Diverse B-cell tumors associated with t(14;19)(q32;q13)/IGH::BCL3 identified by G-banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization.

We characterized 5 B-cell tumors carrying t(14;19)(q32;q13) that creates the IGH::BCL3 fusion gene. The patients' ages ranged between 55 and 88 years. Two patients presented with progression or recurrence of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), two with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) of non-germinal center B-like phenotype, and the remaining one with composite angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma and Epstein-Barr virus-positive DLBCL. The presence of t(14;19)(q32;q13) was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), showing colocalization of 3' IGH and 3' BCL3 probes on der(14)t(14;19) and 5' BCL3 and 5' IGH probes on der(19)t(14;19). One B-CLL case had t(2;14)(p13;q32)/IGH::BCL11A, and 2 DLBCL cases had t(8;14)(q24;q32) or t(8;11;14)(q24;q11;q32), both of which generated IGH::MYC by FISH, and showed nuclear expression of MYC and BCL3 by immunohistochemistry. The IGH::BCL3 fusion gene was amplified by long-distance polymerase chain reaction in 2 B-CLL/SLL cases and the breakpoints occurred immediately 5' of BCL3 exon 1 and within the switch region associated with IGHA1. The 5 cases shared IGHV preferentially used in B-CLL cells, but the genes were unmutated in 2 B-CLL/SLL cases and significantly mutated in the remaining 3. B-cell tumors with t(14;19)(q32;q13) can be divided into B-CLL/SLL and DLBCL groups, and the anatomy of IGH::BCL3 in the latter may be different from that of the former.

Intravascular Large B-cell Lymphoma Presenting as Pulmonary Ground-glass Nodules That Progressed Slowly over Several Months with No Overt Symptoms.

A 74-year-old man with no overt symptoms was referred for a chest computed tomography (CT) that revealed multiple bilaterally pulmonary ground-glass nodules (GGNs) with subtle changes in size over eight months. Surgical lung biopsies were performed in the left upper lobe. A pathologic study confirmed the intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL). This lesion was a nodule-like cluster of atypical cells, meaning that it had been localized for several months. Pulmonary IVLBCL may form focal lesions presenting as GGN on chest CT and progress slowly without apparent symptoms.

Two cases of primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the CNS associated with t(8;14)(q24;q32) or t(3;14)(q27;q32) identified by G-banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization applied to metaphase spreads.

We describe two patients with primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the central nervous system (PCNS-DLBCL). The first patient (case 1) was a woman in her late 70s who presented with a tumor in the left frontal lobe, whereas the second patient (case 2) was a man in his early 70s who presented with a left frontal lobe tumor associated with intratumoral hemorrhage. The histopathology of the tumor specimen disclosed the proliferation of large cells with centroblastic (case 1) or immunoblastic/plasmablastic (case 2) cytomorphology and an accumulation of the tumor cells within the perivascular space. The cells in both cases were positive for CD20, CD79a, BCL6, IRF4/MUM1, MYC, and BCL2 and negative for CD5 and CD10. G-banding revealed t(8;14)(q24;q32) in case 1, and the tetraploid-range karyotype including two or three copies of der(3)t(3;14)(q27;q32) and der(14)t(3;14)(q27;q32) in case 2. Fluorescence in situ hybridization applied to metaphase spreads confirmed colocalization of MYC and IGH (case 1) and BCL6 and IGH (case 2) hybridization signals on the relevant derivative chromosomes. Case 1 carried the MYD88L265P mutation. This case report provides clear evidence for the occurrence of t(8;14)(q24;q32) and t(3;14)(q27;q32) in PCNS-DLBCL using metaphase-based cytogenetic analysis.

Protein kinase A inhibits tumor mutator APOBEC3B through phosphorylation.

APOBEC3B cytidine deaminase (A3B) catalyzes cytosine into uracil in single-strand DNA and induces C-to-T mutations in genomic DNA of various types of tumors. Accumulation of APOBEC signature mutations is correlated with a worse prognosis for patients with breast cancer or multiple myeloma, suggesting that A3B activity might be a cause of the unfavorable DNA mutations and clonal evolution in these tumors. Phosphorylation of conserved threonine residues of other cytidine deaminases, activation induced deaminase (AID) and APOBEC3G, inhibits their activity. Here we show that protein kinase A (PKA) physically binds to A3B and phosphorylates Thr214. In vitro deaminase assays and foreign DNA editing assays in cells confirm that phosphomimetic A3B mutants, T214D and T214E, completely lose deaminase activity. Molecular dynamics simulation of A3B phosphorylation reveals that Thr214 phosphorylation disrupts binding between the phospho-A3B catalytic core and ssDNA. These mutants still inhibit retroviral infectivity at least partially, and also retain full anti-retrotransposition activity. These results imply that PKA-mediated phosphorylation inhibits A3B mutagenic activity without destructing its innate immune functions. Therefore, PKA activation could reduce further accumulation of mutations in A3B overexpressing tumors.

Endogenous APOBEC3B Overexpression Constitutively Generates DNA Substitutions and Deletions in Myeloma Cells.

Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC) DNA cytosine deaminases have emerged as potential genomic mutators in various cancers. Multiple myeloma accumulates APOBEC signature mutations as it progresses; however, the mechanisms underlying APOBEC signature acquisition and its consequences remain elusive. In this study, we examined the significance and clinical impact of APOBEC3B (A3B) activity in multiple myeloma. Among APOBECs, only highly expressed A3B was associated with poor prognosis in myeloma patients, independent of other known poor prognostic factors. Quantitative PCR revealed that CD138-positive primary myeloma cells and myeloma cell lines exhibited remarkably high A3B expression levels. Interestingly, lentiviral A3B knockdown prevented the generation of deletion and loss-of-function mutations in exogenous DNA, whereas in control cells, these mutations accumulated with time. A3B knockdown also decreased the basal levels of γ-H2AX foci, suggesting that A3B promotes constitutive DNA double-strand breaks in myeloma cells. Importantly, among control shRNA-transduced cells, we observed the generation of clones that harboured diverse mutations in exogenous genes and several endogenous genes frequently mutated in myeloma, including TP53. Taken together, the results suggest that A3B constitutively mutates the tumour genome beyond the protection of the DNA repair system, which may lead to clonal evolution and genomic instability in myeloma.

Classical NF-κB pathway is responsible for APOBEC3B expression in cancer cells.

APOBEC3B (A3B) is a DNA cytosine deaminase and catalyzes cytosine deamination, resulting in mutations in genomic DNA. A3B is aberrantly expressed in a variety of cancers and considered to be a source of genomic mutations that contribute to cancer progression and metastasis. However, the mechanisms through which A3B expression is dysregulated in cancer cells are not fully elucidated. Here we report that the classical NF-κB pathway plays a crucial role in the transcriptional regulation of A3B in various cancer cells, including lymphoid malignancies. PMA, a strong activator of PKC, induces A3B at both mRNA and protein levels in cancer cell lines, and specific inhibitors of both PKC and IKK downregulate A3B expression. Using luciferase reporter and EMSA assays, we identify 3 NF-κΒ binding sites in the A3B promoter and reveal that NF-κB p65/p50 and p65/c-Rel heterodimers are important for A3B transcription. These results suggest that the classical NF-κB pathway is responsible for activation of A3B mRNA expression and further imply that inhibition of PKC and IKK might augment cancer treatment by reducing cancer progression and metastasis through downregulation of A3B expression.

[Serial FDG-PET evaluation of a patchy pattern of hematopoiesis at diagnosis in aplastic anemia].

We investigated the hematopoietic status of aplastic anemia with FDG-PET before and after immunosuppressive therapy. FDG-PET showed a patchy uptake pattern before treatment, indicating residual compensatory hypercellular marrow. Three years after successful treatment with ATG plus CsA, the heterogeneity of bone marrow uptake persisted, suggesting that expanded reconstitution of hematopoiesis may require a long time even after the achievement of hematological remission.

Successful treatment with combined chemotherapy of two adult cases of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in recipients of umbilical cord blood cell transplantation.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), which occurs during the early period following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), is often difficult to diagnose. It is characterized by severe clinical manifestations and high mortality. Despite current therapeutic approaches, outcomes remain poor. Here, we summarize the cases of two patients who experienced engraftment failure and subsequently developed hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HSCT-HLH). Both patients had high-risk hematological malignancies for which they underwent umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) at our institution. Based on the presence of massive hemophagocytosis in their bone marrow specimens and the results of chimerism analysis, diagnosis of HSCT-HLH was made in both cases. A single infusion of low-dose etoposide was administered immediately to each patient. Four days after the injection, therapeutic efficacy was evaluated. As both cases showed an insufficient response to etoposide, we added vincristine and a medium dose of prednisolone. Clinical symptoms rapidly improved and stable engraftments were observed within a week. The first and second patients were alive 1008 and 232 days after UCBT, respectively. The combined use of low-dose etoposide and vincristine plus prednisolone appears to be a promising treatment option for HSCT-HLH, without serious adverse side effects.