Dando voz aos homens: repercussões do viver com incontinência urinária e a prática sexual / Giving men a voice: repercussions of living with urinary incontinence and sexual practice / Dando voz a los hombres: repercusiones de vivir con incontinencia urinaria y la práctica sexual

Objetivo: compreender as repercussões da incontinência urinária na prática sexual de homens. Método: estudo descritivo, qualitativo, apoiado na teoria de Dorothea Orem, realizado em uma clínica de atenção especializada à população com incontinência urinária do Rio de Janeiro, em 2020, com 18 homens maiores de 18 anos, com esse diagnóstico médico, após aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Para coleta dos dados, aplicou-se a entrevista semiestruturada, transcrita e submetida à análise de conteúdo. Resultados: a incontinência urinária acarreta, aos indivíduos, medo da rejeição e sentimentos de baixa autoeficácia, pois acreditam que não satisfazem seus parceiros sexuais, o que compromete os relacionamentos afetivosexuais. Bem como, interfere no desenvolvimento das atividades cotidianas ocasionando o afastamento das redes de apoio, além do sentimento de frustração e impotência, que comprometem a qualidade de vida dos homens. Conclusão: a incontinência urinária acarreta isolamento social, constrangimento, vergonha, baixa autoestima e insatisfação sexual dos homens acometidos(AU)

Objective: to understand the repercussions of urinary incontinence in the sexual practice of men. Method: descriptive, qualitative study, supported by Dorothea Orem's theory, carried out in a polyclinic in Rio de Janeiro, in 2020, with 18 men over 18 years old, with urinary incontinence, after approval by the Research Ethics Committee. For data collection, a semi-structured interview was applied, transcribed and submitted to content analysis. Results: urinary incontinence causes in individuals fear of rejection and feelings of low self-efficacy, as they believe that they do not satisfy their sexual partners, which compromises affective-sexual relationships. As well as it interferes in the development of daily activities, causing the removal of support networks, in addition to the feeling of frustration and impotence, which compromise the quality of life of men. Conclusion: urinary incontinence causes social isolation, embarrassment, shame, low self-esteem and sexual dissatisfaction in affected men(AU)

Objetivo: comprender las repercusiones de la incontinencia urinaria en la práctica sexual de los hombres. Método: estudio descriptivo, cualitativo, basado en la teoría de Dorothea Orem, realizado en una clínica de atención especializada a la población con incontinencia urinaria de Río de Janeiro, en 2020, con 18 hombres mayores de 18 años, con ese diagnóstico, después de la aprobación por el Comité de Ética en Investigación. La recolección de datos se hizo por medio de una entrevista semiestructurada, transcrita y sometida al análisis de contenido. Resultados: la incontinencia urinaria provoca miedo al rechazo y sentimientos de baja autoeficacia, ya que creen que no satisfacen a sus parejas, lo que comprometen las relaciones afectivosexuales. Además, interfiere en el desarrollo de las actividades cotidianas, provocando aislamiento de las redes de apoyo, y también sentimiento de frustración e impotencia, comprometiendo la calidad de vida. Conclusión: la incontinencia urinaria provoca aislamiento social, vergüenza, baja autoestima e insatisfacción sexual en los hombres afectados(AU)

Conhecimento dos profissionais de enfermagem sobre os cuidados paliativos / Knowledge of nursing professionals about the palliative care / Conocimientos de los profesionales de enfermería sobre el cuidados paliativos

Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento dos profissionais de enfermagem inseridos em enfermarias de clínica sobre cuidados paliativos (CP). Métodos: Estudo descritivo, transversal e quantitativo. A amostra foi constituída por 42 profissionais de enfermagem de três enfermarias de clínica de um hospital universitário no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Estabeleceu-se como variável desfecho o conhecimento sobre CP avaliado a partir do número de acertos sobre o assunto. Cruzou-se a variável desfecho com as explanatórias por meio do teste de X2 considerando um p <0,05. Resultados: O nível de conhecimento sobre CP entre os profissionais de enfermagem foi considerado parcialmente satisfatório. Quanto à autopercepção dos profissionais, observou-se que a maioria tinha pouco conhecimento (78,6%). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as classes profissionais (p=0,63), entre a formação (p=0,66), tempo de formação (p=0,09), tempo de serviço no setor (p=0,537), capacitação em cuidados paliativos (p=0,065) com o número de acertos. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os profissionais que avaliaram seu conhecimento em cuidados paliativos como suficiente e aqueles que nunca ouviram falar (p = 0,031). Conclusão: conclui-se que é premente estudos envolvendo essa temática, considerando o número crescente de pacientes que necessitam desta abordagem. (AU)

Objective: To assess the knowledge of nursing professionals working in clinical wards about palliative care (PC). Methods: Descriptive, transversal, quantitative study. The sample consisted of 42 nursing professionals from three clinical wards of a university hospital in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Knowledge about PC was established as an outcome variable, assessed based on the number of correct answers on the subject. The outcome variable was crossed with the explanatory ones using the X2 test, considering p <0.05. Results: The level of knowledge about PC among nursing professionals was considered partially satisfactory. As for the professionals' self-perception, it was observed that the majority had little knowledge (78.6%). There was no statistically significant difference between professional classes (p=0.63), between training (p=0.66), time since training (p=0.09), length of service in the sector (p=0.537), training in palliative care (p=0.065) with the number of correct answers. There was a statistically significant difference between professionals who rated their knowledge of palliative care as sufficient and those who had never heard of it (p = 0.031). Conclusion: it is concluded that studies involving this theme are urgently needed, considering the growing number of patients who need this approach. (AU)

Objetivo: Evaluar el conocimiento de los profesionales de enfermería que laboran en salas clínicas sobre cuidados paliativos (CP). Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 42 profesionales de enfermería de tres salas clínicas de un hospital universitario del estado de Río de Janeiro. Se estableció como variable de resultado el conocimiento sobre CP, evaluado en función del número de aciertos sobre el tema. La variable de resultado se cruzó con las explicativas mediante la prueba X2, considerando p <0,05. Resultados: El nivel de conocimiento sobre CP entre los profesionales de enfermería se consideró parcialmente satisfactorio. En cuanto a la autopercepción de los profesionales, se observó que la mayoría tenía poco conocimiento (78,6%). No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre clases profesionales (p = 0,63), entre formación (p = 0,66), tiempo desde la formación (p = 0,09), antigüedad en el sector (p = 0,537), formación en cuidados paliativos (p = 0.065) con el número de respuestas correctas. Hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los profesionales que calificaron sus conocimientos sobre CP como suficientes y los que nunca habían oído hablar de ellos (p = 0,031). Conclusión: se concluye que se necesitan con urgencia estudios que involucren este tema, considerando el creciente número de pacientes que necesitan este abordaje. (AU)

Analysis of LruC lipoprotein and identification of peptides candidates for vaccine development and diagnosis of leptospirosis.

Leptospirosis is a public health concern with lethality around 15% of the total cases. The current vaccines against Leptospira infection based on bacterins have several limitations, which require urgent development of new ones. In this context, groundbreaking approaches such as peptide-vaccines could be used to come around with promising results. Our goal was to identify conserved and immunogenic epitopes from the lipoprotein LruC that could interact with Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) I and II. LruC is a conserved lipoprotein expressed during leptospirosis that is considered among vaccine candidates and can be used as source for development of peptide-based vaccines. We searched for peptides that would be recognized by antibodies from either serum of hamsters previously immunized with low-LPS bacterin vaccines or from serum of patients diagnosed with leptospirosis. Immuno properties of seven peptides from LruC protein were evaluated in silico and by Dot Blot assay, and validate by ELISA. Preliminary results pointed one promising peptide that was recognized by the sera. In conclusion, the immunoinformatic approach helps the search and screening of peptides, while the Dot Blot assay, a simple and effective tool, helps to test and validate them. Thus, these prospective techniques together were validated to identify and validate potential peptides for further investigation as peptide-based vaccines or diagnostic methods.

Effects of dredging activities and seasonal variation on coastal plankton assemblages: results from 10 years of environmental monitoring.

Coastal zones support the most productive marine ecosystems, yet they are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic stressors such as dredging. In this study, we investigated how seasonal variation and dredging activities conducted during the construction of a harbor and submarine base (Sepetiba Bay, RJ, Brazil) affected the phytoplankton and zooplankton assemblages. The observed temporal variability at five different sites over 10 years revealed that dredging exceeds the expected influence of dry and rainy seasons on plankton abundance and diversity. In general, the abundance of both groups increased during dredging due to the resuspension of nutrients and benthic organisms. This increase was particularly evident in the dinoflagellate Scrippsiellaa cuminata, the diatoms Thalassiosira rotula and Nitzschia longissima, and the herbivorous zooplankton Acartia clausii and Pseudevadne tergestina. Moreover, season and dredging activities synergistically influenced plankton assemblages, resulting in larger seasonal variations during dredging activities. After the end of the harbor construction, plankton abundance decreased and remained low until the end of the monitoring, which may indicate persistent changes in the biodiversity and ecosystem functioning of impacted areas.

Analysis of LruC lipoprotein and identification of peptides candidates for vaccine development and diagnosis of leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is a public health concern with lethality around 15% of the total cases. The current vaccines against Leptospira infection based on bacterins have several limitations, which require urgent development of new ones. In this context, groundbreaking approaches such as peptide-vaccines could be used to come around with promising results. Our goal was to identify conserved and immunogenic epitopes from the lipoprotein LruC that could interact with Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) I and II. LruC is a conserved lipoprotein expressed during leptospirosis that is considered among vaccine candidates and can be used as source for development of peptide-based vaccines. We searched for peptides that would be recognized by antibodies from either serum of hamsters previously immunized with low-LPS bacterin vaccines or from serum of patients diagnosed with leptospirosis. Immuno properties of seven peptides from LruC protein were evaluated in silico and by Dot Blot assay, and validate by ELISA. Preliminary results pointed one promising peptide that was recognized by the sera. In conclusion, the immunoinformatic approach helps the search and screening of peptides, while the Dot Blot assay, a simple and effective tool, helps to test and validate them. Thus, these prospective techniques together were validated to identify and validate potential peptides for further investigation as peptide-based vaccines or diagnostic methods.

Non-Cryoprecipitation Separation of Coagulation FVIII and Prothrombin Complex Proteins by Pseudoaffinity Calcium Elution Chromatography Using Anion Exchange Resin.

Hemophilia A is treated with human plasma coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) replacement therapy and Hemophilia B with coagulation factor IX, which is purified from prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC). In this paper we evaluated the separation of FVIII and PCC by directly loading raw thawed plasma to an anion exchange resin (AEX). Under this relatively high ionic strength, most of the plasma proteins such as albumin, immunoglobulins and others were not adsorbed. Five resins commonly used in protein purification (plasma fractionation) were tested. With all resins, PCC was eluted by pseudoaffinity in a calcium gradient step. Afterwards, FVIII could be recovered with a good yield and high purification factor in the salt gradient step with 400-500 mM NaCl. Using ANX Sepharose FF and Q Sepharose FF, the CaCl2 elution step was introduced after the intermediate wash with 200 mM NaCl, whereas using DEAE Sepharose FF, Fractogel EMD TMAE and Fractogel EMD DEAD, PCC eluted after the wash of the unbound proteins. Our results indicate that three important fractions: (1) albumin, immunoglobulin etc.; (2) PCC; and (3) FVIII can be separated in one chromatographic AEX column and the delicate and troublesome cryoprecipitation can be eliminated, making the purification of blood products faster and cheaper.

A Three-Dimensional Lung Cell Model to Leptospira Virulence Investigations.

Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis and a serious public health threat in tropical and subtropical areas. The etiologic agents of leptospirosis are pathogenic spirochetes from the genus Leptospira. In severe cases, patients develop a pulmonary hemorrhage that is associated with high fatality rates. Several animal models were established for leptospirosis studies, such as rodents, dogs, and monkeys. Although useful to study the relationship among Leptospira and its hosts, the animal models still exhibit economic and ethical limitation reasons and do not fully represent the human infection. As an attempt to bridge the gap between animal studies and clinical information from patients, we established a three-dimensional (3-D) human lung cell culture for Leptospira infection. We show that Leptospira is able to efficiently infect the cell lung spheroids and also to infiltrate in deeper areas of the cell aggregates. The ability to infect the 3-D lung cell aggregates was time-dependent. The 3-D spheroids infection occurred up to 120 h in studies with two serovars, Canicola and Copenhageni. We standardized the number of bacteria in the initial inoculum for infection of the spheroids and we also propose two alternative culture media conditions. This new approach was validated by assessing the expression of three genes of Leptospira related to virulence and motility. The transcripts of these genes increased in both culture conditions, however, in higher rates and earlier times in the 3-D culture. We also assessed the production of chemokines by the 3-D spheroids before and after Leptospira infection, confirming induction of two of them, mainly in the 3-D spheroids. Chemokine CCL2 was expressed only in the 3-D cell culture. Increasing of this chemokine was observed previously in infected animal models. This new approach provides an opportunity to study the interaction of Leptospira with the human lung epithelium in vitro.

Non-cryoprecipitation separation of coagulation FVIII and prothrombin complex proteins by pseudoaffinity calcium elution chromatography using anion exchange resin

Hemophilia A is treated with human plasma coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) replacement therapy and Hemophilia B with coagulation factor IX, which is purified from prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC). In this paper we evaluated the separation of FVIII and PCC by directly loading raw thawed plasma to an anion exchange resin (AEX). Under this relatively high ionic strength, most of the plasma proteins such as albumin, immunoglobulins and others were not adsorbed. Five resins commonly used in protein purification (plasma ractionation) were tested. With all resins, PCC was eluted by pseudoaffinity in a calcium gradient step. Afterwards, FVIII could be recovered with a good yield and high purification factor in the salt gradient step with 400–500 mM NaCl. Using ANX Sepharose FF and Q Sepharose FF, the CaCl2 elution step was introduced after the intermediate wash with 200 mM NaCl, whereas using DEAE Sepharose FF, Fractogel EMD TMAE and Fractogel EMD DEAD, PCC eluted after the wash of the unbound proteins. Our results indicate that three important fractions: (1) albumin, immunoglobulin etc.; (2) PCC; and (3) FVIII can be separated in one hromatographic AEX column and the delicate and troublesome cryoprecipitation can be eliminated, making the purification of blood products faster and cheaper.

Exogenous DNA length and quantity affect the transfection rate, but not sperm viability during sperm-mediated gene transfer

Spermatozoa have a spontaneous ability to take up exogenous DNA in a process regulated by specific mechanisms. This ability has been used to carry exogenous DNA into oocytes during fertilization to produce transgenic animals; a process called sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT). However, it is still an inefficient method and little is known about the effect of exogenous DNA once associated with spermatozoa, on sperm characteristics. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the effects of exogenous DNA length and its amount on DNA uptake by bovine spermatozoa as well as spermatozoa viability. For that, spermatozoa (5 × 106 cells/mL) were incubated for 1 h at 38.5 °C with different exogenous DNA lengths (2.2, 5.5, or 8.5 kb) at different concentrations (number of molecules or ng). The association of exogenous DNA with spermatozoa was quantified by PCR real-time and the spermatozoa viability was evaluated by flow cytometry. Here, we show that no matter the amount of exogenous DNA used, larger sequences are less efficiently (p ˂ 0.05) associated with bovine spermatozoa. Besides that, the length and amount of exogenous DNA do not compromise sperm viability. Taken together, the results support that the length of exogenous DNA is more important than the amount used to influence its association with sperm cells. Thus, the size and quantity of exogenous DNA can be optimized to increase SMGT protocols, without altering the sperm viability.

A three-dimensional lung cell model to leptospira virulence investigations

Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis and a serious public health threat in tropical and subtropical areas. The etiologic agents of leptospirosis are pathogenic spirochetes from the genus Leptospira. In severe cases, patients develop a pulmonary hemorrhage that is associated with high fatality rates. Several animal models were established for leptospirosis studies, such as rodents, dogs, and monkeys. Although useful to study the relationship among Leptospira and its hosts, the animal models still exhibit economic and ethical limitation reasons and do not fully represent the human infection. As an attempt to bridge the gap between animal studies and clinical information from patients, we established a three-dimensional (3-D) human lung cell culture for Leptospira infection. We show that Leptospira is able to efficiently infect the cell lung spheroids and also to infiltrate in deeper areas of the cell aggregates. The ability to infect the 3-D lung cell aggregates was time-dependent. The 3-D spheroids infection occurred up to 120 h in studies with two serovars, Canicola and Copenhageni. We standardized the number of bacteria in the initial inoculum for infection of the spheroids and we also propose two alternative culture media conditions. This new approach was validated by assessing the expression of three genes of Leptospira related to virulence and motility. The transcripts of these genes increased in both culture conditions, however, in higher rates and earlier times in the 3-D culture. We also assessed the production of chemokines by the 3-D spheroids before and after Leptospira infection, confirming induction of two of them, mainly in the 3-D spheroids. Chemokine CCL2 was expressed only in the 3-D cell culture. Increasing of this chemokine was observed previously in infected animal models. This new approach provides an opportunity to study the interaction of Leptospira with the human lung epithelium in vitro.

Práticas sexuais e comportamentos de risco para infecções sexualmente transmissíveis entre jovens universitários / Prácticas sexuales y conductas de riesgo de infecciones de transmisión sexual en estudiantes universitários / Sexual practices and risk behaviors for sexually transmitted infections among university students

RESUMO Objetivo analisar as práticas sexuais e os comportamentos de risco para infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST) entre estudantes universitários. Método estudo transversal de abordagem quantitativa. Participaram 1536 universitários, com idades entre 18 e 29 anos, de duas instituições de ensino superior, pública e privada, que responderam a um questionário entre 2016 e 2018. Os dados foram analisados com auxílio da estatística descritiva e inferencial. Os aspectos éticos envolvendo pesquisa com seres humanos foram respeitados. Resultados os estudantes universitários, em geral, se expõem a comportamentos sexuais de risco para IST pela utilização inconsistente do preservativo. Quando realizada a comparação entre instituições, observa-se que existem diferenças no que tange a aspectos sociais e utilização do preservativo. Conclusão os jovens universitários se expõem a comportamentos sexuais de risco para IST. Compreender os aspectos culturais e sociais de cada ambiente universitário pode ser uma estratégia de prevenção.

RESUMEN Objetivo analizar las prácticas sexuales y las conductas de riesgo de infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) en estudiantes universitarios. Método estudio transversal con enfoque cuantitativo. Participaron del estudio 1536 estudiantes universitarios, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 29 años, de dos instituciones de educación superior, pública y privada, que respondieron un cuestionario entre 2016 y 2018. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Se respetaron los aspectos éticos relacionados con la investigación con seres humanos. Resultados los estudiantes universitarios en general están expuestos a conductas sexuales de riesgo de contraer ITS a través del uso inconsistente del condón. Al comparar instituciones, se observa que existen diferencias en cuanto a aspectos sociales y uso del condón. Conclusión los jóvenes universitarios están expuestos a conductas sexuales de riesgo de ITS. Comprender los aspectos culturales y sociales de cada entorno universitario puede ser una estrategia de prevención.

ABSTRACT Objective to analyze sexual practices and risk behaviors for sexually transmitted infections among university students. Method in this quantitative, cross-sectional study, 1536 university students, aged between 18 and 29 years, from one public and one private higher education institutions, answered a questionnaire between 2016 and 2018. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Ethical aspects of research with human beings were respected. Results university students in general are exposed to risk behaviors for sexually transmitted infections resulting from inconsistent condom use. When comparing the institutions, differences were found in social aspects and condom use. Conclusion young university students are exposed to sexual risk behaviors for sexually transmitted infections. Understanding the cultural and social aspects of each university environment can be a prevention strategy.

Práticas sexuais e comportamentos de risco para infecções sexualmente transmissíveis entre jovens universitários / Sexual practices and risk behaviors for sexually transmitted infections among university students / Prácticas sexuales y conductas de riesgo de infecciones de transmisión sexual en estudiantes universitários

Objetivo: analisar as práticas sexuais e os comportamentos de risco para infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST) entre estudantes universitários. Método: estudo transversal de abordagem quantitativa. Participaram 1536 universitários, com idades entre 18 e 29 anos, de duas instituições de ensino superior, pública e privada, que responderam a um questionário entre 2016 e 2018. Os dados foram analisados com auxílio da estatística descritiva e inferencial. Os aspectos éticos envolvendo pesquisa com seres humanos foram respeitados. Resultados: os estudantes universitários, em geral, se expõem a comportamentos sexuais de risco para IST pela utilização inconsistente do preservativo. Quando realizada a comparação entre instituições, observa-se que existem diferenças no que tange a aspectos sociais e utilização do preservativo. Conclusão: os jovens universitários se expõem a comportamentos sexuais de risco para IST. Compreender os aspectos culturais e sociais de cada ambiente universitário pode ser uma estratégia de prevenção.

Objective: to analyze sexual practices and risk behaviors for sexually transmitted infections among university students. Method: in this quantitative, cross-sectional study, 1536 university students, aged between 18 and 29 years, from one public and one private higher education institutions, answered a questionnaire between 2016 and 2018. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Ethical aspects of research with human beings were respected. Results: university students in general are exposed to risk behaviors for sexually transmitted infections resulting from inconsistent condom use. When comparing the institutions, differences were found in social aspects and condom use. Conclusion: young university students are exposed to sexual risk behaviors for sexually transmitted infections. Understanding the cultural and social aspects of each university environment can be a prevention strategy.

Objetivo: analizar las prácticas sexuales y las conductas de riesgo de infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) en estudiantes universitarios. Método: estudio transversal con enfoque cuantitativo. Participaron del estudio 1536 estudiantes universitarios, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 29 años, de dos instituciones de educación superior, pública y privada, que respondieron un cuestionario entre 2016 y 2018. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Se respetaron los aspectos éticos relacionados con la investigación con seres humanos. Resultados: los estudiantes universitarios en general están expuestos a conductas sexuales de riesgo de contraer ITS a través del uso inconsistente del condón. Al comparar instituciones, se observa que existen diferencias en cuanto a aspectos sociales y uso del condón. Conclusión: los jóvenes universitarios están expuestos a conductas sexuales de riesgo de ITS. Comprender los aspectos culturales y sociales de cada entorno universitario puede ser una estrategia de prevención.

Practices for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections among university students / Prácticas para la prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual entre estudiantes universitarios / Práticas de prevenção de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis entre estudantes universitários

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the sexual practices adopted by university students for the prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infections Method: a quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study, conducted in 2016, at a private university in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A convenience sample was selected, stratified by gender, of 768 students who answered a self-administered questionnaire, structured with variables of sociodemographic characterization and related to knowledge about sexually transmitted infections, sexual practices, prevention practices and care with sexual health. In the analysis, descriptive statistics, chi-square tests and analysis of variance were used, with a significance level of 5%. Results: most of the university students ‒ 654 (85.16%) ‒ had an active sex life and 480 (62.54%) did not use condoms in all their sexual encounters. Among the participants, 509 (84.83%) said they had sexual intercourse with a steady partner, of which 224 (44.01%) used a condom. In the investigated group, 313 (47.86%) had relationships with casual partners, with 199 (63.58%) reporting having used a condom. Among the participants, 174 (26.61%) had their sexual practices classified as adequate/satisfactory. Conclusion: the findings show that the university students investigated present a risk behavior for Sexually Transmitted Infections due to inadequate/unsatisfactory sexual practices. Health education actions should consider cultural and individual aspects of the group in order to encourage reflection on practices for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar las prácticas sexuales adoptadas por estudiantes universitarios para prevenir Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual. Método: estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal, realizado en el año 2016 en una universidad privada del municipio de Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Ajustada por conveniencia y estratificada por sexo, la muestra estuvo compuesta por 768 estudiantes que respondieron un cuestionario autoaplicado, estructurado con variables de caracterización sociodemográfica y relacionadas con el conocimiento sobre infecciones de transmisión sexual, prácticas sexuales, prácticas de prevención y cuidados con la salud sexual. En el análisis se empleó la estadística descriptiva, pruebas de Chi-cuadrado y análisis de variancia, con un nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados: la mayoría de los universitarios ‒ 654 (85,16%) ‒ tenía una vida sexual activa y 480 (62,54%) no usaban preservativo en todos sus encuentros sexuales. Entre los participantes, 509 (84,83%) afirmaron tener relaciones sexuales con una pareja fija y, de ellos, 224 (44,01%) utilizaban preservativo. En el grupo investigado, 313 (47,86%) tuvieron relaciones con parejas casuales, y 199 (63,58%) declararon haber usado preservativo. Entre los participantes, las prácticas sexuales de 174 (26,61%) de ellos se clasificaron como adecuadas/satisfactorias. Conclusión: las conclusiones del estudio evidencian que los universitarios investigados presentan un comportamiento de riesgo para contraer Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual como resultado de prácticas sexuales inadecuadas/insatisfactorias. Las medidas de educación en salud deben considerar aspectos culturales e individuales del grupo para favorecer la reflexión sobre las prácticas de prevención de enfermedades de transmisión sexual.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as práticas sexuais adotadas por estudantes universitários para prevenção de Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis Método: estudo quantitativo, descritivo e transversal, realizado em 2016, em uma universidade privada no município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Selecionou-se amostra por conveniência, estratificada por sexo, de 768 estudantes que responderam a um questionário autoaplicado, estruturado com variáveis de caracterização sociodemográfica e relacionadas ao conhecimento sobre infecções sexualmente transmissíveis, práticas sexuais, práticas de prevenção e cuidados com a saúde sexual. Na análise, empregou-se a estatística descritiva, testes de quiquadrado e análise de variância, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: a maioria dos universitários ‒ 654(85,16%) ‒ tinha vida sexual ativa e 480(62,54%) não fazia uso do preservativo em todos os intercursos sexuais. Entre os participantes, 509(84,83%) afirmaram ter relação sexual com parceiro fixo, dos quais 224(44,01%) utilizaram o preservativo. No grupo investigado, 313(47,86%) tiveram relações com parceiros casuais, sendo que 199 (63,58%) informaram ter usado o preservativo. Entre os participantes, 174(26,61%) tiveram suas práticas sexuais classificadas como adequadas/satisfatórias. Conclusão: os achados evidenciam que os universitários investigados apresentam um comportamento de risco para Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis decorrente de práticas sexuais inadequadas/insatisfatórias. Ações de educação em saúde devem considerar aspectos culturais e individuais do grupo para favorecer a reflexão sobre as práticas de prevenção de doenças transmitidas pelo sexo.

Percepção do autocuidado por homens com derivações urinárias permanentes: desafios para a prática de enfermagem / Self-care as perceived by men with permanent urinary derivations: challenges for nursing practice / Percepción de cuidado personal por hombres con derivaciones urinarias permanentes: desafios pra la práctica de enfermeira

Objetivo: compreender a percepção de homens com derivações urinárias permanentes sobre o autocuidado. Método: estudo descritivo, qualitativo, apoiado na teoria de Dorothea Orem. Realizado em um hospital universitário do Rio de Janeiro, em 2018, com 19 homens que apresentavam derivação urinária permanente, presentes no ambulatório e enfermaria de urologia. Para coleta dos dados, aplicou-se entrevista semiestruturada, transcrita e submetida à análise de conteúdo. Resultados: a análise dos dados denota ausência de conhecimento dos homens sobre a prática do autocuidado, influenciada pelas limitações da comunicação dos profissionais de saúde com esses pacientes. Conclusão: os achados revelam as vulnerabilidades em saúde e as consequências das atitudes na vida desses participantes. Destaca-se a necessidade da mudança de paradigmas, de um olhar atentivo e agir diferenciado para o enfrentamento dos desafios. A educação em saúde da população masculina é uma estratégia eficaz para estímulo do autocuidado e ações de preservação da saúde.

Objective: to understand perceptions of self-care among men with permanent urinary bypasses. Method: this qualitative, descriptive study, supported by Dorothea Orem's theory, was conducted present in the outpatient clinic and urology ward of a university hospital in Rio de Janeiro city, in 2018, with 19 men with permanent urinary diversions. Data were collected by semistructured interviews, and the transcriptions subjected to content analysis. Results: data analysis revealed the men's lack of knowledge about practical self-care, influenced by the limitations of communication between health personnel and these patients. Conclusion: the findings reveal health vulnerabilities and the consequences of attitudes in the lives of these participants. They underline the need for paradigm change, for attentive eyes and different actions to meet the challenges. Health education for the male population is an effective strategy to encourage self-care and actions to preserve health.

Objetivo: comprender las percepciones del autocuidado entre los hombres con bypass urinario permanente. Método: este estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, sustentado en la teoría de Dorothea Orem, se realizó presente en la consulta externa y sala de urología de un hospital universitario de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, en 2018, con 19 hombres con derivaciones urinarias permanentes. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas y las transcripciones sometidas a análisis de contenido. Resultados: el análisis de datos reveló el desconocimiento de los hombres sobre el autocuidado práctico, influenciado por las limitaciones de comunicación entre el personal de salud y estos pacientes. Conclusión: los hallazgos revelan vulnerabilidades de salud y las consecuencias de las actitudes en la vida de estos participantes. Destacan la necesidad de un cambio de paradigma, de miradas atentas y de diferentes acciones para afrontar los retos. La educación en salud para la población masculina es una estrategia eficaz para fomentar el autocuidado y acciones para preservar la salud.

Não vai acontecer: percepção de universitários sobre práticas sexuais e vulnerabilidade às infecções sexualmente transmissíveis / It won't happen: college students' perception of sexual practices and vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections / No sucederá: la percepción de los estudiantes universitarios sobre las prácticas sexuales y la vulnerabilidad a las infecciones de transmisión sexual

Objetivo: identificar as práticas sexuais de jovens universitários em seus relacionamentos afetivos e analisar a percepção dos estudantes em relação à vulnerabilidade às Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis. Método: estudo descritivo, qualitativo, realizado em 2016, no Rio de Janeiro, com 30 universitários, ambos os sexos, faixa etária 18 - 29 anos, que participaram de grupos focais. Dados discursivos foram analisados com auxílio do software NVivo 9 e técnica de análise de conteúdo. Respeitaram-se os procedimentos éticos de pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos. Resultados: na análise, emergiram duas categorias: As práticas sexuais dos universitários nos tempos atuais; Os jovens e a percepção de vulnerabilidade às IST. Os jovens vivenciam a sexualidade com liberdade no tocante à identidade de gênero, expressão de gênero e orientação sexual, estabelecendo uma pluralidade de relacionamentos e parceiros. Os estudantes se reconhecem como um grupo vulnerável. Conclusão: as condutas sexuais dos universitários os deixam vulneráveis aos agravos de saúde, como as infecções sexualmente transmissíveis.

Objective: to identify the sexual practices of young university students in their affective relationships and to analyze how they perceive their vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections. Method: this qualitative, descriptive study was carried out in 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, with 30 university students of both sexes, aged 18-29 years, who participated in focal groups. Discourse data were analyzed using the NVivo 9 software and content analysis technique. The ethics of research procedures involving human beings were respected. Results: two categories emerged in the analysis: present-day sexual practices of university students; young people and perception of vulnerability to STIs. Young people experience sexuality freely as regards gender identity, gender expression and sexual orientation, and establish a plurality of relationships and partners. Students recognize themselves to be a vulnerable group. Conclusion: university students' sexual conduct leaves them vulnerable to health problems, such as sexually transmitted infections.

Objetivo: identificar las prácticas sexuales de jóvenes universitarios en sus relaciones afectivas y analizar cómo perciben su vulnerabilidad a las infecciones de transmisión sexual. Método: estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, realizado en 2016 en Río de Janeiro, con 30 estudiantes universitarios de ambos sexos, de 18 a 29 años, que participaron en grupos focales. Los datos del discurso se analizaron utilizando el software NVivo 9 y la técnica de análisis de contenido. Se respetó la ética de los procedimientos de investigación con seres humanos. Resultados: en el análisis surgieron dos categorías: prácticas sexuales actuales de estudiantes universitarios; jóvenes y percepción de vulnerabilidad a las ITS. Los jóvenes experimentan libremente la sexualidad en cuanto a identidad de género, expresión de género y orientación sexual, y establecen una pluralidad de relaciones y parejas. Los estudiantes se reconocen a sí mismos como un grupo vulnerable. Conclusión: la conducta sexual de los estudiantes universitarios los deja vulnerables a problemas de salud, como infecciones de transmisión sexual.

Chemokine expression profiles in liver and kidney of mice with different susceptibilities to leptospirosis.

Leptospirosis is a global disease that affects humans and animals, impacting public health and the economy. The symptoms caused by Leptospira infection can vary from mild to severe, affecting liver, lungs, and kidneys. The host-pathogen interaction in leptospirosis is still poorly understood, but there is evidence for the role of the host immune response in the pathogenesis. Chemokines are a family of structurally-related low-molecular-mass proteins (8-14 kDa) that signal the recruitment of leukocytes. In this study the profile of 22 chemokines were evaluated in liver and kidney of three mice strains with different phenotypes of susceptibility to leptospirosis. We extended our previously reported observations showing that expression of chemokines with homeostatic function, activation and chemotaxis of leukocytes are essential to modulate and to induce resistance to leptospirosis. Our findings support that an early induction of CXC chemokines in resistant BALB/c mice can be associated with the control of the infection. The correlation of chemokine expression between liver and kidney observed in BALB/c suggests that a balance of chemokine induction in the organs may contribute to resistance to leptospirosis.

New strategies for Leptospira vaccine development based on LPS removal.

Pathogenic spirochetes from genus Leptospira are etiologic agents of leptospirosis. Cellular vaccines against Leptospira infection often elicit mainly response against the LPS antigen of the serovars present in the formulation. There is no suitable protein candidate capable of replacing whole-cell vaccines, thus requiring new approaches on vaccine development to improve leptospirosis prevention. Our goal was to develop a whole-cell vaccine sorovar-independent based on LPS removal and conservation of protein antigens exposure, to evaluate the protective capacity of monovalent or bivalent vaccines against homologous and heterologous virulent Leptospira in hamster. Leptospire were subjected to heat inactivation, or to LPS extraction with butanol and in some cases further inactivation with formaldehyde. Hamsters were immunized and challenged with homologous or heterologous virulent serovars, blood and organs were collected from the survivors for bacterial quantification, chemokine evaluation, and analysis of sera antibody reactivity and cross-reactivity by Western blot. Immunization with either heated or low LPS vaccines with serovar Copenhageni or Canicola resulted in 100% protection of the animals challenged with homologous virulent bacteria. Notably, different from the whole-cell vaccine, the low LPS vaccines produced with serovar Canicola provided only partial protection in heterologous challenge with the virulent Copenhageni serovar. Immunization with bivalent formulation results in 100% protection of immunized animals challenged with virulent serovar Canicola. All vaccines produced were able to eliminate bacteria from the kidney of challenged animals. All the vaccines raised antibodies capable to recognize antigens of serovars not present in the vaccine formulation. Transcripts of IFNγ, CXCL16, CCL5, CXCL10, CXCR6, and CCR5, increased in all immunized animals. Conclusion: Our results showed that bivalent vaccines with reduced LPS may be an interesting strategy for protection against heterologous virulent serovars. Besides the desirable multivalent protection, the low LPS vaccines are specially promising due to the expected lower reatogenicity.

Vulnerabilidade de homens jovens e suas necessidades de saúde / Vulnerabilidad de hombres jóvenes y sus necesidades de salud / Vulnerability of young men and their health needs

RESUMO Objetivos Identificar as condutas de saúde dos homens jovens universitários; conhecer a percepção dos homens jovens universitários sobre o cuidar de sua saúde; e descrever as práticas adotadas para a prevenção das infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. Método Estudo descritivo e exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido com 25 jovens universitários entre 18-29 anos numa universidade pública do Rio de Janeiro. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados Os homens jovens universitários percebem o cuidar como feminino, desconhecendo suas próprias particularidades, com a percepção de que não adoecem e, com isso, só procuram o serviço de saúde em situações de emergência. Conclusão e Implicações para a prática Existem desafios a serem vencidos na prática da assistência, como a visão de invulnerabilidade desses homens, a ausência na busca pelos serviços de saúde, o despreparo dos serviços de saúde para atender às necessidades desses jovens, com base em estratégias que contemplem, de forma singular e holística, essa população. As brechas identificadas no estudo permitem levantar futuras questões e provocar mudanças de atitudes voltadas a situações do contexto masculino, a fim de reverter vulnerabilidades ainda existentes e, também, as consequências dessas atitudes na saúde desses homens.

RESUMEN Objetivos Identificar las conductas de salud de hombres jóvenes universitarios; conocer la percepción de ellos sobre el cuidado de su salud; y describir las prácticas adoptadas para la prevención de las infecciones de transmisión sexual. Método Estudio descriptivo y exploratorio, de enfoque cualitativo, desarrollado con 25 universitarios entre 18-29 años en una universidad pública en Rio de Janeiro. Se utilizó la técnica de análisis de contenido. Resultados Los jóvenes perciben el cuidado como algo femenino, sin darse cuenta de sus propias peculiaridades, con la percepción de que no se enferman y, con esto, solo buscan el servicio de salud en situaciones de emergencia. Conclusión e Implicaciones para la práctica Hay desafíos que superar en la práctica de la atención, como la visión de la invulnerabilidad masculina, la ausencia en la búsqueda de servicios de salud, servicios de salud no preparados para satisfacer las necesidades de estos jóvenes a través de estrategias que contemplan de manera única y holística esa población. Las lagunas identificadas nos permiten plantear preguntas futuras y provocar cambios en las actitudes relacionadas con situaciones del contexto masculino, a fin de revertir las vulnerabilidades existentes y también las consecuencias de estas actitudes en la salud de estos hombres.

ABSTRACT Objectives To identify the health behaviors of university students, young men, to know the perception of them about caring for their health, and to describe practices adopted for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections. Method Descriptive and exploratory study, with a qualitative approach, developed with 25 students aged 18-29 at a public university in Rio de Janeiro. To the data analyzed, the content analysis technique was applied. Results Those university students perceived caring as a female practice. They were unaware of their health peculiarities, with the perception that they do not get sick. Because of that, they only seek health services in emergency health conditions. Conclusion and Implications for practice There are challenges to overcome in the practice of men's care. As the vision of the invulnerability of these men, there is an absence in the search for health services.Furthermore, a sort of unprepared health services does not meet the needs of these young people through strategies that contemplate them uniquely and holistically. The gaps identified allow us to raise inevitable questions and bring about changes in attitudes toward situations in the male context. It is necessary to reverse existing vulnerabilities and consequences on the men's health of these men.

Práticas de cuidado com a saúde sexual de jovens universitárias / Sexual health care practices of university Young people / Prácticas de cuidado con la salud sexual de jóvenes universitarios

Objetivo: Analisar as práticas de cuidado com a saúde sexual de estudantes universitárias e a vulnerabilidade às infecções sexualmente transmissíveis e agravos de saúde. Método: trata-se de estudo descritivo, quantitativo, realizado com uma amostra de 123 universitárias do Rio de Janeiro. Aplicou-se um questionário e os dados foram organizados em planilha do software Excel. Os achados foram analisados com aplicação da estatística descritiva. Resultados: as jovens iniciaram a vida sexual entre 16 e 18 anos; praticavam sempre sexo seguro, apenas 5,6% já usou preservativo feminino; tinham parceiros fixos; faziam uso de preservativo com esses parceiros e fizeram o exame ginecológico recentemente. Conclusão: no grupo investigado existe um quantitativo expressivo de jovens assumindo um comportamento de risco. Os profissionais de saúde e a enfermagem tem um importante papel na educação em saúde dos jovens, com estímulo para o autocuidado e cuidado com a saúde sexual e reprodutiva

Objective: To analyze the sexual health care practices of university students and the vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections and health problems. Method: this is a descriptive, quantitative study carried out with a sample of 123 university students from Rio de Janeiro. A questionnaire was applied, and the data was organized in Excel spreadsheet. The findings were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Young women started their sexual life between 16 and 18 years of age; always practiced safe sex, only 5.6% already used a female condom; they had fixed partners; used condoms with these partners and had recently undergone a gynecological examination. Conclusion: in the investigated group there is an expressive quantitative of young people assuming a risk behavior. Health professionals and nursing have an important role in health education for young people, with a stimulus for self-care and care for sexual and reproductive health

Objetivo: Analizar las prácticas de cuidado con la salud sexual de los estudiantes universitarios y la vulnerabilidad a las infecciones de transmisión sexual y agravios de salud. Método: se trata de un estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo, realizado con una muestra de 123 universitarias de Río de Janeiro. Se aplicó un cuestionario y los datos se organizaron en la hoja de cálculo del software de Excel. Los hallazgos fueron analizados con aplicación de la estadística descriptiva. Resultados: Las jóvenes iniciaron la vida sexual entre 16 y 18 años; siempre practicaban sexo seguro, sólo el 5,6% ya usó preservativo femenino; tenían socios fijos; y que el uso de condones con estos socios y el examen ginecológico recientemente. Conclusión: en el grupo investigado existe un cuantitativo expresivo de jóvenes asumiendo un comportamiento de riesgo. Los profesionales de salud y la enfermería tienen un importante papel en la educación en salud de los jóvenes, con estímulo para el autocuidado y cuidado con la salud sexual y reproductiva