determinants for development of oropharyngeal colonization or infection by fluconazole-resistant Candida strains in HIV-infected patients.

[Epidemiology of yeast colonization and oropharyngeal infection other than Candida albicans in patients with HIV infection]. / Epidemiología de la colonización e infección orofaríngea por levaduras diferentes de Candida albicans en los pacientes con infección por el VIH.

BACKGROUND: An increasing frequency of opportunistic fungal infections in immunosuppressed patients in recent years. Concurrent with this finding, it has been noted an increasing use of fluconazole. In addition, non-Candida albicans species (NCAS), most of which are fluconazole-resistant have been increasing isolated. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of colonization and infection due to NCAS in HIV-infected patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted with HIV-infected patients in different stages, who were attended at two hospitals in Alicante, Spain. We assessed the prevalence and microbiology of oropharyngeal colonization and infection due to Candida spp., and its fluconazole susceptibility patterns. To determine the clinical risk factors for the development of fluconazole resistance, we carried out a case-control study with prevalent cases. RESULTS: We studied 168 strains from 153 patients. NCAS were isolated in 32 (21%) of them, 25 (77%) were colonized, and 5 (26%) had infection due to NCAS. The most common isolate was Candida glabrata (n = 15). MICs were significantly higher for NCAS than for Candida albicans species, with a MIC50 of 16 and 0.25 microgram/ml, respectively, and a MIC90 of 128 micrograms/ml and 8 micrograms/ml (p = 0.0001). The median CD4 cell count in patients with NCAS was 0.06 x 10(9)/l, and 0.19 x 10(9)/l patients with Candida albicans (p = 0.009). Overall, 56% of the patients with NCAS and 41% of the patients with Candida albicans had been treated with fluconazole (p = 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: NCAS are isolated in a high proportion of HIV infected patients. Most of the NCAS have a decreased susceptibility to fluconazole. The only risk factor associated with the acquisition of NCAS in HIV-infected patients is an advanced immunosuppression.