Disorder Analysis in Infrared Spectroscopy of Acetylene Ice.

A new method to investigate disorder in ice films is proposed and applied to acetylene ice. It is based on a quantitative analysis of the infrared spectrum data, which includes: the Brendel-Bormann model for the material's dielectric function; molecular vibration modes calculated by density functional theory (DFT); a monomer-dimer model for amorphous ice; and a peak-shape analysis through Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear regression. Acetylene ice films with different degrees of disorder were investigated with the proposed method. The results provide an estimate of the degree of disorder in the films and indicate the possibility of existence of a second amorphous phase of acetylene ice grown at temperatures of about 15 K and then annealed. This phase would be similar to the high-density amorphous phase observed for water ice. The infrared data in this work is compared with those from the literature for acetylene gas, acetylene film, and acetylene aerosol. A qualitative analysis reveals differences in the degree of disorder in each system and points to a crystallinity limit for acetylene ice film; that is, the crystalline acetylene film has a higher degree of intrinsic disorder than the crystalline acetylene aerosol.

Distribution of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants and their contribution to cardiovascular risk in the Mexican population.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In recent years, scientific interest in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) and remnant cholesterol has increased, focusing on the evidence that these lipoproteins are a causal factor for developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Furthermore, a high remnant concentration (>38 mg/dL) has been associated with several non-cardiovascular risks. We aimed in this study to describe the percentile distribution of remnant cholesterol. Additionally, we evaluated the association between remnant cholesterol plasma concentration and epidemiologically relevant cardio-metabolic outcomes such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and ASCVD. METHODS: We analyzed data from 9,591 adults from the National Survey of Health and Nutrition (ENSANUT) 2018 with fasting blood samples and complete medical history questionnaires. We built multivariate models to evaluate the association between chronic diseases and blood remnant concentration. To compare our 2018-sub-sample against a population reference, we used the NHANES (2005-2014) publicly available datasets by ethnicity. RESULTS: Remnants were independently associated with cardiovascular risk, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. For all outcomes, the blood remnant concentration was a stronger predictor than LDL. At all deciles, the blood remnant concentration was higher in ENSANUT-2018. CONCLUSIONS: A remnant blood concentration above 38 mg/dL was highly prevalent among Mexicans. Remnants were significantly associated with a higher risk of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and cardiovascular risk. This association occurred independently of other lipid markers.

Genetics of phenological development and implications for seed yield in lentil.

Understanding phenology, its genetics and agronomic consequences, is critical for crop adaptation. Here we aim at (1) characterising lentil response to photoperiod with a focus on five loci: the lentil ELF3 ortholog Sn, two loci linked to clusters of lentil FT orthologs and two loci without candidates in chromosomes 2 and 5 (exp. 1: 36 lines, short and long day in phytotron); (2) establishing phenology-yield relationship (exp. 2: 25 lines, 11 field environments). A vintage perspective, where we quantify time trends in phenotype over three decades of breeding, links both experiments. Yield increased linearly from older to newer varieties at 29 kg ha-1 yr-1 or 1.5% yr-1, correlated negatively with flowering time in both winter- and summer-rainfall regimes, and decoupled from biomass in favourable environments. Time to flowering shortened from older to newer varieties at -0.56 % yr-1 in the field, and -0.42 % yr-1 (short day) and -0.99 % yr-1 (long day) in the phytotron. Early-flowering lines of diverse origin carried multiple early alleles for the five loci, indicating that at least some of these loci affect phenology additively. Current germplasm primarily features the early flowering haplotype for an FTb cluster region, hence the potential to increase phenological diversity with yield implications.

A True Reverse Anomeric Effect Does Exist After All: A Hydrogen Bonding Stereocontrolling Effect in 2-Iminoaldoses.

The reverse anomeric effect is usually associated with the equatorial preference of nitrogen substituents at the anomeric center. Once postulated as another anomeric effect with explanations ranging from electrostatic interactions to delocalization effects, it is now firmly considered to be essentially steric in nature. Through an extensive research on aryl imines from 2-amino-2-deoxyaldoses, spanning nearly two decades, we realized that such substances often show an anomalous anomeric behavior that cannot easily be rationalized on the basis of purely steric grounds. The apparent preference, or stabilization, of the ß-anomer takes place to an extent that not only neutralizes but also overcomes the normal anomeric effect. Calculations indicate that there is no stereoelectronic effect opposing the anomeric effect, resulting from the repulsion between electron lone pairs on the imine nitrogen and the endocyclic oxygen. Such data and compelling structural evidence unravel why the exoanomeric effect is largely inhibited. We are now confident, as witnessed by 2-iminoaldoses, that elimination of the exo-anomeric effect in the α-anomer is due to the formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the anomeric hydroxyl and the iminic nitrogen, thereby accounting for a true electronic effect. In addition, discrete solvation may help justify the observed preference for the ß-anomer.

Effect of postpartum calcium supplementation on serum calcium and parathyroid hormone concentrations in multiparous Holstein cows.

Although postpartum Ca supplementation strategies are often employed to prevent subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy cows, these strategies have produced a mix of beneficial, neutral, and detrimental results when assessing milk yield and subsequent disease outcomes. Because the mechanisms underlying these differing results are unknown, our objectives were to determine how common postpartum Ca supplementation strategies affect blood Ca concentrations and parathyroid hormone (PTH). We conducted a randomized controlled trial with 74 multiparous dairy cows on a commercial dairy in central New York. Cows were assigned to 1 of 4 supplementation groups immediately after calving: (1) control (CON; no Ca supplementation, n = 15); (2) conventional oral Ca supplementation (BOL-C; 43 g of oral Ca bolus administered immediately after calving and 24 h later, n = 17); (3) delayed oral Ca supplementation (BOL-D; 43 g of oral Ca bolus administered 48 and 72 h after calving, n = 15); or (4) subcutaneous infusion (SQ; 500 mL of 23% Ca borogluconate infused subcutaneously once immediately after calving, n = 15). Blood samples were collected immediately after calving (0 h) and at 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96, 120, and 168 h postpartum for a total of 15 blood samples per cow. Cows were excluded if administered Ca, via any route, by farm employees or if they died or were sold within 96 h following parturition, which left 62 cows for analysis. Linear mixed models, accounting for repeated measures, were created to analyze changes in serum total Ca (tCa) and PTH over the first 168 h after parturition and assess differences between supplementation groups. Serum tCa and PTH concentrations were not different at the time of calving among supplementation groups. There was a supplementation group by hour postcalving interaction for mean tCa concentration in which SQ cows had reduced tCa concentrations from 32 to 64 h compared with CON cows, 32 to 96 h compared with BOL-C cows, and 40 to 64 h compared with BOL-D cows. Mean PTH concentration did not differ among supplementation groups across 168 h after enrollment and was 158.1 pmol/L (95% confidence interval [CI] = 148.2 to 168.0) for CON cows, 164.0 pmol/L (95% CI = 154.9 to 173.1) for BOL-C cows, 158.7 pmol/L (95% CI = 149.2 to 168.1) for BOL-D cows, and 153.2 pmol/L (95% CI = 143.6 to 162.8) for SQ cows. Our findings suggest that although serum tCa does not differ between cows that receive conventional or delayed oral Ca bolus supplementation at calving and cows that receive no supplemental Ca, subcutaneous infusion of Ca at calving reduces serum tCa for a substantial period between 32 and 64 h postsupplementation. However, as PTH concentrations did not differ among groups across 168 h postpartum, the mechanism by which tCa is reduced remains unclear.

Prevalence of self-reported swallowing difficulties and associated factors among older Colombians / Prevalência de dificuldades de deglutição autorreferidas e fatores associados entre idosos colombianos

Objective: We aimed to determine the prevalence of self-reported swallowing difficulty (dysphagia) among older Colombians and to explore the factors associated with this condition. Methods: This study presents a secondary analysis of the SABE-Colombia survey, a crosssectional study of community-dwelling older adults. The dependent variable was self reported swallowing difficulty, assessed through the question: "How often do you have difficulty or discomfort swallowing?" Descriptive and bivariate analyses of the sample were performed, followed by multivariate analysis, adjusting for confounding variables. Results: The final sample included 19 004 older Colombians, whose mean age was 69 years (56% women). The overall prevalence of swallowing difficulty was 12.2%. In the multivariate analysis, significant associations were observed between swallowing difficulty and several factors, including male sex (OR 1.14, 95%CI 1.03 ­ 1.26), age > 80 years (OR 1.26, 95%CI 1.08 ­ 1.47), dependence in activities of daily living (OR 1.62, 95%CI 1.23 ­ 2.13), cognitive impairment (OR 1.49, 95%CI 1.30 ­ 1.70), depressive symptoms (OR 1.38, 95%CI 1.15 ­ 1.65), sarcopenia (OR 1.32, 95%CI 1.02 ­ 1.69), malnutrition (OR 1.35, 95%CI 1.23 ­ 1.49), and osteoarticular disease (OR 1.18, 95%CI 1.07 ­ 1.38). Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of swallowing difficulty among older community-dwelling Colombians. Our results showed a strong correlation between swallowing difficulty and risk factors such as cognitive impairment, depressive symptoms, osteoarticular disease, and dependence in activities of daily living, but not with malnutrition or sarcopenia. (AU)

Occurrence of common plastic additives and contaminants in raw, steamed and canned mussel samples from different harvesting areas using MSPD-HPLC methodology.

Microplastics are a complex mix of chemicals containing polymers and certain plastic additives such as bisphenols and phthalates. These particles are porous materials that can also sorb contaminants from their surroundings, and leach chemicals from the particle under certain circumstances. Aquatic animals can ingest microplastic particles, which mostly bioaccumulate in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. In terms of dietary exposure, small animals consumed whole such as mussels, contribute more to the dietary intake of microplastic particles. Plastic additives and contaminants are not chemically bound to the polymers, and certain processing methods or cooking processes result in the release of these chemicals that leach from the plastic particles, leaving them more available for absorption when ingested. Analytical methods are crucial for a better understanding of the occurrence of plastic additives and contaminants in aquatic products, and to know certain circumstances and treatments that influence human exposure. This study uses an MSPD-HPLC methodology for the simultaneous determination of 9 analytes (BPA, BPF, BPS, DEP, DBP, DEHP, DDD, DDT, and DDE) analyzing, for the first time, the occurrence of these chemicals in raw, steamed and canned mussels of two different harvesting areas (Atlantic and the Mediterranean), becoming one of the most efficient methodologies for determining the presence of these analytes in very complex food matrices, able to define the changes in cooking and processing activities. The results showed that the heat and pressure treatment could influence the migration of plastic additives from microplastic particles present in mussels to the cooking liquids.

Nurses' preferences regarding MenACWY conjugate vaccines attributes: a discrete choice experiment in Spain.

OBJECTIVES: Immunisation against preventable diseases as meningitis is crucial from a public health perspective to face challenges posed by these infections. Nurses hold a great responsibility for these programs, which highlights the importance of understanding their preferences and needs to improve the success of campaigns. This study aimed to investigate nurses' preferences regarding Meningococcus A, C, W, and Y (MenACWY) conjugate vaccines commercialised in Spain. STUDY DESIGN: A national-level discrete choice experiment (DCE) was conducted. METHODS: A literature review and a focus group informed the DCE design. Six attributes were included: pharmaceutical form, coadministration evidence, shelf-life, package contents, single-doses per package, and package volume. Conditional logit models quantified preferences and relative importance (RI). RESULTS: Thirty experienced primary care nurses participated in this study. Evidence of coadministration with other vaccines was the most important attribute (RI = 43.78%), followed by package size (RI = 22.17%), pharmaceutical form (RI = 19.07%), and package content (RI = 11.80%). There was a preference for evidence of coadministration with routine vaccines (odds ratio [OR] = 2.579, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] = 2.210-3.002), smaller volumes (OR = 1.494, 95%CI = 1.264-1.767), liquid formulations (OR = 1.283, 95%CI = 1.108-1.486) and package contents including only vial/s (OR = 1.283, 95%CI = 1.108-1.486). No statistical evidence was found for the remaining attributes. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence of coadministration with routine vaccines, easy-to-store packages, and fully liquid formulations were drivers of nurses' preferences regarding MenACWY conjugate vaccines. These findings provide valuable insights for decision-makers to optimize current campaigns.

Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) as a prognostic marker in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the usefulness of suPAR as a prognostic marker in non-critical COVID-19 patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out a literature search in MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science using the following keywords: ("soluble urokinase receptor" OR "urokinase plasminogen activator receptor" OR "suPAR" OR "soluble uPAR" OR "soluble uPA receptor") AND ("COVID-19" OR "SARS-CoV-2"). We included observational studies (descriptive or analytic) that measured plasma suPAR on COVID-19 patients 18 years old or older, with non-critical disease at the beginning of the study. RESULTS: After screening and eligibility assessment, a total of 16 articles were included in the review. Most studies that measured mean differences found that suPAR levels were higher in patients with worse outcomes. The studies that measured diagnostic accuracy concluded that suPAR was highly sensitive and moderately specific to predicting bad outcomes. Studies that performed a survival analysis found that patients with high suPAR levels were more at risk of bad outcomes. Most of the studies included in this review were performed before extensive vaccination and omicron wave. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 patients with moderate initial disease and elevated suPAR levels are more at risk of poor outcomes. Larger prospective clinical trials are needed to confirm the results obtained in this review.

Cáncer de mama Her2-positivo: Terapias sistémicas actuales y experiencia local

El cáncer de mama (CM) es la primera causa de muerte por cáncer en mujeres tanto a nivel mundial como en Chile. Basados en características clínicas, histológicas y moleculares, múltiples estudios han identificado cuatro subtipos básicos de CM, los cuales están asociados a estrategias de tratamiento específicas y diferenciadas. El CM HER2-positivo representa un 15%-25% de todas las neoplasias mamarias y se caracteriza por su agresividad, recurrencia temprana y mayor tendencia a presentar compromiso del sistema nervioso central. En las últimas décadas, nuevas terapias dirigidas se han posicionado como el estándar de tratamiento y han cambiado la historia natural de esta enfermedad, transformándola en una enfermedad potencialmente curable incluso en etapas avanzadas. Esta revisión busca entregar un resumen de las bases biológicas de esta enfermedad. Por otro lado, dada la aparición de un creciente número de nuevas estrategias de manejo sistémico, nos proponemos revisar sus mecanismos de acción analizando reportes de datos clínicos publicados y la experiencia de nuestro grupo.

Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer death for women both worldwide and in Chile. Based on clinical, histological, and molecular features, studies have identified four BC subtypes that correlate with treatment sensitivity. Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor type 2-positive (HER2+) BC represents 15%-25% of newly diagnosed breast neoplasms; HER2+ BC is characterized by its aggressive behavior, early recurrence, and higher risk of brain metastasis. In recent years, HER2-targeted therapies have become the mainstay of treatment and have redefined the natural history of this subtype, reducing relapse rates for early-stage patients and increasing survival in advanced-stage patients. Herein we review novel treatment strategies and their mechanisms of action, along with clinical and real-world data. We also provide a summary of currently available treatments for this subtype and our local experience regarding the management of this disease.

[Simulation-based education in orthopedics, beyond skills]. / Educación basada en simulación en ortopedia, más allá de las destrezas.

No Abstract available.

Determinación de Valores de Armonía del Perfil Facial en la Población Chilena / Determination of harmony values of the facial profile in the Chilean population

El realizar un tratamiento ortodóntico sólo en base a referencias de tejidos duros, puede llevar a resultados estéticos desfavorables, debido a la gran variabilidad que existe en los tejidos blandos que los recubren. Arnett et al. (1999) presentaron un análisis basado en los tejidos blandos y determinó normas que definen un rostro armónico. Sin embargo, éstas normas se obtuvieron de pacientes norteamericanos y puede que no reflejen los conceptos estéticos de nuestra población. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar valores de armonía facial para la población chilena, utilizando el análisis cefalométrico de tejidos blandos presentado por Arnett et al., y compararlos con los valores previamente establecidos para la población caucásica. Se analizaron 200 fotografías y se clasificaron los perfiles en balanceados y no balanceados según el criterio de un grupo de especialistas. Posteriormente se analizaron las telerradiografías correspondientes a los perfiles clasificados, con el análisis cefalométrico de tejidos blandos. Los valores de las diferentes variables fueron analiza dos separadamente por sexo, clase esqueletal y biotipo facial, y se determinaron las diferencias entre las variables presentadas por Arnett et al. y las obtenidas en el presente estudio. Para ello se utilizaron pruebas de significancia estadística como el test t y otros no paramétricos. Sólo se encontró diferencias significativas en dos variables respecto de las normas sugeridas por Arnett et al., correspondientes a un menor espesor del labio inferior en ambos sexos, y una mayor prominencia del pómulo en mujeres chilenas, por lo que consideramos que los valores de armonía de Arnett et al., pueden ser también aplicados como parámetro estético para la población chilena.

Performing an orthodontic treatment based only on hard tissue references can lead to unfavorable aesthetic results due to the great variability that exists in soft tissues that cover them. In 1999, W.Arnett, presented an analysis based on soft tissues and determined norms that define a harmonious face. However, these standards that were obtained from North Americans and Chilean aesthetic concepts could be different. The aim of the study was to determine the values of facial harmony for the Chilean population, using the cephalometric analysis of soft tissues presented by Arnett, and compare them with the values previously established for the Caucasian population. In this study 200 photographs were analyzed, and the profiles were classified in balanced and unbalanced according to the criteria of a group of specialists. Subsequently, teleradiographs corresponding to the classified profiles were analyzed, with the cephalometric analysis of soft tissues. The values of the different variables were analyzed separately by sex, skeletal class and facial biotype, and the differences between the variables presented by Arnett et al., and those obtained in the present study. For this purpose, statistical significance tests such as the t test and other non- parametric tests were used. There were only significant differences in two variables: inferior lip variables in both sexes, and a greater prominence of the cheekbone in Chilean women, therefore we consider that the values of harmony of Arnett, can also be applied as an aesthetic parameter for the Chilean population.

Isquemia de extremidades inferiores secundaria a arteritis de la arteria temporal

Giant cell arteritis is more common in women older than 60 years, is associated with systemic inflammation symptoms and mainly involves the aortic arch and cranial arteries, specially the temporal artery. Symptomatic lower extremity arterial stenosis or occlusion is uncommon and can lead to limb loss. We report a 73-year-old woman presenting with a one-month history of lower extremity intermittent claudication of sudden onset. She also complained of fever, malaise, headache and weight loss. A non-invasive vascular study showed moderate femoral popliteal occlusive disease, with and abnormal ankle-brachial index (0.68 and 0.83 on right and left sides, respectively). An angio-computed tomography showed thickening of the aortic wall and severe stenosis in both superficial femoral arteries. Steroidal treatment was started, and a temporal artery biopsy was performed confirming giant cell arteritis. Six weeks after steroid therapy the patient had a complete remission of symptoms. A serologic exacerbation was subsequently treated with a humanized monoclonal antibody against the interleukin-6 receptor Tocilizumab, obtaining long time remission.

Tendinitis calcificante del longísimo del cuello / Acute calcific tendinitis of the longus colli muscles

RESUMEN La tendinitis calcificante prevertebral es una patología benigna y poco frecuente, con una incidencia anual de 0,5 casos por cada 100.000 habitantes. Se presenta un caso de una paciente de 52 años que consultó por cervicalgia, odinofagia y disfonía de 5 días de evolución. Tras una exploración otorrinolaringológica completa se sospechó ocupación del espacio retrofaríngeo, confirmada con pruebas de imagen. Ante estos hallazgos y con la sospecha de absceso retrofaríngeo, se decidió ingreso hospitalario para tratamiento intravenoso. Por discordancia entre la clínica, la TC y los hallazgos analíticos, se solicitó RM cervical, cuya imagen hizo sospechar una tendinitis aguda calcificante del longísimo del cuello. En este trabajo se ha realizado una revisión de la sintomatología, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de esta entidad. Consideramos importante sospecharla dentro del diagnóstico diferencial de la ocupación del espacio retrofaríngeo para evitar realizar procedimientos innecesarios.

ABSTRACT Prevertebral calcific tendinitis is a benign and infrequent pathology, with an annual incidence of 0.5 cases per 100,000 habitants. We report the case of a 52-year-old woman that presented with a 5-day history of cervicalgia, odynophagia and dysphonia. Otolaryngological examination and radiological images showed occupation of the retropharyngeal space. The patient was admitted to the hospital for intravenous treatment. A cervical MRI was requested, suggesting an acute calcific tendinitis of the longus colli muscles. The authors provide a discussion of the clinical findings, diagnosis and treatment of this condition. We consider it to be an important differential diagnosis of a retropharyngeal space occupation, in order to avoid unnecessary procedures.

Parámetros genéticos para producción de leche en ganado Simmental (Bos taurus) mediante modelos genómicos y poligénicos / Genetic parameters for milk production in Simmental cattle (Bos taurus) using genomic and polygenic models

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar parámetros genéticos con y sin la inclusión de parentesco genómico para la producción de leche acumulada a 60 (PL60), 150 (PL150), 210 (PL210) y 305 días (PL305) en ganado Simmental en Colombia. Un total de 2883 controles lecheros en 620 vacas de primer parto fueron utilizados. La información genómica se obtuvo a partir de 718 animales genotipados con un chip de una densidad de 30106 marcadores genéticos tipo polimorfismo de nucleótido simple (SNP). Se construyeron modelos de tipo univariado y bivariado bajo la metodología del mejor predictor lineal insesgado (BLUP) y genómico en una etapa (ssGBLUP). Los valores de heredabilidades para PL60, PL150, PL210 y PL305 variaron entre 0,20 a 0,27; 0,25 a 052; 0,30 a 0,35 y 0,20 a 0,23; respectivamente. La inclusión de parentesco genómico no aumentó las heredabilidades y tampoco la precisión de las estimaciones para las características asociadas a producción de leche. La escasez de información fenotípica y la baja conectividad genética entre la población genotipada y no genotipada podrían limitar procesos de selección genética para producción de leche a través del ssGBLUP en la población de ganado Simmental de Colombia.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters with and without the inclusion of genomic relationship in cumulative milk production of Simmental cattle in Colombia for 60 (MP60), 150 (MP150), 210 (MP210) and 305 (MP305) days. A total of 2883 test records from 620 cows in first lactation were used. The genomic information was obtained from 718 animals genotyped with a commercial chip with a density of 30,106 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genetic markers. Univariate and bivariate models were used under the conventional best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) and the single step genomic BLUP (ssGBLUP) methodologies. The heritability estimate values for MP60, MP150, MP210 and MP305 ranged from 0.20 to 0.27, 0.25 to 0.52, 0.30 to 0.35 and 0.20 to 0.23, respectively. The use of the genomic relationship did not increase heritabilities nor the accuracy of estimates for milk traits. The lack of phenotypic records and the low genetic connectivity between genotyped and non-genotyped populations could limit the genetic selection procedures for milk production via the ssGBLUP in Colombian Simmental cattle.

Tuberculosis cutánea en pabellón auricular: reporte de un caso / Cutaneous tuberculosis in ear auricle: a case report

RESUMEN La tuberculosis cutánea representa menos del 2% de todos los casos de la infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Su baja prevalencia, asociada a la amplia variedad en la presentación clínica de las lesiones, dificulta y retrasa el diagnóstico y, por tanto, el inicio del tratamiento. El siguiente es el caso de una paciente de 80 años, con una lesión ulcerada, crónica, en pabellón auricular izquierdo, con evolución tórpida y pobre respuesta al manejo farmacológico instaurado; con biopsia de piel que mostró reacción inflamatoria crónica y presencia de bacilos ácido-alcohol resistentes.

ABSTRACT Cutaneous tuberculosis represents less than 2% of all cases of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Its low prevalence, associated with a wide variety in clinical presentation of the lesions, hinders and delays the diagnosis and, thus, treatment initiation. The following is the case of an 80-years old, female patient with an ulcerated, chronic lesion in the left ear auricle, with a torpid evolution and poor response to established pharmacological management; with a skin biopsy that showed chronic inflammatory reaction and the presence of acid-fast bacilli.

Comparación del ordenamiento de predicciones BLUP y la respuesta a la selección en conejos cuando el efecto año-estación se considera fijo o aleatorio / Comparison of the BLUP prediction order and the response to selection in rabbits when the effect yearseason is considered to be either fixed or random

En lineas de conejos reproductivamente cerradas, criadas con generaciones discretas, existe una fuerte asociacion entre el año-estacion (AE) y los niveles de consanguinidad (F). Estudios realizados anteriormente mostraron que, cuando AE y F son considerados como efectos fijos en un modelo, la heredabilidad y la tendencia genetica se sobreestiman. El objetivo del trabajo fue investigar las consecuencias de considerar AE como fijo (M1) o aleatorio (M2) sobre la seleccion de animales. Se utilizaron 15671 registros correspondientes al numero de destetados de la linea A, del Departamento de Ciencia Animal de la Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, España. Los modelos fueron comparados en base a: los ordenamientos de los valores geneticos aditivos estimados en cada generacion y la respuesta esperada a la seleccion. Se plantearon seis escenarios segun intensidades de seleccion. En cada uno se estimo la correlacion de Spearman y se calculo el porcentaje de discordancia (D) entre los animales elegidos por M2 y no por M1. La respuesta a la seleccion para los animales escogidos por M1 o M2, fue estimada como la pendiente de la recta de regresion entre las medias de los valores geneticos predichos por M2 a traves de las generaciones. A medida que disminuyo la presion de seleccion, aumentaron las correlaciones de Spearman, disminuyendo los D. Aunque, a nivel generacion ambos estimadores no mantuvieron siempre la misma relacion. Las respuestas a la seleccion estimadas fueron similares para los animales seleccionados por M1 o M2, con lo cual no se esperan diferencias entre ambos modelos respecto a la seleccion.

In close reproductive lines of rabbits reared in discrete generations, there is a strong association between the year-season (AE) and the levels of consanguinity (F). Previous studies have shown that when AE and F were considered as fixed effects in a model, the heritability and the genetic tendency were overestimated. The objective of this work was to investigate the consequences of considering AE as either a fixed (M1) or random (M2) effect on the selection of animals. A total of 15,671 records corresponding to the number of rabbits weaned in line A, from the Department of Animal Science of the Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain, were used. The comparison of models was based on the rankings of the estimated additive genetic values in each generation and the expected response to the selection. Six scenarios were proposed, varying in selection intensities. In each one, the Spearman correlation was estimated and the percentage of discordance (D) between the animals chosen for M2 but not for M1 was calculated. The response to selection for the animals chosen by either M1 or M2, was estimated as the slope of the regression line between the means of the genetic values predicted by M2 through generations. As the selection pressure decreased, the Spearman correlations increased, decreasing the D. However, at the generation level, both estimators did not always maintain that relationship. The estimated responses to selection were similar when the selection was based on estimated breeding values obtained by using either M1 or M2. Therefore, no differences are expected between both models with respect to selection.

Estudio cariológico de Chrysobalanus icaco (Chrysobalanacea) en Paraíso, Tabasco, México / Caryological study of Chrysobalanus icaco (Chrysobalanacea) in Paraíso, Tabasco, México

Chrysobalanus icaco es una planta que pertenece a la familia Chrysobalanaceae. En Tabasco, Mexico, esta planta se distribuye en los municipios de la costa. La finalidad de esta investigacion fue la caracterizacion cromosomica de dos fenotipos con color de fruto rosa y purpura mediante tincion convencional. Con tal fin, se recolectaron frutos maduros en la comunidad de Penjamo, Paraiso, Tabasco. Las semillas se dejaron germinar por 30 dias a una temperatura constante de 30 °C. Se utilizaron raicillas de 1,00 cm de longitud, las cuales fueron sometidas a hidrolisis acida y posterior tincion con orceina. Se fotografiaron 295 metafases y se midieron los cromosomas de 35 placas metafasicas del fenotipo purpura y 30 del fenotipo rosado. Ambos fenotipos presentaron 18 cromosomas pequenos, los cuales se ordenaron en nueve pares homologos segun su tamano relativo. No se observaron diferencias morfologicas ni numericas entre los cariotipos de ambos fenotipos. Ademas la prueba de t-Student (α=0,05) revelo que no se encuentran diferencias significativas entre los complementos cromosomicos de ambos fenotipos.

Chrysobalanus icaco is a plant that belongs to the Chrysobalanaceae family. In Tabasco, Mexico, this plant is distributed in the municipalities of the coastline. The main purpose of this research was to characterize the chromosomal structure of phenotypes with pink and purple fruits by the use of conventional staining. To this end, mature fruits were collected in the community of Penjamo, Paraiso, Tabasco. Seeds were allowed to germinate for 30 days at a constant temperature of 30° C. Roots of 1.00 cm in length were subjected to acid hydrolysis and subsequent staining with orcein. A total of 295 metaphases were photographed and chromosomes of 35 metaphases of the purple phenotype and 30 of the pink phenotype were measured. Both phenotypes presented 18 small chromosomes, which were ordered in nine homologous pairs according to their relative size. No morphological or numerical differences were observed between the karyotypes of both phenotypes. In addition, the t-Student (α=0.05) test did not reveal significant differences between the chromosomes complements of both phenotypes.

Impacto del Ácido Fólico en la Incidencia de Fisuras Labiopalatinas de la Población Occidente de la Región Metropolitana, Chile / Impact of Folic Acid on the Incidence of Cleft Lip and Palate of the Western Population of the Metropolitan Region, Chile

RESUMEN: La fisura labiopalatina ha tenido una alta frecuencia en la población chilena. A partir del 2000 se inició el programa de fortificación de la harina con ácido fólico a fin de disminuir los defectos del tubo neural. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el impacto que presenta la incorporación del ácido fólico en la incidencia de fisuras labiopalatinas de la población del área occidente de la Región Metropolitana. Se recopiló información a partir de las fichas clínicas de la Fundación Gantz seleccionando a los recién nacidos entre 1990 y 2009, correspondientes a las comunas del Servicio de Salud Occidente de la Región Metropolitana. Desde el 2000 hasta el 2004 se observó una disminución importante en las tasas de fisura labiopalatina, con una tasa de 0,88 fisurados por 1000 recién nacidos vivos. Posteriormente se observó un incremento a partir del 2005 hasta el 2009 llegando a una tasa de 1,52 fisurados por 1000 recién nacidos vivos. En conclusión, el efecto protector del ácido fólico se evidencia en la disminución de las tasas de los recién nacidos con fisuras durante los primeros años de su implementación. Sin embargo, posteriormente se observó un aumento de dichas tasas, lo cual podría deberse al incumplimiento de la norma.

ABSTRACT: Cleft lip and palate has had a high frequency in the Chilean population. From the year 2000 a flour fortification program with folic acid was initiated in order to reduce the defects of the neural tube. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of the incorporation of folic acid in the incidence of cleft lip and palate of the population of the western area of the Metropolitan Region. Information was collected from clinical records of the Gantz Foundation, selecting newborns from 1990 to 2009, corresponding to the districts of the western sector of the Metropolitan Region. From 2000 to 2004 there was a significant decrease in cleft lip and palate rates, with a rate of 0.88 cases per 1000 live births. Subsequently, an increase was observed from 2005 to 2009, reaching a rate of 1.52 cases per 1000 live births. In conclusion, the protective effect of folic acid is evidenced in the reduction of the rates of newborns with cleft palate during the first years of its implementation. However, an increase in these rates was subsequently observed, which could be due to noncompliance with the standard.