Instrumentos para medir la capacidad funcional intrínseca y la fragilidad de personas mayores en la Atención Primaria en Chile / Instruments to assess functional capacity and the presence of frailty in older people

BACKGROUND: The evaluation of functional capacity and the presence of frailty is an essential prognostic indicator in older people. Aim: To explore the instruments used to characterize the intrinsic functional capacity (CFI) and frailty in elderly people cared at Primary Health Care Centers (PHC) in Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A narrative review of national and international scientific literature was carried out, including observational studies published in Pubmed (since 2015) and Scielo (since 2010) about tools to assess CFI or frailty. Studies in English or Spanish carried out in Chilean beneficiaries of PHC aged 60 years and over, were included. Results: After the first search, 110 articles were selected in Pubmed and 86 in Scielo. According to the relevance of the title and abstract, 36 articles were preliminarily screened, of which 25 were selected for full reading, 12 of which were finally included in this review. In Chile, the main instrument used to assess CFI is the Functional Examination of the Elderly (EFAM). There are few national studies to assess frailty and the instruments used are mainly based on the Fried criteria and the FTI (Frailty Tilburg Indicator). The reviewed studies suggest improving the coverage and reconsidering the predictive capacity of the measurements used for the assessment of CFI and frailty in older people, suggesting the incorporation of handgrip strength as a predictor of frailty. CONCLUSIONS: The main instruments to assess CFI and frailty in older people cared in PHC in Chile are the EFAM, and the Fried and FTI criteria, respectively.

[Instruments to assess functional capacity and the presence of frailty in older people]. / Instrumentos para medir la capacidad funcional intrínseca y la fragilidad de personas mayores en la Atención Primaria en Chile.

BACKGROUND: The evaluation of functional capacity and the presence of frailty is an essential prognostic indicator in older people. AIM: To explore the instruments used to characterize the intrinsic functional capacity (CFI) and frailty in elderly people cared at Primary Health Care Centers (PHC) in Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A narrative review of national and international scientific literature was carried out, including observational studies published in Pubmed (since 2015) and Scielo (since 2010) about tools to assess CFI or frailty. Studies in English or Spanish carried out in Chilean beneficiaries of PHC aged 60 years and over, were included. RESULTS: After the first search, 110 articles were selected in Pubmed and 86 in Scielo. According to the relevance of the title and abstract, 36 articles were preliminarily screened, of which 25 were selected for full reading, 12 of which were finally included in this review. In Chile, the main instrument used to assess CFI is the Functional Examination of the Elderly (EFAM). There are few national studies to assess frailty and the instruments used are mainly based on the Fried criteria and the FTI (Frailty Tilburg Indicator). The reviewed studies suggest improving the coverage and reconsidering the predictive capacity of the measurements used for the assessment of CFI and frailty in older people, suggesting the incorporation of handgrip strength as a predictor of frailty. CONCLUSIONS: The main instruments to assess CFI and frailty in older people cared in PHC in Chile are the EFAM, and the Fried and FTI criteria, respectively.

[Proposal for a conceptual model for the study of food environments in ChileProposta de um modelo conceitual para o estudo de ambientes alimentares no Chile]. / Propuesta de un modelo conceptual para el estudio de los ambientes alimentarios en Chile.

OBJECTIVE: Describe a proposal for a conceptual model to systematize the factors affecting food environments and the ways in which these factors are expressed in food behaviors in the Chilean population. METHODS: Study conducted in Chile, with four sequential and iterative stages: literature review, initial discussion of the preliminary model, development of a second model and further discussion with experts, and development of a definitive conceptual model. RESULTS: A conceptual model was developed, including five interrelated food environments with distinctive characteristics: domestic environment, street environment, institutional and organizational environment, restaurant environment, and food supply environment. The food system and food culture are considered the broadest variables in the model. The social determinants of the food environments and eating habits constitute structural and intermediate factors in these environments. The food industry as well as food and nutrition policies are more directly related to food environments. Finally, individuals and social cohesiveness are included in the model, since individuals and groups move within food environments. Conclusions. This model presents a set of definitions, concepts and relationships with complex and multidirectional interactions. The model, therefore, contributes to a comprehensive understanding of how food environments condition food behavior.

OBJETIVO: Propor um modelo conceitual para sistematizar os fatores que condicionam os ambientes alimentares e como eles são expressos no comportamento alimentar da população chilena. MÉTODOS: Estudo realizado no Chile que compreendeu quatro etapas sequenciais e iterativas: revisão da literatura, abertura de discussão do modelo preliminar, geração de um segundo modelo e nova discussão com especialistas e elaboração do modelo conceitual definitivo. RESULTADOS: Foi elaborado um modelo conceitual que engloba cinco ambientes alimentares inter-relacionados, apesar de terem características distintas: ambiente doméstico, ambiente público, ambiente institucional e organizacional, ambiente de restauração e ambiente de abastecimento. O sistema alimentar e fatores culturais são as variáveis mais amplas do modelo. Os determinantes sociais dos ambientes alimentares e da alimentação constituem fatores estruturais e intermediários destes ambientes. A indústria alimentícia e políticas de alimentação e nutrição têm uma relação mais direta com os ambientes. Por último, são incluídos no modelo os indivíduos e a coesão social, visto que são os próprios indivíduos ou grupos de indivíduos que circulam dentro dos ambientes alimentares. CONCLUSÕES: Este modelo representa um conjunto de definições, conceitos e relações com interações complexas e multidirecionais. Ele contribui para compreender como um todo o fenômeno de como os ambientes alimentares estão condicionados ao comportamento alimentar.

Propuesta de un modelo conceptual para el estudio de los ambientes alimentarios en Chile / Proposal for a conceptual model for the study of food environments in Chile / Proposta de um modelo conceitual para o estudo de ambientes alimentares no Chile

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir una propuesta de modelo conceptual para sistematizar los factores que condicionan los ambientes alimentarios y la forma en que estos se expresan en la conducta alimentaria de la población chilena. Métodos Estudio realizado en Chile que incluyó cuatro etapas secuenciales e iterativas: revisión de la literatura, apertura de discusión del modelo preliminar, generación de un segundo modelo y nueva discusión con expertos y elaboración de modelo conceptual definitivo. Resultados Se elaboró un modelo conceptual que incluye cinco ambientes alimentarios interrelacionados, aunque con características distintivas: ambiente doméstico, ambiente vía pública, ambiente institucional y organizacional, ambiente de restauración y ambiente de abastecimiento. Se sitúan al sistema alimentario y a la cultura como las variables más amplias del modelo. Los determinantes sociales de los ambientes alimentarios y alimentación constituyen los factores estructurales e intermedios de estos ambientes. En una relación más directa con los ambientes, se hallan la industria alimentaria y las políticas en alimentación y nutrición. Por último, se incluye al individuo y la cohesión social como parte del modelo, ya que son los individuos o los grupos quienes transitan dentro de los ambientes alimentarios. Conclusiones Este modelo representa un conjunto de definiciones, conceptos y relaciones que tienen una interacción compleja y multidireccional, por lo que el modelo contribuye a comprender de forma integral el fenómeno de cómo son condicionados los ambientes alimentarios sobre la conducta alimentaria.

SUMMARY Objective Describe a proposal for a conceptual model to systematize the factors affecting food environments and the ways in which these factors are expressed in food behaviors in the Chilean population. Methods Study conducted in Chile, with four sequential and iterative stages: literature review, initial discussion of the preliminary model, development of a second model and further discussion with experts, and development of a definitive conceptual model. Results A conceptual model was developed, including five interrelated food environments with distinctive characteristics: domestic environment, street environment, institutional and organizational environment, restaurant environment, and food supply environment. The food system and food culture are considered the broadest variables in the model. The social determinants of the food environments and eating habits constitute structural and intermediate factors in these environments. The food industry as well as food and nutrition policies are more directly related to food environments. Finally, individuals and social cohesiveness are included in the model, since individuals and groups move within food environments. Conclusions This model presents a set of definitions, concepts and relationships with complex and multidirectional interactions. The model, therefore, contributes to a comprehensive understanding of how food environments condition food behavior.

RESUMO Objetivo Propor um modelo conceitual para sistematizar os fatores que condicionam os ambientes alimentares e como eles são expressos no comportamento alimentar da população chilena. Métodos Estudo realizado no Chile que compreendeu quatro etapas sequenciais e iterativas: revisão da literatura, abertura de discussão do modelo preliminar, geração de um segundo modelo e nova discussão com especialistas e elaboração do modelo conceitual definitivo. Resultados Foi elaborado um modelo conceitual que engloba cinco ambientes alimentares inter-relacionados, apesar de terem características distintas: ambiente doméstico, ambiente público, ambiente institucional e organizacional, ambiente de restauração e ambiente de abastecimento. O sistema alimentar e fatores culturais são as variáveis mais amplas do modelo. Os determinantes sociais dos ambientes alimentares e da alimentação constituem fatores estruturais e intermediários destes ambientes. A indústria alimentícia e políticas de alimentação e nutrição têm uma relação mais direta com os ambientes. Por último, são incluídos no modelo os indivíduos e a coesão social, visto que são os próprios indivíduos ou grupos de indivíduos que circulam dentro dos ambientes alimentares. Conclusões Este modelo representa um conjunto de definições, conceitos e relações com interações complexas e multidirecionais. Ele contribui para compreender como um todo o fenômeno de como os ambientes alimentares estão condicionados ao comportamento alimentar.

[Vitamin B12 deficiency associated with high doses od metformin in older people diabetic]. / Déficit de vitamina B12 asociado con altas dosis de metformina en adultos mayores diabéticos.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to estimate if B12 deficiency is associated with the use of metformin in the elderly diabetics. METHODS: Case-control study in diabetic OP. Cases (n = 137) were defined as elderly with B12 < 221 pmol/L and controls (n = 279) elderly with B12 > 221 pmol/L. Four categories of metformin use were defined: non-users, ≤850 mg/day, > 850 and < 2,550 mg/day and ≥2,550 mg/day. Metformin ≥2,550 mg/day was high doses considered. The crude OR for B12 deficiency and consumption of Metformin were calculated. Logistic regression models were developed to explore the association between B12 deficiency and metformin dose. The research protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of INTA. RESULTS: The age of cases and controls was (70.2 years vs 68.6 years (p < 0.05). The 62% were women in cases vs 74.9% in controls (p < 0.05). The 73% of cases and 76% of controls used metformin (p < 0.05) the average consumption of metformin was de 1,954.3 mg/day (SD: 1,063.2) in cases and 1,696.6 mg/day (SD: 1,074.4) in controls (p < 0.05). The use of 2,550 mg/day was observed in 29.2% of cases and 19.3% for controls (p < 0.05). It was observed that OP who consumed high doses of metformin had 1.9 times the risk of B12 deficiency (OR: 1.9; 95%CI: 1,08- 3,30). CONCLUSION: These results show a strong association between high doses of metformin and low levels of vitamin B12 in diabetic elderly. This project was funded by FONIS SA11I2092.

Introducción: El objetivo del estudio es estimar si el déficit de B12 se asocia con el uso de la metformina en adultos mayores (AM) diabéticos. Métodos: Estudio de casos y controles en AM diabéticos. Los casos (n = 137) se definieron como AM con B12 < 221 pmol/L y los controles(n = 279) como AM con B12 > 221 pmol/L. Se definieron 4 categorías de uso de metformina: no usuarios, ≤850 mg/día; > 850 y < 2.550 mg/día; ≥2.550 mg/día. Se consideró altas dosis de metformina (≥2.550 mg/día). Se calcularon los OR crudos para déficit de B12 y consumo de Metformina. Se elaboraron modelos de regresión logística para explorar la asociación entre déficit B12 y dosis de metformina. El protocolo de investigación fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética deI INTA. Resultados: La edad de casos y controles fue (70,2 años vs 68,6 años (p < 0,05); 62% fueron mujeres en los casos vs 74,9% en los controles (p < 0,05). El 73% de los casos y el 76% de los controles usaban metformina (p < 0,05). El promedio de uso de metformina fue de 1.954,3 mg/día (DS: 1.063,2) en los casos y 1696.6 mg/día (DS: 1.074,4) en los controles(p < 0,05). La dosis de 2.550 mg/día se observó en el 29,2% de los casos y en 19,3 de los controles (p < 0,05). Se observó que los adultos mayores que consumían altas dosis de metformina presentaban 1,9 veces más riesgo de déficit de B12 (OR:1,9; 95%IC: 1,08-3,30). Conclusión: Estos resultados muestran una fuerte asociación entre altas dosis de metformina y niveles bajos de vitamina B12. Este proyecto fue financiado por FONIS SA11I2092.