Prophylactic use of an ultra-diluted complex on health, metabolism, and performance of weaned Holstein calves and its carryover effect up to first lactation.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an ultra-diluted complex supplemented as a prophylactic strategy on the incidence risk of diseases, metabolism, and performance of weaned Holstein calves immediately after grouping. Additionally, the objective was to investigate the carryover effects on heifer-raising and first-lactation periods, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. A total of 184 weaned Holstein calves (83 ± 7.9 d of life; 112.5 ± 11.7 kg of body weight; values are mean ± standard deviation) were allocated to 8 paddocks in a completely randomized block design experiment. During a 112-d period, animals received a total mixed ration and were randomly allocated into 2 groups: (1) CON: placebo-control (basal diet + calcium carbonate, top-dressed at 30 g/animal per day of placebo), or (2) UD: ultra-diluted complex (basal diet + TopVita-Real H, top-dressed at 30 g/animal per day of sulfur (10-60) + viola tricolor (10-14) + caladium seguinum (10-30) + zincum oxydatum (10-30) + phosphorus (10-60) + carduus marianus (10-60) + colibacillinum (10-30) + podophyllum (10-30) + vehicle: calcium carbonate; quantum sufficit 1 kg). Incidence risk of diseases, number of days with disease, and mortality events were recorded daily. Performance measurements and blood collection were carried out at enrollment and every 28 d until the end of the study period. The incidence risk of digestive problems was higher for the CON group. Additionally, the CON group had higher cumulative number of days per calf affected by tick-borne disease. Blood analysis revealed that CON calves had increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin amount and concentration than UD calves on d 28 after enrollment and had increased serum albumin and total protein concentration on d 84. Furthermore, higher albumin to globulin ratio was found in CON calves than in those of UD group at enrollment; however, on d 56, the inverse was observed. On d 28 after enrollment, CON calves had increased serum cortisol concentration. Regarding body measurements, higher withers height and body depth were detected in UD calves, on d 28 and d 84, respectively. Finally, higher culling risk was observed in the CON group during the heifer-raising period. In conclusion, a lower incidence risk of digestive problems and days with tick-borne disease were detected in the UD group. Additionally, systemic inflammation was improved by UD complex based on circulating inflammation and stress biomarkers on specific days after enrollment. However, UD product did not improve performance at the post-weaning, heifer-raising, and first-lactation periods.

A systematic review on the effects of endometriosis on sexuality and couple's relationship.

BACKGROUND: Endometriosis is likely to affect sexuality and intimate relationships but the effect endometriosis has on partners remains overlooked and the existing studies show conflicting results. The effect of the disease and its treatment on the couple may be pronounced given the absence of an obvious cause or cure, the likelihood of chronic recurring symptoms, and the potential impact on both sex and fertility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We followed the PRISMA guidelines to conduct this systematic review, which involved a database search of published available research related to the effects of endometriosis treatment on sexual function, couple's relationship and on the partner published between 2000 and 2020. RESULTS: The studies considered revealed that women with endometriosis report a significant effect of the disease on sexuality and relationship. Also, most of the published studies suggest that the impact on partners may be profound, affecting many life domains including sex, intimacy and the relationship in general. CONCLUSIONS: Data suggests that male partners should not be overlooked in the treatment of endometriosis and that psychosocial support including sexual and couple therapy might be beneficial.

Wild carnivores, domestic dogs and ticks: shared parasitism in the Brazilian Cerrado.

The increase of contact between natural and rural areas is prominent in Brazil, due to agricultural activities and concern with the environmental conservation. In this context, domestic animals, wild fauna and humans are exposed to mutual exchange of parasites, microorganisms and diseases. We studied tick parasitism of wild carnivores and domestic dogs, and the environmental of questing ticks, in extensive cattle ranch areas intermingled with natural vegetation, and in a natural reserve, both in a region of Cerrado biome, Midwestern Brazil. From 2008 to 2015, we inspected 119 wild carnivores from nine species, and collected six tick species (Amblyomma sculptum, Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma dubitatum, Amblyomma tigrinum, Dermacentor nitens and Rhipicephalus microplus). The most numerous and infested hosts were Cerdocyon thous, Lycalopex vetulus, Chrysocyon brachyurus, Puma concolor and Conepatus amazonicus. From 139 domestic dogs, we collected A. sculptum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and R. microplus. From vegetation, samplings resulted in A. sculptum, A. dubitatum, A. ovale, Amblyomma rotundatum and R. microplus, with dominance of A. sculptum. Domestics and wild animals presented high overlapping of infestations by A. sculptum, a generalist and anthropophilic tick species. This tick is the most important vector of the Brazilian spotted fever, a lethal human disease. This fact elicits attention and requires efforts to monitor the presence of pathogens vectored by ticks circulating in this type of agroecosystem, including in other regions of the Brazil, because the most of the natural vegetation remaining have been increasingly immersed in pastures and agricultural matrix.

Phytoscreening of Vochysiaceae species: Molecular identification by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS and evaluating of their antioxidant activity and inhibitory potential against human α-amylase and protein glycation.

Scientific research based on medicinal plants has been highlighted as a complementary treatment to T2DM, stand out the Vochysiaceae family, which have been widely used in folk medicine by traditional South American communities to treat some diseases. Our study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and antiglycation activities of ethanol extracts of leaves (LF) and stem barks (SB) of Vochysiaceae species, evaluated their capacities to inhibit glycoside and lipid hydrolases related to T2DM and molecular identification by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Our main findings indicate that the ethanolic extract of four of eight analyzed plants such as LF and SB of Q. grandiflora, Q. parviflora, V. elliptica and Calisthene major exhibited, respectively, potential of α-amylase inhibition (IC50 of LF: 5.7 ±â€¯0.6, 4.1 ±â€¯0.5, 5.8 ±â€¯0.5, 3.2 ±â€¯0.6 and IC50 of SB: 3.3 ±â€¯0.7, 6.2 ±â€¯2.0, 121.0 ±â€¯8.6 and 11.2 ±â€¯2.8 µg/mL), capacities of antioxidant (ORAC of LF: 516.2 ±â€¯0.1, 547.6 ±â€¯4.9, 544.3 ±â€¯6.1, 442.6 ±â€¯2.4 and ORAC of SB: 593.6 ±â€¯22.3, 497.7 ±â€¯0.8, 578 ±â€¯12.3, 593.6 ±â€¯19.5 µmol trolox eq/g; FRAP of LF: 796.1 ±â€¯0.9, 427.7 ±â€¯22.0, 81.0 ±â€¯1.9, 685 ±â€¯37.9 and FRAP of SB: 947.4 ±â€¯24.9, 738.6 ±â€¯24.3, 98.8 ±â€¯7.9, 970.8 ±â€¯13.9 µmol trolox eq/g; DPPH IC50 of LF: 14.2 ±â€¯1.8, 36.3 ±â€¯6.9, 11.8 ±â€¯1.9, 13.3 ±â€¯1.2 and DPPH IC50 of SB: 16.0 ±â€¯3.0, 15.5 ±â€¯1.9, 126.1 ±â€¯23. 6, 5.3 ±â€¯0.3 µg/mL, respectively) and antiglycation (BSA/Frutose IC50 of LF: 43.1 ±â€¯3.4, 52.1 ±â€¯6.0, 175.5 ±â€¯32, 8, 111.8 ±â€¯14.7 and BSA/Frutose IC50 of SB:, 40.1 ±â€¯11.9, 51.2 ±â€¯16. 7, 46.6 ±â€¯5.7, 53.5 ±â€¯13.6 µg/mL) and presence of polyphenols, such as flavonoids and condensed tannins. The extracts presented low ability to inhibit α-glycosidase and lipase enzymes in the initial assays, with values below 40% of inhibition. In BSA/methylglyoxal, only Q. grandiflora SB, V. eliptica LF and V. tucanorum LF showed activity (IC50: 655.5 ±â€¯208.5, 401.9 ±â€¯135.2 and 617.1 ±â€¯80.6 µg/mL, respectively) and only C. major LF and SB, in Arg/methylglyoxal (IC50: 485.1 ±â€¯130.8 and 468.0 ±â€¯150.5 µg/ml, respectively). This study presented new findings about the biological and pharmacological potential of some species of Vochysiaceae family, contributing to the understanding of the action and efficacy in use of these plants, in their management of postprandial hyperglycemia and in glycation and oxidative processes that contribute to managing diabetes mellitus.

Soft tissue assessment before and after mandibular advancement or setback surgery using three-dimensional images: systematic review and meta-analysis.

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of mandibular advancement or setback surgery on the facial soft tissue assessed using three-dimensional images. An electronic search was performed in the MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Virtual Health Library (VHL), Web of Science, and OpenGrey databases. Inclusion criteria comprised studies that evaluated the soft tissues of adult patients before and after mandibular advancement or setback surgery using computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. The risk of bias was analyzed. A total of 3501 studies were retrieved. The titles and abstracts of 2071 studies were read and 2040 of them were excluded. Thirty-one articles were read in full and six fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included. A meta-analysis was performed using three of these articles. The correlation was significant and strong in the chin area (r=0.876 and r=0.868) and moderate for the lower lip/lower incisor (r=0.690). The ratio for lower lip/infradentale was 78% and for Pog'/Pog was 98%. Due to the limited number of articles included, there is weak evidence to infer that changes in the facial soft tissue due to mandibular advancement or setback are significant, but changes in the lower lip tend to be smaller than changes in the chin area.

IRRADIATOR SYSTEM FOR MANGANESE SULFATE BATH EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENTS USING A PLUTONIUM-BERYLLIUM NEUTRON SOURCE.

This study describes the use of a neutron irradiator system based on a plutonium-beryllium neutron source for MnSO4 solution activation for use to determine the MSB system efficiency. Computational simulations using Monte Carlo code were performed to establish the main characteristics of the irradiator system. Among the simulated geometries and volumes, semi-cylindrical shape with 84.5 cm3 of MnSO4 solution yielded the best option to be built. Activity measurements were performed with a high-pure germanium detector to validate the new irradiation system. Results showed an average efficiency and uncertainty of the experimental standard deviation of the mean: 5.742 × 10-4 ± 0.036 × 10-4 (coverage factor k = 1), for MSB system. Efficiency value obtained shows good correlation to other published methods (i.e. a relative difference of 0.07%). This alternative metrological method demonstrated the utility of neutron sources for the irradiation of solutions in metrology laboratories providing a cost-efficient alternative to nuclear reactors or particle accelerators.

Correlation between the body mass index of patients with breast cancer before and after chemotherapy.

The objective of this work was to show how the influence of the microenvironment in tumor cells and consequently the onset and tumor progression is becoming increasingly more evident. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the developed world, surpassed only by heart disease and obesity, and is increasingly recognised as an oncogenic factor in the genesis of this tumor. Inflammatory me- diators related to obesity are suspected to play a role in oncogenic modification of substrates metabolism of nutrients, most patients diagnosed with breast cancer underwent chemotherapy treatment, and this may be an aggravating factor of obesity. The authors selected 49 patients with previous diagnosis of breast cancer who had undergone chemotherapy and evaluated data regarding body mass index (BMI) before and after chemotherapy. They observed that there was statistical difference of BMI of patients before and after chemotherapy with p = 0.03. Comparing the groups, a statistical difference was found between overweight and obesity grade II and overweight and obesity grade III. Patients with a diagnosis of breast cancer usually showed on average a BMI 27.84, worsening after chemotherapy to 28.64. These findings can help to accelerate the division and cell reproduction, because obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer, and weight gain seems to be a major factor after treatment and may influence the prognosis of these women.

Nursing postoperative visit as a quality indicator for surgical patient care.

The postoperative visit as a quality indicator for surgical patient care, demands some consideration from perioperative nurses. We evaluated the nursing perioperative interventions on postoperative visits, and adjusted them to the needs of the patients with postoperative pain. Our study indicated that 73% of patients visited didn't have postoperative pain whereas 27% had pain. The pain is aggravated when the patient is mobilised, one of the most common signs and symptoms being gastrointestinal changes. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures were used in pain management. The results showed that the percentage of patients with postoperative visits needs to be improved. We aim to have high quality perioperative nursing interventions which raise levels of patient satisfaction.

The effect of visitor number and spice provisioning in pacing expression by jaguars evaluated through a case study / O efeito do número de visitantes e do provisionamento de especiaria na expressão do pacing por onças-pintadas avaliado por estudo de caso

Abstract Captive animals exhibit stereotypic pacing in response to multiple causes, including the inability to escape from human contact. Environmental enrichment techniques can minimize pacing expression. By using an individual-based approach, we addressed whether the amount of time two males and a female jaguar (Panthera onca) devote to pacing varied with the number of visitors and tested the effectiveness of cinnamon and black pepper in reducing pacing. The amount of time that all jaguars engaged in pacing increased significantly with the number of visitors. Despite the difference between the males regarding age and housing conditions, both devoted significantly less time to pacing following the addition of both spices, which indicates their suitability as enrichment techniques. Mean time devoted to pacing among the treatments did not differ for the female. Our findings pointed out to the validity of individual-based approaches, as they can reveal how suitable olfactory stimuli are to minimizing stereotypies irrespective of particular traits.

Resumo Animais cativos exibem a estereotipia pacing em resposta a múltiplos fatores, os quais incluem a incapacidade de escapar da exposição ao público. As técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental podem minimizar a expressão do pacing. Usando uma abordagem individual, nós investigamos se a extensão de tempo que dois machos e uma fêmea de onça-pintada (Panthera onca) dispendem com pacing variou em função do número de visitantes e testamos a eficácia da canela e da pimenta-do-reino na redução do pacing. A extensão de tempo em pacing aumentou significativamente com o número de visitantes para todos os indivíduos. Apesar da diferença entre os machos com relação à idade e às condições no cativeiro, ambos devotaram ao pacing menos tempo após a administração das duas especiarias, o que indica a adequabilidade dessas como técnicas de enriquecimento. Para a fêmea, o tempo médio dispendido com pacing não variou entre os tratamentos. Nossos resultados respaldam a validade da realização de abordagens individuais, uma vez que essas podem revelar o grau de eficácia dos estímulos olfativos na minimização de estereotipias independentemente de características particulares.

The effect of visitor number and spice provisioning in pacing expression by jaguars evaluated through a case study.

Captive animals exhibit stereotypic pacing in response to multiple causes, including the inability to escape from human contact. Environmental enrichment techniques can minimize pacing expression. By using an individual-based approach, we addressed whether the amount of time two males and a female jaguar (Panthera onca) devote to pacing varied with the number of visitors and tested the effectiveness of cinnamon and black pepper in reducing pacing. The amount of time that all jaguars engaged in pacing increased significantly with the number of visitors. Despite the difference between the males regarding age and housing conditions, both devoted significantly less time to pacing following the addition of both spices, which indicates their suitability as enrichment techniques. Mean time devoted to pacing among the treatments did not differ for the female. Our findings pointed out to the validity of individual-based approaches, as they can reveal how suitable olfactory stimuli are to minimizing stereotypies irrespective of particular traits.

MCNP SIMULATION OF THE HP(10) ENERGY RESPONSE OF A BRAZILIAN TLD ALBEDO NEUTRON INDIVIDUAL DOSEMETER, FROM THERMAL TO 20 MeV.

The Brazilian Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria (IRD) runs a neutron individual monitoring system with a home-made TLD albedo dosemeter. It has already been characterised and calibrated in some reference fields. However, the complete energy response of this dosemeter is not known, and the calibration factors for all monitored workplace neutron fields are difficult to be obtained experimentally. Therefore, to overcome such difficulties, Monte Carlo simulations have been used. This paper describes the simulation of the HP(10) neutron response of the IRD TLD albedo dosemeter using the MCNPX transport code, for energies from thermal to 20 MeV. The validation of the MCNPX modelling is done comparing the simulated results with the experimental measurements for ISO standard neutron fields of (241)Am-Be, (252)Cf, (241)Am-B and (252)Cf(D2O) and also for (241)Am-Be source moderated with paraffin and silicone. Bare (252)Cf are used for normalisation.

Transferability of microsatellites for studies on the social behavior of the tufted capuchin monkey (genus Sapajus).

Because of relevant results that indicated that molecular techniques can provide increased knowledge of animal social systems, they usually complement observational field studies. Despite the great utility of microsatellites, they are not available for all species. Gathering genetic information using microsatellites that were originally designed for other species is a time-saving procedure. The aim of this study was to test the transferability of microsatellites and their usefulness in studies of social behavior of black capuchin monkeys (Sapajus nigritus). We noninvasively sampled adult and subadult black capuchins of three wild groups in southeastern Brazil. Seventeen microsatellites, which were previously designed for and successfully amplified in multiple Neotropical primate species, were tested. Nine of the 17 microsatellite loci tested produced an average of 6.22 alleles (range 2-12) per locus. The allelic richness and the expected heterozygosity for all loci was 5.93 and 0.70, respectively. The combined non-exclusion probability for one candidate parent across all loci was 0.01. The nine microsatellite loci optimized in this study have a great potential for application in studies of social structure and dispersal patterns in S. nigritus populations and in other Neotropical primate species.

[Child protection network and the intersector implementation of the circle of security as alternatives to medication]. / A articulação da rede de proteção à criança e a aplicação intersetorial do círculo de segurança como alternativas à medicalização.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical history of a child with aggressive behavior and recurring death-theme speech, and report the experience of the team of authors, who proposed an alternative to medication through the establishment of a protection network and the inter-sector implementation of the circle of security concept. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 5-year-old child has a violent and aggressive behavior at the day-care. The child was diagnosed by the healthcare center with depressive disorder and behavioral disorder, and was medicated with sertraline and risperidone. Side effects were observed, and the medications were discontinued. Despite several actions, such as talks, teamwork, psychological and psychiatric follow-up, the child's behavior remained unchanged. REMARKS: A unique therapeutic project was developed by Universidade Estadual de Campinas' Medical School students in order to establish a connection between the entities responsible for the child's care (daycare center, healthcare center, and family). Thus, the team was able to develop a basic care protection network. The implementation of the inter-sector circle of security, as well as the communication and cooperation among the teams, produced very favorable results in this case. This initiative was shown to be a feasible and effective alternative to the use of medication for this child.

A articulação da rede de proteção à criança e a aplicação intersetorial do círculo de segurança como alternativas à medicalização / Child protection network and the intersector implementation of the circle of security as alternatives to medication

Objetivos: Descrever o caso clínico de uma criança que apresenta comportamento agressivo e fala recorrente do tema de morte, e relatar a experiência da equipe de autores na proposição de uma alternativa à medicalização por meio da formação de uma Rede de Proteção e da aplicação Intersetorial do conceito de Círculo de Segurança da Criança. Descrição do caso: Criança de 5 anos apresenta comportamento violento e agressivo na creche que frequenta. Foi diagnosticado pelo Centro de Saúde com Transtorno Depressivo e Transtorno de Conduta, sendo medicado com Sertralina e Risperidona. Apresentou efeitos colaterais, interrompendo o uso das medicações. Apesar de ações como conversas, trabalho em grupos, acompanhamento psicológico e psiquiátrico, a criança manteve esse comportamento. Comentários: Foi desenvolvido um Projeto Terapêutico Singular por alunos do curso de Medicina da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), com o objetivo de criar um vínculo entre as instituições responsáveis pelo cuidado da criança (Creche, Centro de Saúde e família), o que possibilitou o desenvolvimento de uma rede de proteção para o cuidado na Atenção Básica. A aplicação intersetorial do Círculo de Segurança, assim como a comunicação e a colaboração entre as equipes, mostrou resultados muito positivos neste caso, configurando-se como uma alternativa acessível e eficaz à Medicalização da criança...

Objectives: To describe the clinical history of a child with aggressive behavior and recurring death-theme speech, and report the experience of the team of authors, who proposed an alternative to medication through the establishment of a protection network and the inter-sector implementation of the circle of security concept. Case description: A 5-year-old child has a violent and aggressive behavior at the daycare. The child was diagnosed by the healthcare center with depressive disorder and behavioral disorder, and was medicated with sertraline and risperidone. Side effects were observed, and the medications were discontinued. Despite several actions, such as talks, teamwork, psychological and psychiatric follow-up, the child's behavior remained unchanged. Remarks: A unique therapeutic project was developed by Universidade Estadual de Campinas' Medical School students in order to establish a connection between the entities responsible for the child's care (daycare center, healthcare center, and family). Thus, the team was able to develop a basic care protection network. The implementation of the inter-sector circle of security, as well as the communication and cooperation among the teams, produced very favorable results in this case. This initiative was shown to be a feasible and effective alternative to the use of medication for this child...

Experimental evaluation of birds as disseminators of the cosmopolitan tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae).

Rhipicephalus sanguineus is believed to be the most widespread tick species of the world and its dissemination seems to rely on the diffusion of its main host, the dog. Empirical observations indicate that several bird species in urban areas regularly steal dog food. Such circumstances create a chance for R. sanguineus ticks to climb on birds and carry ticks to another site. In this work we evaluated experimentally the likelihood of birds (chicks) to either feed and/or carry R. sanguineus ticks from an infested site to another and to infest a host (rabbit) in the new location. Chicks were not suitable hosts for R. sanguineus ticks. Not a single adult tick engorged on chicks, yield as well as weight of engorged larvae and nymphs were very low and feeding period of these ticks was very long. However, a few larvae and, chiefly, nymphs were delivered to a new location either mechanically or after attachment and engorging total or partially on chicks. A few of these ticks fed successfully on rabbits. Further evidence on the capacity of birds to introduce R. sanguineus into non-infested dog settings should be provided by systematic examination of birds from urban areas, close to tick infested households.

Effect of epidural tramadol and lignocaine on physiological and behavioural changes in goats subjected to castration with a high tension band.

AIM: To compare the effect of a single epidural injection of either lignocaine or tramadol on behavioural changes, anaesthetic indices, leucocyte parameters, erythrocyte sedimentation rates and concentration of cortisol in plasma in goats subjected to castration by high tension band. METHODS: Ten male goats weighing 14.4 (SD 0.7) kg were randomly allocated to anaesthesia with epidural injections of tramadol (3 mg/kg), or lignocaine (4 mg/kg). Following anaesthesia, a rubber ring was applied and tensioned to the scrotal neck of each goat. Behavioural changes were noted as they occurred, and the onset of drug action (time between epidural injection and loss of pedal reflex) and duration of antinociception (time interval between disappearance and reappearance of pedal withdrawal reflex) were determined. Hearts rates, respiratory rates and rectal temperatures were determined every 15 minutes for a 90-minute period, while blood was obtained for determination of white cell counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rates and concentrations of cortisol. Anaesthetic indices were compared using Student's t-test, while physiological parameters were compared using an ANOVA for repeated measurements. RESULTS: Goats treated with epidural tramadol were not recumbent and continued rumination while goats treated with epidural lignocaine were recumbent and did not continue rumination. The onset of analgesia was longer (p=0.01) in goats treated with epidural tramadol (5.0 minutes; SD 1.2) than goats treated with epidural lignocaine (3.0 minutes; SD 1.1), while duration of analgesia was shorter (p=0.003) in goats treated with epidural tramadol (47.2 minutes; SD 13.1) than goats treated with epidural lignocaine (89.8 minutes; SD 23.1). There was no significant difference in heart rates, respiratory rates and erythrocyte sedimentation rates, while the concentration of cortisol in plasma differed (p<0.05) between goats treated with epidural tramadol and lignocaine. CONCLUSIONS: Epidural lignocaine injection produced longer duration of antinociception with lower frequency of pain-associated behavioural changes; while treatment with epidural tramadol injection allowed the goats to continue grazing once the rubber ring has been applied. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Epidural tramadol produced partial pain relief, while epidural lignocaine injection provided the most effective pain control. However, epidural tramadol has an advantage over epidural lignocaine in conditions such as perineal surgery and caesarian section in cattle and where the ability of the animal to maintain standing is desired.

Genetic analysis reveals population structuring and a bottleneck in the black-faced lion tamarin (Leontopithecus caissara).

The ability of a population to evolve in a changing environment may be compromised by human-imposed barriers to gene flow. We investigated the population structure and the possible occurrence of a genetic bottleneck in two isolated populations of the black-faced lion tamarin (Leontopithecus caissara), a species with very reduced numbers (less than 400) in a very restricted range in the Atlantic Forest of southeast Brazil. We determined the genotypes of 52 individuals across 9 microsatellite loci. We found genetic divergence between the populations, each exhibiting low genetic diversity. Analysis revealed broad- and fine-scale population structuring. Both populations have evidently experienced population reduction and a genetic bottleneck without presenting any apparent detrimental effect. Anyway, measures should be taken to effectively protect the forests where L. caissara occurs in order to allow its populations to increase and counteract the eventual effects of genetic impoverishment.

[Scientific production about death and dying themes in a periodical]. / Produção científica sobre o tema da morte e do morrer: estudo de um periódico.

The analysis of the production of scientific knowledge has been drawing the attention of many authors in several fields of study. The observation of this tendency consolidated my interest in embarking upon scientific knowledge by analyzing the material published by "OMEGA--Journal of Death and Dying", an American periodical journal that specifically refers to published matter connected with the themes of death and dying. With this objective, I analysed the production that this journal provided from 1980 to 1994, totalizing 526 articles. To the analysis characteristics of the authors and co-authors were considered, themes discussed, and the methods used, including the main methodological tools. Results enable us to discern the tendencies of thematic approach as well as how they are combined and the possibilities of a methodological approach.

Parental care in the buffy-tufted-ear marmoset (Callithrix aurita) in wild and captive groups

Studies on cooperative care of offspring in callitrichid primates are biased in favor of observations in captivity. In the wild, however, individuals have to deal with environmental pressures, which may influence their social behavior. We compared the individual effort attributed to parental care offered by members of a wild group (couple, plus a subadult helper) and two captive groups (A: couple, plus an subadult helper, B: couple, plus four adult helpers) of the buffy-tufted-ear marmoset, Callithrix aurita, from weeks 1-12 after the infants' birth. The carrier (breeding male and female or helper) and the infant's feeding (food sharing and foraging for food) were recorded. Up to week four, while the wild breeding pair shared infant carrying at similar proportions, the male from captive group A carried 100 percent of the time. Adult helpers from group B were the main carriers. Carrying behavior extended up to week 12 only in the wild group. Food provisioning to the infant was observed earlier in the groups wild and A, but general proportion of feeding records was lower in the wild than in captivity. Energetic cost of travelling and searching for food may be associated with equal division of carrying behavior by the wild breeding pair. Higher proportions of carrying in the groups wild and B may have delayed the development of the infants' motor skills required in foraging. Our data agree with previous studies: the father's lower investment in carrying when adult helpers are present and lower contribution of subadult non-reproductive members

Parental care in the buffy-tufted-ear marmoset (Callithrix aurita) in wild and captive groups.

Studies on cooperative care of offspring in callitrichid primates are biased in favor of observations in captivity. In the wild, however, individuals have to deal with environmental pressures, which may influence their social behavior. We compared the individual effort attributed to parental care offered by members of a wild group (couple, plus a subadult helper) and two captive groups (A: couple, plus an subadult helper, B: couple, plus four adult helpers) of the buffy-tufted-ear marmoset, Callithrix aurita, from weeks 1-12 after the infants' birth. The carrier (breeding male and female or helper) and the infant's feeding (food sharing and foraging for food) were recorded. Up to week four, while the wild breeding pair shared infant carrying at similar proportions, the male from captive group A carried 100% of the time. Adult helpers from group B were the main carriers. Carrying behavior extended up to week 12 only in the wild group. Food provisioning to the infant was observed earlier in the groups wild and A, but general proportion of feeding records was lower in the wild than in captivity. Energetic cost of travelling and searching for food may be associated with equal division of carrying behavior by the wild breeding pair. Higher proportions of carrying in the groups wild and B may have delayed the development of the infants' motor skills required in foraging. Our data agree with previous studies: the father's lower investment in carrying when adult helpers are present and lower contribution of subadult non-reproductive members.