G6PDH as a key immunometabolic and redox trigger in arthropods.

The enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) plays crucial roles in glucose homeostasis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), being also involved in redox metabolism. The PPP is an important metabolic pathway that produces ribose and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which are essential for several physiologic and biochemical processes, such as the synthesis of fatty acids and nucleic acids. As a rate-limiting step in PPP, G6PDH is a highly conserved enzyme and its deficiency can lead to severe consequences for the organism, in particular for cell growth. Insufficient G6PDH activity can lead to cell growth arrest, impaired embryonic development, as well as a reduction in insulin sensitivity, inflammation, diabetes, and hypertension. While research on G6PDH and PPP has historically focused on mammalian models, particularly human disorders, recent studies have shed light on the regulation of this enzyme in arthropods, where new functions were discovered. This review will discuss the role of arthropod G6PDH in regulating redox homeostasis and immunometabolism and explore potential avenues for further research on this enzyme in various metabolic adaptations.

Differential expression of PEPCK isoforms is correlated to Aedes aegypti oogenesis and embryogenesis.

The mosquito Aedes aegypti undertakes a shift in carbohydrate metabolism during embryogenesis, including an increase in the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), a key gluconeogenic enzyme, at critical steps of embryo development. All eukaryotes studied to date present two PEPCK isoforms, namely PEPCK-M (mitochondrial) and PEPCK-C (cytosolic). In A. aegypti, however, these proteins are so far uncharacterized. In the present work we describe two A. aegypti PEPCK isoforms by sequence alignment, protein modeling, and transcription analysis in different tissues, as well as PEPCK enzymatic activity assays in mitochondrial and cytoplasmic compartments during oogenesis and embryogenesis. First, we characterized the protein sequences compared to other organisms, and identified conserved sites and key amino acids. We also performed structure modeling for AePEPCK(M) and AePEPCK(C), identifying highly conserved structural sites, as well as a signal peptide in AePEPCK(M) localized in a very hydrophobic region. Moreover, after blood meal and during mosquito oogenesis and embryogenesis, both PEPCKs isoforms showed different transcriptional profiles, suggesting that mRNA for the cytosolic form is transmitted maternally, whereas the mitochondrial form is synthesized by the zygote. Collectively, these results improve our understanding of mosquito physiology and may yield putative targets for developing new methods for A. aegypti control.

Reemerging diseases in Brazil: sociodemographic and epidemiological characteristics of syphilis and its under-reporting.

INTRODUCTION: This paper analyzed sociodemographic and epidemiological data of individuals with syphilis as well as the compulsory reporting of the disease, for being a reemerging disease in Brazil. METHODS: General information and sociodemographic, epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory data were verified in compulsory reporting. RESULTS: From 2010 to 2016, 157 reporting forms were explored. Acquired and gestational syphilis occurred predominantly in those 20 to 29 years of age and those who did not complete secondary education. Compulsory reporting forms were not complete. CONCLUSIONS: The number of syphilis cases has varied over the years in the city. Incomplete compulsory reporting was noted.

Avaliação in silico da interação entre o receptor GABAA e metalocompostos derivados de benzodiazepínicos / Evaluation of the interaction between GABAA receptor and organometallics derived from benzodiazepines in silico

O receptor do ácido γ-aminobutírico do tipo A (GABAA) é o receptor de ação rápida mais amplamente distribuído no sistema nervoso central (SNC) dos mamíferos. Os receptores GABAA são canais iônicos pentaméricos transmembranares e apresentam alta heterogeneidadede entre suas subunidades. Quando estes receptores são ativados pelo neurotransmissor GABA, permitem a passagem de íons cloreto para dentro dos neurônios, resultando em uma hiperpolarização destas células, as tornando menos reativas a neurotransmissores excitatórios. Os receptores GABAA são alvos de vários grupos farmacológicos com propriedades anestésicas e sedativas. A ativação destes receptores pode ser modulada por diferentes grupos de compostos, incluindo os benzodiazepínicos (BZDs), que se tornaram o grupo farmacológico prescrito mais consumido no mundo, sendo indicados no tratamento de ansiedade, insônia, relaxamento muscular e epilepsia. Apesar de serem indicados no tratamento em diversas manifestações clínicas, podem apresentar efeitos adversos, como comprometimento da memória, síndrome de descontinuação, além da sua ineficiência no tratamento em alguns casos de epilepsia. Nesse contexto, é importante identificar e desenvolver novos compostos que apresentem as mesmas características e eficiência dos BZDs clássicos, porém minimizando seus efeitos adversos.

Uma abordagem interessante é a síntese de compostos de coordenação, a partir da associação entre compostos orgânicos com elementos metálicos a partir dos BZDs clássicos, como o diazepam. Neste trabalho, foi analisada a interação do receptor GABAA com cinco compostos de coordenação derivados do diazepam com íon paládio ([(DZP)PdOAcPPh3], [(DZP)PdClPPh3], [(DZP)PdClPy], ([(DZP)PdCl]2 e [(DZP)PdOAc]2) em um modelo heteropentamérico da principal combinação de isoformas do receptor GABAA (α1ß2γ2) construído pela técnica de modelagem comparativa. Com o intuito de predizer a pose dos ligantes, foram realizadas simulações de docking molecular entre os compostos de coordenação e o diazepam com o receptor GABAA, utilizando o software AutoDock. Nossos resultados indicam que os compostos de coordenação apresentaram energia livre de ligação estimada mais baixa que o ligante diazepam, com destaque para o composto o [(DZP)PdOAc]2. Foram identificados quatro resíduos que aparentemente contribuem para a interação proteína-ligante: His101(α1), Ser204(α1), Tyr58(γ2) e Phe77(γ2). O metal paládio incluso nos compostos de coordenação apresentou um papel de estabilidade estrutural, conferindo um maior número de interações com o receptor GABAA no sítio dos benzodiazepínicos. (AU)

Reemerging diseases in Brazil: sociodemographic and epidemiological characteristics of syphilis and its under-reporting

Abstract INTRODUCTION: This paper analyzed sociodemographic and epidemiological data of individuals with syphilis as well as the compulsory reporting of the disease, for being a reemerging disease in Brazil. METHODS: General information and sociodemographic, epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory data were verified in compulsory reporting. RESULTS: From 2010 to 2016, 157 reporting forms were explored. Acquired and gestational syphilis occurred predominantly in those 20 to 29 years of age and those who did not complete secondary education. Compulsory reporting forms were not complete. CONCLUSIONS: The number of syphilis cases has varied over the years in the city. Incomplete compulsory reporting was noted.

Percepção das precauções padrão, prática do reencape de agulhas e condutas frente a acidente com material biológico de equipes de saúde bucal do serviço público odontológico / Perception of the standard precautions, practice of re-capping of needles and practices when facing an accident involving biological material of dental health teams at dental public service

Resumo: O presente estudo objetivou verificar o conhecimento e adesão às precauções padrão (PP), em especial a prática de não reencapar agu lhas; as ações a serem tomadas diante acidentes e aspectos relativos à prevenção de infecções, pelas equipes de saúde bucal da rede públi ca de um município do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Também observar os materiais descartados nos recipientes do grupo E em todas as unidades de atendimento odontológico do município. Aplicou-se um questionário semiestruturado, com perguntas direcionadas ao tema. Dos 79 pesquisados, 60 responderam ao questionário, onde 33 (55%) eram cirurgiões-dentistas. 34 (56,6%) profissionais não sabiam o que eram as PP e 43 (71,6%) afirmaram reencapar agulhas. 27 (44,9%) já sofreram algum tipo de acidente com material perfurocortante, contaminado ou sangue e 44 (73,3%) desconheciam ou se equivocaram sobre quais os cuidados imediatos em caso de exposição cutânea ou percutânea. Em relação à análise dos recipientes de descarte, observaram-se 5.193 agulhas descartadas, sendo 3.790 (73%) reencapadas em um, ou ambos os lados. Também o descarte incorreto de materiais não perfurocortantes. Conclui-se que existe falha no conhecimento sobre precauções padrão e condutas em casos de acidentes com mate rial biológico, além do incorreto descarte de materiais nos recipientes do grupo E.

Abstract: This study aimed to verify the knowledge and adoption of the stan dard precautions (PP), especially in the practice of not re-capping needles; the actions to be taken in relation to accidents and aspects related to the prevention of infections, by the dental health teams of the public service of a city in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. We also assessed the materials discarded in the containers of group E in all dental care units of the city. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied, with questions about the theme. Of the 79 subjects surveyed, 60 answered the questionnaire, where 33 (55%) were dental surgeons. 34 (56.6%) professionals did not know what PP were and 43 (71.6%) reported re-capping needles. 27 (44.9%) had already suffered some kind of accident with sharp tools or contaminated material with blood and 44 (73.3%) were unaware or made mistakes about the immediate care in case of skin or percutaneous exposure. Regarding the analysis of the disposal containers, 5,193 discarded needles were observed, of which 3,790 (73%) were re-capped on one or both sides. Also, we observed the improper disposal of non- sharps material. We concluded that there is a lack of knowledge about standard precautions and conducts in cases of accidents with biological material, besides the incorrect disposal of materials in the containers of group E.

Detection and genotyping of Trypanosoma cruzi from açai products commercialized in Rio de Janeiro and Pará, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Several cases of food-borne acute Chagas disease (ACD) have been reported in the Brazilian Amazon so far. Up to 2004, the occurrence of ACD by oral transmission, associated with food consumption, was rare. Recent cases of ACD in Brazil have been attributed to the consumption of juice from the açai palm containing reservoir animals or insect vectors waste, infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. This study aimed to determine the T. cruzi contamination rate and to genotype the parasite in food samples prepared from açai, which are commercialized in Rio de Janeiro and the Pará States in Brazil. METHODS: The amplificability of DNA extracted from açai samples, and T. cruzi and Triatominae detection were performed by conventional PCR. Molecular characterization was done by multilocus PCR analysis, to determine the parasite discrete type units (DTUs) based on the size of PCR products in agarose gels, using the intergenic region of the spliced leader (SL), 24 Sα rDNA and nuclear fragment A10 as targets. RESULTS: From the 140 samples of açai-based products analyzed, T. cruzi DNA was detected in 14 samples (10%); triatomine DNA was detected in one of these 14 samples. The parasite genotyping demonstrated that food samples containing açai showed a mixture of T. cruzi DTUs with TcIII, TcV and TcI prevailing. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the molecular detection and identification of T. cruzi from açai-based manufactured food samples, was performed for the first time. Although parasite DNA is a marker of possible contamination during food manufacturing, our findings do not indicate that açai is a source of Chagas disease via oral transmission per se, as live parasites were not investigated. Nevertheless, a molecular approach could be a powerful tool in the epidemiological investigation of outbreaks, supporting previous evidence that açai-based food can be contaminated with T. cruzi. Furthermore, both food quality control and assessment of good manufacturing practices involving açai-based products can be improved, assuring the safety of açai products.

Análisis de la cumplimentación de certificados médicos por estudiantes y profesionales de odontología / Analysis of filling out dental certificates by dental students and professionals

Resumen: Este estudio tuvo el objetivo de analizar y comparar la cumplimentación de certificados médicos por estudiantes del cuarto año del curso de Odontología de una universidad pública brasileña y por profesionales de cursos de especialización específicos del área. Entre 2014 y 2016, se dejó a los encuestados una hoja de papel en blanco en cuyo encabezamiento sólo constaba la palabra "Certificado", a fin de que se lo elaboraran de la manera que juzgaran más adecuada. Se utilizó test para comparación de dos proporciones y Test de Chi- Cuadrado con nivel de significación del 5%. Participaron de la inves tigación 336 individuos, de los cuales 167 (49,7%) eran estudiantes y 169 (50,3%), profesionales de cursos de especialización de la Facultad de Odontología de Araçatuba. Solamente 73 (21,7%) individuos ela boraron el certificado correctamente. Entre los errores de los estu diantes se destaca la inserción de la Clasificación Estadística Interna cional de Enfermedades sin el consentimiento del paciente, y, de los profesionales, la falta del Documento Nacional de Identidad. Hubo diferencia estadística significativa entre las categorías respecto a la correcta cumplimentación del certificado (p=0). Se concluyó que una parte considerable de los encuestados rellena los certificados odonto lógicos incorrectamente, con menores errores entre los estudiantes de Odontología.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to analyze and compare the filling of the dental certificates by the students of the fourth year of the den tistry course of a Brazilian public university and professionals of specialization courses in the area. The respondents were given a blank sheet written "Certificate", for them to fill out. The period analyzed was from 2014 to 2016. The test was used to compare two proportions and the chi-square test, with a significance level of 5%. A total of 336 individuals participated in the study, of which 167 (49.7%) were fourth year students of the Dentistry course and 169 (50.3%) professionals of specialization courses of the School of Dentistry of Araçatuba. Only 73 (21.7%) correctly filled the certificate. Among the errors, we emphasize the students' insertion of the International Statistical Clas sification of Diseases without the patient's consent and among profes sionals the lack of the General Registry. There was a significant statis tical difference between the categories regarding the correct filling of the certificate (p = 0). We concluded that the dental certificates are filled incorrectly by a considerable portion of the respondents, with minor errors among dentistry students.

Exposição a material biológico no ambiente ocupacional: conhecimento e adoção de condutas preventivas / Exposure to biological material in the occupational environment: knowledge and adoption of preventive measures

A Biossegurança em saúde é o conjunto de ações voltadas para a prevenção, minimização ou eliminação de riscos inerentes às atividades de pesquisa, produção, ensino, desenvolvimento tecnológico e prestação de serviços, visando à saúde do homem, dos animais, preservação do meio ambiente e qualidade dos resultados. No presente trabalho, procurou-se realizar uma revisão integrativa da literatura sobre biossegurança e precauções padrão na odontologia. Para isso, foi feita uma busca de evidências presentes na literatura científica, por meio de um levantamento nas bases de dados "Scielo" e no "Portal Regional da BVS", utilizando uma estratégia de busca de acordo com a temática proposta. Além disso, verificou-se, por meio de um questionário semiestruturado com perguntas relacionadas ao tema, o conhecimento e adesão às precauções padrão, em especial a prática de reencapar agulhas; as ações a serem tomadas diante acidentes e aspectos relativos à prevenção de infecções, por acadêmicos e funcionários da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba (FOA -Unesp). Observou-se a localização dos recipientes de descarte de perfurocortantes nas clínicas da faculdade, as condições de preenchimento e os materiais descartados nos recipientes do grupo E. Analisaram-se as informações contidas nas Notificações de Acidente de Trabalho (NATs), a fim de estabelecer um perfil dos acidentes ocorridos na faculdade. A partir das buscas nas bases de dados, foram encontrados 95 artigos sobre a temática nos últimos 10 anos. No entanto, obtivemos um total de 18 artigos selecionados para a presente revisão integrativa de literatura, os quais obedeceram criteriosamente os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, e se relacionavam com o objeto de estudo. Participaram da pesquisa 91 acadêmicos de odontologia dos últimos anos, dos períodos integral e noturno e 21 funcionários terceirizados da limpeza da faculdade. 55 NATs foram analisadas no período de 2013 a 2017. Entre os alunos que responderam ao questionário, 79 (86,8%) afirmaram existir um protocolo na faculdade em caso de acidente, 82 (90,1%) disseram ter recebido orientações a respeito e 42 (46,2%) afirmaram saber o que são as PP. Entretanto, 74 (81,3%) afirmaram reencapar agulhas, na maioria dos casos com uma das mãos (78,4%), a fim de não deixar a agulha exposta na bancada (71,4%). 31 (34,1%) já sofreram acidentes com material biológico, sendo que 62 (68,1%) não sabiam quais os cuidados imediatos pós-exposição, 87 (95,6%) o prazo máximo para o início da profilaxia pós-exposição ao HIV, 78 (85,7%) a duração e 74 (81,3%) a eficácia. 63 (69,2%) não receberam orientação sobre o preenchimento da NAT. Entre os funcionários, 17 (81%) afirmaram existir um protocolo na faculdade em caso de acidente e terem recebido orientações a respeito; entretanto 7 (33,3%) não sabiam o que eram as PP. 20 (95,3%) não conheciam quais os cuidados imediatos pós-exposição, 18 (85,7%) não sabiam o prazo máximo para o início da profilaxia pós-exposição ao HIV, 20 (95,3%) a duração e a eficácia. Apesar de 9 (42,9%) afirmarem ter recebido orientação sobre o preenchimento da NAT, 11 (52,4%) não conheciam ou não responderam qual seria o prazo máximo para seu preenchimento. Em relação ao recipiente de descarte, a localização mostrou-se inadequada, pois o aluno precisava deslocar-se para realizar o descarte. Observaram-se 7.327 agulhas descartadas, onde 3.587 (49%) estavam reencapadas, dentre as quais 2.555 (71,2%) em um lado e 1.032(28,8%) em ambos os lados; além disso, foram verificados diferentes materiais não perfurocortantes descartados, como tubetes anestésicos, gaze e algodão. Em relação as NATs, a maioria foi emitida no ano de 2017 (45,4%), 50 (90,9%) eram do sexo feminino e tinham a média de idade de 48,78 anos (dp=9,52). 53 (96,4%) correspondiam à ocorrência de acidentes típicos, onde na maioria dos casos, a parte do corpo mais atingida foi às mãos (40%) e 12 (21,8%) dos pesquisadores pediram afastamento após o infortúnio. 29 (52,7%) dos acidentes ocorreram em uma unidade auxiliar de estrutura complexa da faculdade. Conclui-se que há alto percentual de acidentes com material biológico, em especial entre acadêmicos, além de deficiência no conhecimento das condutas pós-exposição e baixa adesão de medidas preventivas entre ambas as categorias pesquisadas; também o predomínio da ocorrência de acidentes em um setor específico da faculdade(AU)

Standard Precautions (SP) are recommendations, among them, the not recapping needles, which purpose is to minimize or prevent the transmission risk of blood borne pathogens. This study objective was to verify the knowledge and adhesion to the SP, especially the recapping needles practice; the actions to be taken before accidents and related aspects to infection prevention by academics and employees; besides the profile of accidents occurred in the Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba (FOA - Unesp). Also observe the location of the sharps disposal containers in the school clinics, the filling conditions and disposed materials. Was applied a semi-structured questionnaire with related questions to 91 senior students from both periods and 21 outsourced cleaning staff from the school. Was also analyzed the information on the Employee's Report of Injury. Between the academics, 79 (86.8%) affirmed the existence of an accident protocol, 82 (90.1%) had received orientation about it and 42 (46.2%) affirmed to know what are the SP. However, 74 (81.3%) affirmed to recap needles, mostly using one hand (78.4%), in order to not let the needle exposed in the table (71.4%). 31 (34.1 %) already suffered an accident with biological material, being that 62 (68.1%) did not know the immediate post exposure care, 87 (95.6%) the maximum time to initiate the HIV post exposure prophylaxis, 78 (85.7%) the duration and 74 (81.3%) the efficiency. 63 (69.2%) did not received an orientation about the Employee's Report Injury. Among the staff, 17 (81 %) affirmed the existence of an accident protocol and have received orientation about it; however, 7 (33.3%) did not know the SP. 20 (95.3%) did not know the immediate post exposure care, 18 (85.7%) ignored the maximum time to initiate the HIV post exposure prophylaxis, 20 (95.3%) the duration and the efficiency. Despite of 9 (42.9%) affirmed to have received orientation about the Employee's Report of Injury, 11 (52.4%) ignored or did not responded about the maximum time to submit it. About the sharp disposal container, the location showed was inappropriate, once the academic had to move to realize the disposal. There was 7.327 needles disposed, where3.587 (49%) was recapped, being that 2.555 (71.2%) in one end and 1.032 (28.8%) in both ends; in addition, was noticed that non-sharpened materials, as anesthetic tubes, gauze and cotton. Was analyzed 51 Employee's Report of Injury in a period, being that 47 (92.2%) of the injured were female. 14 (25.7%) reports in volved sharp materials, and the body part were the hands. 36 (70.6%) of the injury occurred in an auxiliary unit of complex structure. It concludes that there is a high percentage of biological material accidents, especially among academics, and a deficiency in the knowledge about post exposure measures and low adhesion among both surveyed categories, besides the predominance of the occurrence of accidents in an specific sector of the school(AU)

O estigma de usuários do sistema público de saúde brasileiro em relação a indivíduos HIV positivo / The stigma of HIV positive users of the public health system

O conceito inicial de que a AIDS era uma doença que ocorria em indivíduos com atitudes desaprovadas pela sociedade causou estigmatização e preconceito em indivíduos HIV positivo. Objetivo: Analisar a existência de preconceito e atitudes discriminatórias de usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) em relação a indivíduos soropositivos, considerando sua classe socioeconômica. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, com caráter transversal e abordagem quantitativa. Aplicou-se o Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil, para a classificação econômica da população, e um questionário estruturado com questões relacionadas ao preconceito e à discriminação, à percepção sobre esterilização e ao contágio de doenças; além de questões de manual do Ministério da Saúde que aborda o assunto. Resultados: A população estudada foi composta por 150 indivíduos, dos quais 77,3% afirmaram que aceitariam ser atendidos após um paciente soropositivo, e 92%, após um presidiário. Entretanto, 42% prefeririam o atendimento antes de um indivíduo soropositivo, e 23,3%, antes de um presidiário. A maioria relatou preocupação quanto à esterilização do material odontológico (98%), embora 42% não soubessem como o procedimento ora realizada. Existiu diferença significativa entre os indivíduos que inicialmente afirmaram aceitar o atendimento após um paciente HIV positivo (p=0,0029) ou um presidiário (p<0,0001) e os que posteriormente disseram preferir o atendimento antes. Não houve associação entre classe econômica e preconceito. Conclusão: Os usuários do SUS apresentam preconceito e atitudes discriminatórias em relação a pessoas soropositivas, expressa, às vezes, de maneira velada, independentemente da classe econômica do indivíduo.

The initial idea of AIDS as a disease that affects individuals with attitudes disapproved by society has caused stigmatization and prejudice among HIV positive individuals. Objective: To analyze the existence of prejudice and discriminatory attitudes of Unified Health System ("Sistema Único de Saúde" ­ SUS) users towards HIV positive individuals, according to socioeconomic class. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive research, with quantitative approaches. We categorized the population according to the Brazilian Criterion of Economic Classification, and applied a structured questionnaire related to prejudice, discrimination, and perceptions regarding sterilization and infectious diseases; as well as questions from a relevant Ministry of Health publication. Results: The study population consisted of 150 individuals, 77.3% of which asserted they would agree to be treated immediately after an HIV positive patient and 92% after a prisoner. However, 42% preferred being examined before HIV positive individuals, and 23.3% before a prisoner. The majority reported concern about the sterilization of dental material (98%), though 42% did not know how the procedure was carried out. There was significant difference between individuals who initially said they would not mind being received after HIV positive patients (p=0.0029) or inmates (p<0.0001), and those who later said they would rather be received before individuals in these conditions. There was no association between socioeconomic class and prejudice. Conclusion: SUS users show prejudicial and discriminatory attitudes toward HIV patients, often expressed in subtle manners, regardless of economic class of the individual.

O reencape de agulhas e descarte de resíduos odontológicos do Grupo E por estudantes de uma universidade pública brasileira / Manejo de agujas y deseche de residuos odontológicos del grupo e por estudiantes de una universidad pública brasileña / Handling of needles and dental waste disposal of group e by students of a Brazilian public university

RESUMO A prática da odontologia predispõe o académico a sofrer acidente com material biológico. Objetivou-se neste trabalho verificar a adesão às precauções padrão, em especial a recomendação de não reencapar agu lhas, bem como o descarte de resíduos odontológicos nos recipientes do grupo E, baseado no comportamento revelado pelos estudantes de odontologia de uma universidade pública brasileira. Coletaram-se todos os recipientes de descarte utilizados no ano de 2016 nas clínicas da faculdade, os quais foram levados para sala de expurgo para análise. Inicialmente, realizou-se a separação das agulhas conforme o tipo de reencape e também de outros materiais descartados. Posteriormente, procedeu-se à contagem das agulhas colocadas sobre uma bancada forrada, com a ajuda de uma pinça longa. No total, foram analisados 111 recipientes de descarte do grupo E, com 6.729 agulhas descartadas. Destas, 1.078 (16%) estavam reencapadas nos dois lados, 1.960 (29,1%) em um lado e 3.691 (54,9%) sem reencape. Além disso, foram observa dos diferentes materiais não perfurocortantes descartados, incluindo películas radiográficas e dentes humanos. Conclui-se que a adesão dos estudantes às precauções padrão, especialmente à recomendação de não reencapar agulhas, é baixo. Os recipientes de descarte de perfurocortan-tes estão sendo utilizados de maneira incorreta.

RESUMEN La práctica de la Odontología predispone el estudiante a accidentes con material biológico. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar la adhesión de alumnos a las precauciones estándares, en especial la recomendación en el manejo de agujas, así como el deseche de residuos odontológicos en recipientes del grupo E, basado en el comportamiento revelado por los estudiantes de odontología de una universidad pública brasileña. Se recolectaron todos los recipientes de deseche utilizados en el año de 2016 en las clínicas de la facultad, los que se llevaron para el sector de expur go para análisis. Se separaron las agujas según el tipo de manejo y también otros materiales desechados. Se procedió el contaje de agujas sobre una bancada forrada con ayuda de una tenaza larga. En el total, se analizaron 111 recipientes de deseche del grupo E, con 6.729 agujas desechadas. De esas, 1.078 (16%) mantenían su capuchón plástico en ambos lados, 1.960 (29,1%) en solo un lado y 3.691 (54,9%) no tenían su capuchón. Además, se observaron diferentes materiales punzocortantes desechados, entre ellos películas radiográficas y dientes humanos. Se concluye que la adhesión de los estudiantes a las precauciones estánda res, en especial a la recomendación de no manejar agujas, es baja. Los recipientes de deseche de punzocortantes están siendo utilizados de manera incorrecta.

Sociodemographic and epidemiological profile of leprosy patients in an endemic region in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION:: The incidence of Hansen's disease is high in overlooked populations. METHODS:: Data of Hansen's disease cases reported in the information system of the Department of Informatics, Brazilian Unified Health System, from 2013 to 2014 were analyzed. RESULTS:: Among 434 studied cases of Hansen's disease, the female sex (52.5%), adult age (73.7%), low educational level (61.8%), and multibacillary form were associated with higher prevalence rates. CONCLUSIONS:: Hansen's disease is more frequent among female adults with a low educational level, and the prevalence of multibacillary leprosy reflects disease detection at late stages.

Sociodemographic and epidemiological profile of leprosy patients in an endemic region in Brazil

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The incidence of Hansen's disease is high in overlooked populations. METHODS: Data of Hansen's disease cases reported in the information system of the Department of Informatics, Brazilian Unified Health System, from 2013 to 2014 were analyzed. RESULTS: Among 434 studied cases of Hansen's disease, the female sex (52.5%), adult age (73.7%), low educational level (61.8%), and multibacillary form were associated with higher prevalence rates. CONCLUSIONS: Hansen's disease is more frequent among female adults with a low educational level, and the prevalence of multibacillary leprosy reflects disease detection at late stages.

DENTISTS' KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE REGARDING LEPROSY IN AN ENDEMIC AREA IN BRAZIL.

This study aims to analyze the dental surgeons' knowledge about leprosy and its ways of transmission, clinical characteristics and treatment, besides analyzing their experience with respect to diagnostic suspicion and case referrals. The study population comprised 242 dental surgeons working in the public dental service of the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil. A self-applicable questionnaire containing questions about the dental surgeon's profile was used, including his/her knowledge on leprosy, as well as his/her practices concerning the disease. The results showed a predominance of female dental surgeons (65.7%), with ages ranging between 30 and 39 years old (43%) and professionals having six to 10 years of experience since graduation. Concerning their time working in the Unified Health System (SUS), the highest percentage of dental surgeons referred more than 10 years. Regarding the knowledge about the disease, 30.6% did not know the efficacy of the treatment of leprosy, 47% did not know the disease had to be notified compulsorily and only 8.3% had received information about leprosy at work. Besides that, most of them mentioned feeling little security when treating patients with leprosy (61.6%). Thus, dental surgeons' deficient knowledge on issues related to leprosy may be highlighted.

Estigma do HIV positivo expresso por meio do preconceito velado / Stigma of HIV positive expressed through veiled prejudice

O termo estigma foi criado pelos gregos da Antiguidade para referirem sinais feitos no corpo que evidenciavam algo ruim sobre a moral de quem os apresentava. Objetivo: Objetivou-se verificar a presença de atitudes discriminatórias de usuários do sistema público de saúde em relação a indivíduos HIV positivo, além da percepção dos mesmos sobre a possibilidade de contraírem algum tipo de doença durante o tratamento odontológico. Métodos: O instrumento de coleta de dados consistiu de um questionário semiestruturado. Realizaram-se entrevistas com perguntas relacionadas à concordância do indivíduo ao atendimento por um cirurgião-dentista HIV positivo, após o atendimento de um paciente soropositivo, ou um presidiário; a percepção da possibilidade de se contrair alguma doença no consultório odontológico; preocupação com relação à esterilização dos materiais utilizados e conhecimento sobre a forma de esterilização. Resultados: Foram entrevistados 200 indivíduos, sendo que 142 afirmaram que aceitariam ser atendidos após um paciente HIV positivo e 160 após um presidiário. Ainda, 162 se disporiam ser tratados por um cirurgião-dentista HIV positivo. Entretanto, quando questionados em relação à preferência, 93 prefeririam o atendimento antes de um indivíduo soropositivo e 60 antes de um presidiário. Conclusão: Conclui-se que os pacientes apresentam atitudes discriminatórias em relação a pessoas soropositivas, expressa às vezes de maneira velada e a percepção sobre a possibilidade de contrair algum tipo de infecção durante o tratamento odontológico.

The term stigma was coined by the ancient Greeks to refer to signs made in the body meaning something bad on the morale of those who had them. Objective: To verify the presence of discriminatory attitudes of users of Unified Health System regarding HIV-positive individuals, as well as the perception about the possibility of acquiring some kind of disease during dental treatment. Methods: The data collection instrument consists of a semi-structured questionnaire. This study included interviews asking the following questions: individuals agree to be treated by a HIV-positive dentist, after the treatment of a HIV-positive patient or an inmate; the perception of the possibility of acquiring illnesses in a dental office; concern regarding sterilization of materials used and the manner of sterilization. Results: Two hundred individuals were interviewed, 142 would accept to be treated after a HIV-positive patient and 160 after an inmate. Moreover, 162 would be available for treatment by a HIV-positive dentist. However, when questioned about the preference, 93 would prefer to be treated before a HIV-positive patient and 60 before an inmate. Conclusion: Patients showed discriminatory attitudes toward seropositive people, expressed sometimes in a veiled manner, and the perception about the possibility of getting some kind of infection during dental treatment.

Socioeconomic level and the parents' perception of the impact of oral diseases on their children's quality of life

Aim: To analyze how parents of different socioeconomic levels perceive the impact of oral diseases on their children's quality of life. Methods: All parents or guardians of students aged 11 to 14 years old, regularly enrolled in fundamental schooling at public schools of two towns in the northwestern region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, were enrolled in the study. The questionnaire of "Socioeconomic Assessment Tool" was used to classify the families with regards to socioeconomic class and the "Parental-Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire (P-CPQ)" was used to verify the parents' perception of the impact of oral diseases on their children's quality of life. Results: 172 (41.8%) individuals answered the survey. Among them, most belonged to the Upper Low Class (61%). 21.5% of the individuals answered that they considered their children's oral health "regular or bad" and 71.5% answered that their child's general well-being was not or was little affected by the condition of his/her teeth, lips, jaws or mouth. There was an association between the quality of life sub-scales, especially "oral symptoms", with all socioeconomic classes. Conclusions: There is a relationship between parents' socioeconomic class and the perception of the impact of oral disease on their children's quality of life (Au)

Prevalencia de la disfunción temporomandibular en trabajadores de la industria. Asociación con el estrés y el trastorno del sueño / Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders among industrialworkers. Association with stress and sleep disorder

Objetivo Verificar la presencia de disfunción temporomadibular (DTM), trastorno del sueño y estrés, así como la asociación entre esos factores en trabajadores de una industria del Estado de São Paulo. Material y Métodos Se aplicó cuestionario de Fonseca para verificar el grado de DTM; el Cuestionario de Evaluación del Sueño de Toronto (SAQ) para verificar la calidad y ocurrencia de trastornos del sueño; y la Escala de Reajuste Social (SRRS) para verificar el grado de estrés. Se tabularon los datos de la encuesta por medio del programa Epi InfoTM 7 y se los analizaron estadísticamente por medio del Test de Chi-Cuadrado, con nivel de significación del 5 %. Resultados Participaron de la encuesta 104 trabajadores, la mayoría hombres (74 %), con edad entre 35 y 44 años (26 %). Treinta y siete (35,6 %) tenían algún grado de disfunción, 65 (62,5 %) presentaron trastornos del sueño y 6 (5,8 %), grados más altos de estrés. Tras el análisis estadístico, no se observó asociación significativa entre estrés y disfunción temporomandibular (DTM). Sin embargo, hubo asociación entre calidad del sueño y el sexo del individuo con la DTM (p<0,01). Conclusiones Se concluye que un alto porcentaje de la población analizada presenta trastornos del sueño y DTM. El sexo y la calidad del sueño influyen en la ocurrencia de la DTM.(AU)

Objective To determine the presence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), sleep disorders and stress, as well as the association between these factors, among industrial workers in São Paulo State, Brazil. Material and Methods Fonseca's questionnaire was used to verify the level of TMD, the Toronto Sleep Assessment Questionnaire (SAQ) was applied to check the quality and occurrence of sleep disorders, and the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) was used to check the degree of stress. The data collected were tabulated with Epi InfoTM 7 and statistically analyzed using the chi-square test, with a 5 % significance level. Results 104 workers participated in the survey. Most were male (74 %) between 35 and 44 years of age (26 %). Thirty-seven (35.6 %) had some degree of disorder, 65 (62.5 %) presented with sleep disorders, and 6 (5.8 %) presented with higher degrees of stress. After statistical analysis, there was no significant association between stress and temporomandibular disorders (TMD). However, there was an association between quality of sleep and sex of the individual with TMD (p<0.01). Conclusion We conclude that a high percentage of the analyzed population has sleep disorders and TMD. Sex and the quality of sleep influence the occurrence of TMD.(AU)

[Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders among industrialworkers. Association with stress and sleep disorder]. / Prevalencia de la disfunción temporomandibular en trabajadores de la industria. Asociación con el estrés y el trastorno del sueño.

Objective To determine the presence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), sleep disorders and stress, as well as the association between these factors, among industrial workers in São Paulo State, Brazil. Material and Methods Fonseca's questionnaire was used to verify the level of TMD, the Toronto Sleep Assessment Questionnaire (SAQ) was applied to check the quality and occurrence of sleep disorders, and the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) was used to check the degree of stress. The data collected were tabulated with Epi InfoTM 7 and statistically analyzed using the chi-square test, with a 5 % significance level. Results 104 workers participated in the survey. Most were male (74 %) between 35 and 44 years of age (26 %). Thirty-seven (35.6 %) had some degree of disorder, 65 (62.5 %) presented with sleep disorders, and 6 (5.8 %) presented with higher degrees of stress. After statistical analysis, there was no significant association between stress and temporomandibular disorders (TMD). However, there was an association between quality of sleep and sex of the individual with TMD (p<0.01). Conclusion We conclude that a high percentage of the analyzed population has sleep disorders and TMD. Sex and the quality of sleep influence the occurrence of TMD.

The stigma and prejudice of leprosy: influence on the human condition.

INTRODUCTION: To analyze the knowledge, feelings and perceptions involving patients affected by leprosy, as a better understanding of these factors may be useful to decrease the stigma and prejudice associated with the condition. METHODS: The study cohort consisted of 94 patients who underwent treatment for leprosy at the Health Units in the City of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso (MT), Brazil. The study questionnaire included items to collect information on socio-demographic data, knowledge about the disease, stigma, prejudice, self-esteem and quality of life of leprosy patients. Bivariate analyses were used to assess the data based on the chi-square test with a 5% significance threshold. RESULTS: The results revealed that the study population consisted predominantly of males (55.3%) with an income between 1 and 3 times the minimum wage (67%). The survey respondents reported that the most significant difficulties related to the treatment were the side effects (44.7%) and the duration of the treatment (28.7%). A total of 72.3% of the subjects were knowledgeable about the disease, of whom 26.6% had the leprosy reaction. Stigma and prejudice were cited by 93.6% of the participants. Based on the responses, 40.4% of patients reported being depressed and sad, and 69.1% of the subjects encountered problems at work after being diagnosed. A total of 45.7% of the patients rated their quality of life between bad and very bad. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that leprosy causes suffering in patients beyond pain and discomfort and greatly influences social participation.

The stigma and prejudice of leprosy: influence on the human condition

INTRODUCTION: To analyze the knowledge, feelings and perceptions involving patients affected by leprosy, as a better understanding of these factors may be useful to decrease the stigma and prejudice associated with the condition. METHODS: The study cohort consisted of 94 patients who underwent treatment for leprosy at the Health Units in the City of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso (MT), Brazil. The study questionnaire included items to collect information on socio-demographic data, knowledge about the disease, stigma, prejudice, self-esteem and quality of life of leprosy patients. Bivariate analyses were used to assess the data based on the chi-square test with a 5% significance threshold. RESULTS: The results revealed that the study population consisted predominantly of males (55.3%) with an income between 1 and 3 times the minimum wage (67%). The survey respondents reported that the most significant difficulties related to the treatment were the side effects (44.7%) and the duration of the treatment (28.7%). A total of 72.3% of the subjects were knowledgeable about the disease, of whom 26.6% had the leprosy reaction. Stigma and prejudice were cited by 93.6% of the participants. Based on the responses, 40.4% of patients reported being depressed and sad, and 69.1% of the subjects encountered problems at work after being diagnosed. A total of 45.7% of the patients rated their quality of life between bad and very bad. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that leprosy causes suffering in patients beyond pain and discomfort and greatly influences social participation. .