Jaboticaba berry: A comprehensive review on its polyphenol composition, health effects, metabolism, and the development of food products.

Jaboticaba, a popular Brazilian berry, has been studied due to its relevant polyphenol composition, health benefits and potential use for the development of derived food products. Considering that around 200 articles have been published in recent years, this review aims to provide comprehensive and updated information, as well as a critical discussion on: (i) jaboticaba polyphenolic composition and extraction methods for their accurate determination; (ii) jaboticaba polyphenol's metabolism; (iii) biological effects of the fruit and the relationship with its polyphenols and their metabolites; (iv) challenges in the development of jaboticaba derived products. The determination of jaboticaba polyphenols should employ hydrolysis procedures during extraction, followed by liquid chromatographic analysis. Jaboticaba polyphenols, mainly anthocyanins and ellagitannins, are extensively metabolized, and their metabolites are probably the most important contributors to the relevant health effects associated with the fruit, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic. Most of the technological processing of jaboticaba fruit and its residues is related to their application as a colorant, antioxidant, antimicrobial and source of polyphenols. The scientific literature still lacks studies on the metabolism and bioactivity of polyphenols from jaboticaba in humans, as well as the effect of technological processes on these issues.

Effects of dipyrone and acetylsalicylic acid on contractions of distal cauda epididymis duct, serum testosterone and sperm count in rats.

The effects of dipyrone and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on male fertility are still not fully understood, mainly considering the epididymis as a putative target for their anti-fertility effects. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of dipyrone and ASA on the contractions of distal cauda epididymis duct, serum testosterone levels and sperm parameters in rats. Firstly, we checked the in vitro effects of dipyrone and ASA (10-1000 µM) on the contractions of distal cauda epididymis duct by pharmacological experiments. We also evaluated the effects of in vivo treatment with dipyrone and ASA 100 mg/kg (p.o.) for 15 days on epididymal duct contractions, serum testosterone levels and sperm parameters. In vitro dipyrone or ASA decreased the epididymal duct contractions induced by phenylephrine or carbachol. We observed that in vivo treatment with both drugs decreased the daily sperm production, serum testosterone levels and sperm count through epididymis without altering the epididymal duct contractions and sperm transit time through epididymis. In conclusion, in vitro dipyrone and ASA were able to diminish the contractions of epididymal duct, whilst in vivo administration decreased the sperm count throughout epididymis as a consequence of a low sperm production caused by reduced testosterone levels.

Chemical, Microbiological and Sensory Stability of Steam Extracted Jaboticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba) Juice.

Jaboticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba) is a Brazilian berry rich in phenolic compounds, much appreciated for its sweet and slightly acid taste, and highly perishable. Thus, we aimed at producing jaboticaba juice by steam extraction and at investigating its microbiological, sensorial and chemical qualities during storage for up to 168 days. Juice was microbiologically safe and even though unsweetened juice was well accepted, sucrose addition further improved flavor (21%), overall impression (11%) and purchase intent (21%) scores. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) was the major phenolic (40%), followed by gallic (28%) and ellagic acids (21%). Total phenolics contents decreased from 27% (50 °C) to 50% (25 °C), mainly driven by C3G degradation. At 60 °C, total phenolics contents did not change after 42 days since C3G degradation was counterbalanced by gallic acid formation (129%), which followed zero-order reaction kinetics. Anthocyanins degradation followed first-order reaction kinetics (C3G half-life at 25 °C = 21.7 days) and was associated with color changes during storage. In conclusion, steam extraction followed by hot-filling technique ensured a juice with at least six months of shelf life.

Dengue in northeastern Brazil: a spatial and temporal perspective.

INTRODUCTION: The state of Ceará (Brazilian Northeast) has a high incidence of dengue. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the temporal patterns and spatial distribution of dengue cases in Ceará during 2001-2019. METHODS: A spatiotemporal ecological study was performed with secondary data. Time-trend analysis was performed using a segmented log-linear regression model to estimate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) and the annual percentage change (APC) in incidence of dengue. We also performed spatiotemporal analysis to identify the place, time, and relative risk (RR) of dengue clusters. RESULTS: There were 539,653 dengue cases. The AAPC reduced over time (-9.5%; 95% confidance interval [CI]: -18.3; -0.3). Three trends were identified-2001-2004: APC=-20.9% (95% CI: -65.1 to 44.8), 2005-2015: APC=7.9% (95% CI: -6.0 to 98.9), and 2016-2019: APC=-48.8% (95% CI: -83.0 to -6.1). During 2001-2007, 10 significant clusters were identified (RR=3.57-14.38: n=4 and RR=0.05-0.39: n=6). During 2008-2013, there was 1 cluster in the western region (RR= 3.40) and four other clusters (RR=0.02-0.15). The last period presented 5 high-RR clusters (RR=2.95-9.24). The low-RR clusters were located in the central-north, central-south, south, and northwest regions. However, the central-west region remained a high-RR cluster region throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Dengue showed a decreasing incidence. During the epidemic years, the southern, eastern, and western regions presented high-risk clusters. Introduction of a new dengue serotype in a low-RR area can cause explosive outbreaks due to population susceptibility.

Aleitamento materno e seu conhecimento por alunos de enfermagem / Breastfeeding and their knowledge by nursing students / Lactancia materna y su conocimiento por los estudiantes de enfermeira

Objetivo: Investigar o conhecimento dos alunos de enfermagem sobre o aleitamento materno. Métodos: Abordagem transversal, qualitativa e quantitativa de campo desenvolvido em Universidade particular do interior de São Paulo. A coleta de dados foi realizada utilizando-se questionário, com 15 perguntas sobre amamentação, distribuídas em três partes. Foram incluídas perguntas sobre manejo na amamentação, aspectos legais na proteção ao aleitamento materno e benefícios da amamentação para o binômio. Analisou-se os dados por meio da descritiva simples e para as comparações foi utilizado a análise de variância. Resultados: Os alunos de enfermagem do oitavo semestre obtiveram desempenho geral de 81,2% nas respostas corretas, valor estatisticamente superior a uma das turmas do sétimo período, mas semelhante à outra turma. Assim a turma sétimo A e oitavo tiveram resultados significativos na pesquisa. Conclusão: Apesar do bom conhecimento sobre as vantagens do aleitamento, evidenciou-se conhecimento inferior ao esperado no que se refere ao processo fisiológico do aleitamento materno.(AU)

Objective: To investigate the knowledge of nursing students about breastfeeding. Methods: Cross-sectional, qualitative and quantitative approach developed at a private university in an inner city in São Paulo State. Data collection was performed using a questionnaire comprising 15 questions about breastfeeding, distributed in three parts. Questions about breastfeeding management, legal aspects of breastfeeding protection and breastfeeding benefits were included. Data were analyzed using the simple descriptive and variance analysis was performed for comparisons. Results: Nursing students in the eighth semester achieved an overall performance of 81.2% in the correct answers, a value statistically superior to one of the classes in the seventh period, but similar to the other. Conclusion: Despite the good knowledge about the advantages of breastfeeding, knowledge was shown to be lower than expected with regard to the physiological process of breastfeeding.(AU)

Objetivo: Investigar el conocimiento de los estudiantes de enfermería sobre la lactancia materna. Métodos: enfoque transversal, cualitativo y cuantitativo desarrollado en una universidad privada en una ciudad del interior del estado de São Paulo. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante un cuestionario que comprende 15 preguntas sobre lactancia materna, distribuidas en tres partes. Se incluyeron preguntas sobre el manejo de la lactancia materna, los aspectos legales de la protección y los beneficios de la lactancia materna. Los datos se analizaron mediante el análisis descriptivo simple y se realizó un análisis de varianza para las comparaciones. Resultados: Los estudiantes de enfermería en el octavo semestre lograron un rendimiento general del 81.2% en las respuestas correctas, un valor estadísticamente superior a una de las clases en el séptimo período, pero similar al otro. Conclusión: a pesar del buen conocimiento sobre las ventajas de la lactancia materna, se demostró que el conocimiento es menor de lo esperado con respecto al proceso fisiológico de la lactancia materna.(AU)

Dengue in northeastern Brazil: a spatial and temporal perspective

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The state of Ceará (Brazilian Northeast) has a high incidence of dengue. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the temporal patterns and spatial distribution of dengue cases in Ceará during 2001-2019. METHODS: A spatiotemporal ecological study was performed with secondary data. Time-trend analysis was performed using a segmented log-linear regression model to estimate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) and the annual percentage change (APC) in incidence of dengue. We also performed spatiotemporal analysis to identify the place, time, and relative risk (RR) of dengue clusters. RESULTS: There were 539,653 dengue cases. The AAPC reduced over time (-9.5%; 95% confidance interval [CI]: -18.3; -0.3). Three trends were identified-2001-2004: APC=-20.9% (95% CI: -65.1 to 44.8), 2005-2015: APC=7.9% (95% CI: -6.0 to 98.9), and 2016-2019: APC=-48.8% (95% CI: -83.0 to -6.1). During 2001-2007, 10 significant clusters were identified (RR=3.57-14.38: n=4 and RR=0.05-0.39: n=6). During 2008-2013, there was 1 cluster in the western region (RR= 3.40) and four other clusters (RR=0.02-0.15). The last period presented 5 high-RR clusters (RR=2.95-9.24). The low-RR clusters were located in the central-north, central-south, south, and northwest regions. However, the central-west region remained a high-RR cluster region throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Dengue showed a decreasing incidence. During the epidemic years, the southern, eastern, and western regions presented high-risk clusters. Introduction of a new dengue serotype in a low-RR area can cause explosive outbreaks due to population susceptibility.

Estudo da anatomia de pré-molares inferiores por meio de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico / Study of mandibular premolar anatomy by conebeam computed tomography

Introdução: os pré-molares inferiores representam um desafio no tratamento endodôntico, devido às suas variações anatômicas. Assim, emprega-se a tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) para o estudo detalhado da anatomia dentária. Objetivo: avaliar, por meio da TCFC, a anatomia dentária de pré-molares inferiores. Métodos: a amostra incluiu imagens de TCFC, nos cortes coronal, sagital e axial, de 200 pré-molares inferiores. O número de raízes, canais e a configuração, de acordo com Vertucci, foram analisados. As variáveis foram associadas e comparadas, a um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: a configuração do tipo I predominou em ambos os sexos, masculino e feminino, e nos primeiros e segundos pré-molares. Contudo, o teste exato de Fisher apontou que não foi possível confirmar uma associação entre os sexos e a conformação dos canais de acordo com a classificação de Vertucci. Por meio do teste Mann-Whitney, houve evidências amostrais de que o número de raízes (p = 0,04) e de canais (p = 0,01) difere entre os sexos. Em 62% dos primeiros pré-molares e 92% dos segundos pré-molares, foi observada a presença de uma raiz e um canal. O teste de Friedman indicou que o número de raízes e canais também diferiu entre os tipos de dentes (p = 0,02). Conclusões: a TCFC possibilitou a análise, de maneira eficaz e não invasiva, da morfologia dentária, verificando-se que o tipo I foi o mais frequente em ambos os sexos e nos primeiros e segundos pré-molares. Foi possível verificar que o número de raízes e canais difere significativamente tanto entre os sexos quanto entre os tipos de dentes.

Introduction: The mandibular premolars represent a challenge in endodontic treatment due to their anatomical variations. Thus, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is used for the detailed study of the dental anatomy. Objective: To evaluate dental anatomy of the mandibular premolars using CBCT. Methods: The sample included CBCT images in the coronal, sagittal and axial sections of 200 mandibular premolars. The number of roots, root canals and configuration according to Vertucci were analyzed. The variables were associated and compared at a significance level of 5%. Results: The type I configuration predominated in males and females and in the first and second premolars. However, Fisher's exact test evidenced that it is not possible to confirm an association between the sexes and the configuration of the root canals according to the Vertucci classification. The Mann-Whitney test indicated that the number of roots (p=0.04) and canals (p=0.01) are different between genders. The presence of a single root and a single canal was observed in 62% of the first premolars and 92% of the second premolars. The Friedman test indicated that the number of roots and canals also differs between teeth (p=0.02). Conclusion: CBCT enabled noninvasive and effective way to analyze the morphology of teeth and it was found that type I was the most frequent in both genders and in the first and second premolars. The number of roots and canals differs significantly between genders and between teeth (AU).

Fluoxetine and sertraline effects on rat distal cauda epididymis contraction, sperm count and sperm transit time trough epididymis.

Fluoxetine and sertraline are antidepressants drugs capable to impair male fertility by decreasing the number of sperm cells in the ejaculate. However, the mechanism underlying these effects is still not fully understood. It is also reported that alterations in epididymis contraction induced by different drugs affect the number of sperm cells, leading to male fertility alterations. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate if both fluoxetine and sertraline could affect the rat epididymis contraction, altering the sperm transit and/or sperm count trough rat epididymis. In vitro effects of fluoxetine and sertraline (1, 3 and 10 µM) were evaluated in isolated distal cauda epididymis of rats by pharmacological experiments. The effects of long-term treatment with fluoxetine and sertraline (20 mg/kg, i.p., 21 days) were also checked on distal cauda epididymis contractions, serum testosterone levels, sperm production, sperm reserves and sperm transit time trough rat epididymis. In vitro fluoxetine and sertraline (>3 µM) impaired the contractions induced by KCl, phenylephrine or carbachol although fluoxetine 1 µM potentiate the phenylephrine-induced contractions. Long-term in vivo treatment with fluoxetine and sertraline promoted: (a) an enhancement of rat distal cauda spontaneous contractions; (b) a potentiation of phenylephrine-induced contractions; (c) a decreased in serum testosterone levels; and (d) a diminished daily sperm production, sperm reserves trough epididymis and sperm transit time in rat cauda epididymis. In conclusion, the alteration in the motor activity of epididymis could be associated to the low sperm count in this organ and accelerated transit time trough epididymal cauda of rats.

Involvement of the dopaminergic system in the antidepressant-like effect of the lectin isolated from the red marine alga Solieria filiformis in mice.

This study aimed at evaluating the antidepressant-like action of the marine alga Solieria filiformis lectin (SfL) and to investigate the participation of the monoaminergic system in this action. For this, male Swiss mice (n=10) were pretreated with intravenous injections (i.v.) of SfL (1, 3 or 9mg/kg) and submitted to open field (OFT), tail suspension (TST), forced swimming (FST), elevated plus-maze (EPMT) and hole-board tests (HBT). As controls, mice received sterile saline (i.v.), imipramine (10 or 30mg/kg; intraperitoneally - i.p.) or diazepam (1 mk/kg; i.p.). To assess the involvement of the monoaminergic system in SfL effects, the FST was conducted in mice pretreated with PCPA, an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis, or noradrenergic and dopaminergic receptors specific antagonists. The results showed that SfL has an antidepressant-like effect, with no psychostimulant and anxiolytic-like effects. When denatured or combined with mannan, SfL lost the ability to reduce the immobility time in the FST. In addition, SfL antidepressant-like effect was inhibited by the pretreatment of mice with SCH 23390, a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, and by sulpiride, a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist. Thus, SfL produced an antidepressant-like effect, which is probably dependent on its interaction with the dopaminergic system.

O uso de tecnologias digitais em uma instituição de ensino superior: apontamentos sobre a saúde do jovem / The use of digital technologies in an institute of higher education: notes for young people´s health

O estudo buscou caracterizar o comportamento de uso das tecnologias digitais por jovens universitários e tecer apontamentos sobre as possíveis inferências em sua saúde. Participaram 361 jovens, com idade entre 17 e 24 anos, matriculados em uma instituição de ensino no norte do Paraná. Aplicou-se um questionário contendo questões sobre: idade do primeiro acesso, frequência e finalidade do uso. A análise estatística, por meio de regressão logística, mostrou que as tecnologias de informática são usadas para fins de trabalho ou jogo, nos períodos vespertino e noturno, por um intervalo de até quatro horas diárias, enquanto as de telefonia são usadas mais de oito horas, em todos os períodos do dia, para fins de relacionamentos sociais. Tais resultados mostram que elas estão imersas no cotidiano dos jovens, especialmente na dimensão afetiva e social, porém o uso prolongado pode indicar alterações em hábitos cruciais à saúde integral do jovem, como o sono e atividades físicas. Conclui-se que as tecnologias são um importante meio de interação e aprendizado dos jovens, o que deve ser explorado pelas políticas públicas para assegurar o cuidado ao desenvolvimento sadio da juventude.

The use of Digital Technologies by undergraduates is characterized and notes are elaborated on possible repercussions on their health. Three hundred and sixty-one young people, aged between 17 and 24 years, enrolled in an institute of higher education in the northern region of the state of Paraná, participated. A questionnaire on age at first access, frequency and aim was applied. Statistical analysis showed through logistic regression that information technologies are used for work or leisure, during the evening and night, for a period of four hours, whereas telephony is used for more than 8 hours at all times of the day for social relationship. Results show that technology lies within the day-to-day living of young people, especially within the affective and social life. However, their long use may indicate crucial habits, such as sleep and physical activities, harming young people´s health. Technologies are important for interaction and learning and should be employed by public policies to ensure healthy development.

Genotoxic evaluation of terbinafine in human lymphocytes in vitro.

Terbinafine is an antimycotic drug usually used against several superficial fungal infections and with a potential application in the treatment of human cancers. Since to date there are few data on the genotoxic effects of terbinafine in mammalian cells, current study evaluated the potential genotoxic of such antifungal agent in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Terbinafine was used at the peak plasma concentration (1.0 µg/ml) and in four additional concentrations higher than the human plasmatic peak (5.0 µg/ml, 25.0 µg/ml, 50.0 µg/ml and 100.0 µg/ml). Chromosomal aberrations (CA), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), micronuclei (MN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NP) and nuclear buds (NB) were scored as genetic endpoints. In all analysis no significant differences (α = 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test) were observed. Complementary criterion adopted to obtain the final response in cytogenetic agreed with statistical results. Therefore, results of this study showed that terbinafine neither induced CA, SCE, MN, NP and NB nor affected significantly mitotic, replication and cytokinesis-block proliferation indices in any of the tested concentrations. It may be assumed that terbinafine was not genotoxic or cytotoxic to cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes in our experimental conditions.

Viabilidade da cultura temporária de linfócitos, em diferentes tempos após coleta do sangue, para análise de cariótipo / Viability of lymphocyte culture, at different times after blood collection, for karyotype analysis

Introduction: Cytogenetics is the area of genetics that studies chromosomes, including numerical changes, and their relationship to structural imbalances. Among the classical cytogenetics tests, the GTG banding karyotype is the most widely used. The period of culture establishment is a critical step, which can affect the pre-analytical phase of the test. Objective: To evaluate, at different establishment times, culture viability and banding resolution. Material and methods: Collection of 10 ml blood from 10 subjects was carried out for culture analysis. For viability analysis, mitotic index (MI) and banding resolution were assessed. Results: The comparative analysis of MI showed significant difference between times. In the assessment of banding resolution, the mean value of the bands was higher at times zero and 24 hour. Discussion: The MI reflects inhibition of cell cycle progression and/or loss of ability to proliferate. When the pair analysis was performed, a difference between zero and 48 hours was observed. The average number of bands analyzed at times zero and 24 hours did not indicate difference in the quantity and quality of the bands when cultures were grown immediately after blood collection or within 24 hours. At the 48th hour after blood collection significant reduction of band resolution was observed. Conclusion: These data highlight the importance of the biological material quality, as viability is lower when the culture is grown after 24 hours, as well as the banding resolution...

Introdução: Citogenética é a área da genética que estuda os cromossomos, incluindo alterações numéricas, estruturais e sua relação com distúrbios. Nos exames de citogenética clássica, o cariótipo com bandamento GTG é a metodologia mais utilizada, sendo o período de implantação da cultura uma fase crítica, que pode comprometer a fase pré-analítica do exame. Objetivo: Avaliar, em diferentes tempos de implantação, a viabilidade das culturas e o número de bandas. Material e métodos: Foram colhidos 10 ml de sangue de 10 sujeitos para realização das culturas. Para análise da viabilidade, foram utilizados o índice mitótico (IM) e a análise de resolução por bandamento. Resultados: A comparação dos valores do IM demonstrou desigualdade entre os diferentes tempos analisados. Na análise de resolução, o valor médio das bandas foi maior nos tempos zero e 24 horas. Discussão: O IM reflete a inibição da progressão do ciclo celular e/ou a perda da capacidade de proliferação. Quando o IM foi comparado dois a dois, verificou-se a diferença entre os tempos zero e 48 horas. O número médio de bandas analisadas nos tempos de zero e 24 horas mostrou que não houve diferença na quantidade e na qualidade das bandas quando as culturas foram implantadas logo após a coleta do sangue ou em até 24 horas. No tempo de 48 horas, houve significativa redução da resolução. Conclusão: Os dados obtidos reforçam a importância da qualidade do material biológico, visto que a viabilidade decai quando a implantação da cultura é realizada após 24 horas, assim como a resolução das bandas...

O envolvimento dos alunos nas aulas de educação física: um estudo de caso / The involvement of students in physical education classes: a case study

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar estratégias utilizadas por uma professora de Educação Física para envolver seus alunos na aprendizagem. Realizamos um estudo de caso com uma professora de Educação Física, sendo utilizados diferentes instrumentos para coleta de dados: observação, entrevista e análise documental. A professora tem como objetivo o envolvimento dos alunos na aprendizagem e, para atingir este objetivo, utiliza diferentes metodologias, como a ênfase na aprendizagem significante, a utilização de instrumentos para auto-­avaliação, as atividades que estimulem o autoconhecimento, a utilização de registro coletivo,a aplicação de ficha de avaliação, o uso de atividades diversificadas e o frequente incentivo para a participação dos alunos...

This study has as goal to check how the teacher of physical education tries to involve the students at their learning and at his work at school and identify strategies used by this teacher. A case study was done with a teacher of physical education. To collect the data’s many tecnics were used: Following and observation, interview and documental analysis. It was possible to verify that the teacher has a goal the environment of the students during their learning and, to reach this goal, she uses many strategies. Between these strategies, we can point the effort at the learning with meaning, and the use of self ­avaliation tools, the actives that stimulate the self­knowledge, the use different actives and the continue support to the participation of the students...

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar las estrategias utilizadas por un maestro de educación física para envolver a los estudiantes en el aprendizaje. Se realizó unestudio de caso con un maestro de Educación Física y se utiliza distintos instrumentos para la recolección de datos: observación, entrevista y análisis de documentos. El profesor objetiva la participación de los estudiantes en el aprendizaje y emplea diferentes metodologías, como el énfasis en el aprendizaje significativa, la auto­evaluación que fomentan el auto­conocimiento, el uso de registro colectivo, la aplicación del formulario de evaluación, el uso de diversas actividades y el incentivo para participación de los estudiantes...

Efeito do tempo e da temperatura de estocagem nas determinações de acidez, cálcio, proteínas e lipídeos de leite de doadoras de bancos de leite humano / Effect of storage time and temperature on the acidity, calcium, protein and lipid content of milk from human milk banks

OBJECTIVES: to verify the effect of three storage conditions on human milk acidity and to determine the quantity of lipids, total solids, ash, calcium, and total proteins. METHODS: the sample comprised healthy milk donors to the Human Milk Bank of the University Hospital of Maringá (n=37), State of Paraná, Brazil. The quantities of lipids, protein, total solids, ash and calcium were measured, as well as acidity. The study protocol included three storage conditions: time zero, after 4h storage at room temperature and after 24h under refrigeration. RESULTS: the average concentrations of nutrients found in this study were comparable to those described in milk from lactating mothers of developed countries or other Brazilian regions, which is suitable for feeding newborns. As for acidity, variations were observed between individuals for the storage conditions involving 4h and 24h, which did not occur for the condition of 0h. A weak correlation between the variables of acidity and protein content was observed, as well as for acidity and calcium. CONCLUSIONS: the acidity does not have a significant influence on the concentration of the nutrients, at least under the storage conditions studied here. The best way to preserve human milk is to freeze it immediately after collection.

OBJETIVOS: verificar o efeito de três condições de estocagem sobre a acidez do leite humano ordenhado, bem como determinar os seguintes constituintes do leite: gordura, sólidos totais, cinzas, cálcio e proteínas totais. MÉTODOS: as amostras foram obtidas a partir de doadoras do Banco de Leite Humano do Hospital Universitário de Maringá, Paraná, Brasil (n=37). Foram determinados os conteúdos de gordura, proteína, sólidos totais, cinzas e cálcio, além da determinação da acidez. O protocolo de pesquisa incluiu três condições de estocagem: tempo zero, 4h à temperatura ambiente e 24h sob refrigeração. RESULTADOS as concentrações médias de nutrientes encontradas eram comparáveis àquelas descritas em leite de nutrizes de outros países ou de outras regiões do país e adequadas para a alimentação de recém-nascidos. Os dados de acidez demonstraram alta variabilidade interindividual para as condições de estocagem à 4h e 24h, o que não aconteceu na estocagem imediata (0h). Observou-se fraca correlação entre as variáveis acidez e concentração de proteína, bem como entre acidez e teor de cálcio. CONCLUSÕES: a acidez não influenciou a concentração desses nutrientes, nas condições de estocagem estudadas, e que a melhor forma de se preservar o leite humano foi congelá-lo imediatamente após sua obtenção.

Atenção a famílias com crianças e idosos, pelas Equipes de Saúde da Família, em município de médio porte / Assistance to families with children and elderly, by health and family teams, in middle-sized cities

Analisa-se a composição das famílias e aspectos da estratégia do PSF em uma área da região leste de Maringá, Estado do Paraná. Utilizou-se a técnica de amostragem estratificada proporcional, considerando-se o número de famílias por área e sua composição etária (dados do SIAB). Dentre as 385 famílias incluídas no estudo, 52,71% têm um ou mais indivíduos dos grupos etários de maior risco. Destas, 58,62% com idoso, 9,36% com crianças menores de 1 ano e 42,86% com crianças entre 1 e 6 anos. Verificou-se em algumas famílias um único indivíduo e este, idoso, necessitando maior atenção da ESF. Para 35% das famílias, as visitas são trimestrais, bimensais ou nunca ocorreram. A situação de atenção à criança, principalmente menor de 1 ano, mostra que apenas 9 dentre 17 famílias informantes estão sendo visitadas mensalmente. A participação das famílias com crianças e ou idosos em atividades de grupos é pequena, citada por 20%. Estes achados sugerem que um dos objetivos principais do PSF não está sendo atingido. Diante dessas evidências, urge repensar o processo de trabalho instituído nas ESF.

Family arrangements and some features of the Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF - Brazilian Health Family Program) in the east region of Maringá, Paraná State, were analyzed. A technique of proportional strata sampling was used by considering the number of families per area of residence and the age of family members, according to data from the Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica (SIAB - Basic Health Information System). Among 385 families, 52.71% have one or more members in the age group of major risk, out of which 58.62% are elderly, 9.35% are less than one year old and 42.86% are between 1 and 6 years old. Some families had only one member aged 60 or older, which required assistance from the Equipes Saúde da Família (ESF - Family Health Workers). In 35% of the families, the ESF visits occurred every three or two months or never occurred. The assistance of the ESF to children, mainly to those less than 1 year old shows that only 9 of 17 families with a member in that age group are being visited monthly. The number of families with children and elderly, engaged in health group activities, is small (20%). Those results suggest that one of the main purposes of PSF is not being attained. In face of those evidences, it seems urgent to rethink work process established in the ESF.

Citrato urinário na nefrolitíase / Urinary citrate in nephrolithiasis

O citrato tem dois efeitos importantes na prevençäo da nefrolitíase conhecidos como efeitos solubilizante e inibidor da cristalizaçäo dos sais de cálcio. É um ácido tricarboxílico que faz parte do ciclo de Krebs, sendo livremente filtrado e excretado pelos rins. A sua excreçäo pela urina pode sofrer influência de vários fatores, tais como a idade, o sexo, o conteúdo de ácido cítrico, proteínas e sódio na dieta, a atividade física, o equilíbrio ácido-básico, etc. Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar a influência do sexo e da idade na excreçäo de citrato pela urina em pacientes com nefrolitíase. Para tal, realizamos a medida de citrato na urina de 24 horas (método enzimático) em 98 indivíduos do sexo masculino (36 ñ 13,5 anos) e 124 do sexo feminino (36 ñ 12,7 anos), todos com cálculo renal. Verificamos que o sexo influenciou significativamente na excreçäo urinária de citrato, com as mulheres excretando mais (527 ñ 225 mg/24 horas) do que os homens (409 ñ 210 mg/24 horas) (p=0,0001). A prevalência de hipocitratúria foi bem maior nos homens (41 porcento) do que nas mulheres (18 porcento). Quando os dois grupos (sexo masculino e feminino) foram separados de acordo com a idade observamos que, até os 40 anos, as mulheres excretaram mais citrato do que os homens. Se considerarmos somente o fator idade verificamos que homens até 20 anos apresentaram valores de citrato significativamente menores do que aqueles com idade acima de 20. Já nas mulheres, a excreçäo de citrato pela urina näo foi estatisticamente diferente nas categorias de idade estudadas

Icterícia neonatal: levantamento dos casos ocorridos no Hospital Universitário Regional de Maringá (HUM), entre novembro de 1993 e julho de 1995 / Newborn jaundice: survey of the cases occured in the Hospital Universitário Regional de Maringá (HUM) from November 1993 to July 1995

O objetivo do estudo foi traçar o perfil do serviço de neonatologia do HUM quanto ao atendimento ao recém-nascido ictérico. Foram levantados todos os prontuários com diagnóstico de trabalho de parto registrados entre novembro de 1993 e julho de 1995 no HUM e considerados como populaçäo de estudo todos os recém-nascidos que apresentaram icterícia entre o nascimento e a alta hospitalar. Os dados foram processados pelo sistema EPI-info/Excel e utilizado teste näo-paramétrico (Qui-quadrado) para análise dos resultados. No período, nasceram 574 crianças, das quais 281 (48,95 por cento) tiveram icterícia neonatal, sendo 53,38 por cento do sexo masculino e 46,62 por cento do sexo feminino. As crianças ictéricas foram distribuídas em 2 grupos (tratadas e näo tratadas) e classificadas de acordo com a idade gestacional, peso ao nascimento, tipo de parto, presença de asfixia ao nascimento, distúrbios associados. O teste do Qui-quadrado revelou-se significativo entre todas as variáveis, exceto quanto ao tipo de parto. Dos RN ictéricos, 74,38 por cento näo receberam tratamento, 25,27 por cento foram submetidos à fototerapia isolada e 0,35 por cento a exsangüíneo-transfusäo. Dentre os tratado, em 70,83 por cento o diagnóstico foi de icterícia fisiológica e em 9,72 por centro foi referido algum grau de desidrataçäo como complicaçäo da fototerapia. O observado näo diferiu de dados da literatura, mostrando somente a alta freqüência de icterícia e a diversidade de conduta frente ao mesmo nível de bilirrubina e à mesma idade gestacional.