Novel benzofuroxan derivatives against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains: design using Topliss' decision tree, synthesis and biological assay.

The aim of this study was the design of a set of benzofuroxan derivatives as antimicrobial agents exploring the physicochemical properties of the related substituents. Topliss' decision tree approach was applied to select the substituent groups. Hierarchical cluster analysis was also performed to emphasize natural clusters and patterns. The compounds were obtained using two synthetic approaches for reducing the synthetic steps as well as improving the yield. The minimal inhibitory concentration method was employed to evaluate the activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. The most active compound was 4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)[N'-(benzofuroxan-5-yl)methylene]benzhydrazide (MIC range 12.7-11.4 µg/mL), pointing out that the antimicrobial activity was indeed influenced by the hydrophobic and electron-withdrawing property of the substituent groups 3-CF(3) and 4-NO(2), respectively.

Design, synthesis, antimicrobial activity and molecular modeling studies of novel benzofuroxan derivatives against Staphylococcus aureus.

Molecular modification is a quite promising strategy in the design and development of drug analogs with better bioavailability, higher intrinsic activity and less toxicity. In the search of new leads with potential antimicrobial activity, a new series of 14 4-substituted [N'-(benzofuroxan-5-yl)methylene]benzohydrazides, nifuroxazide derivatives, were synthesized and tested against standard and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. The selection of the substituent groups was based on physicochemical properties, such as hydrophobicity and electronic effect. These properties were also evaluated through the lipophilic and electrostatic potential maps, respectively, considering the compounds with better biological profile. Twelve compounds exhibited similar bacteriostatic activity against standard and multidrug-resistant strains. The most active compound was the 4-CF(3) substituted derivative, which presented a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 14.6-13.1 microg/mL, and a ClogP value of 1.87. The results highlight the benzofuroxan derivatives as potential leads for designing new future antimicrobial drug candidates.

Estudos de QSAR-3D em derivados 5-nitro-2-tiofilidênicos com atividade frente a Staphylococcus aureus multi-resistente / 3D QSAR studies of 5-nitrothiophene derivatives with antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Campos moleculares extraídos de aplicativos utilizados em estudos de QSAR-3D apresentam, em geral, grande número de informações, muitas vezes irrelevantes na expressão da atividade biológica. O programa Volsurf converte as informações presentes em mapas de energia de interação tridimensionais em número reduzido de descritores bidimensionais que se caracterizam como de fácil entendimento e interpretação. Assim, foram avaliados, neste estudo, dezoito derivados 5-nitro-2-tiofilidênicos com atividade antimicrobiana frente a Staphylococcus aureus multi-resistente, correlacionando as características tridimensionais destes ligantes com a referida atividade. Para o desenho e conversão tridimensional dos ligantes foram utilizados os aplicativos Sybyl (Tripos Inc) e CORINA (Molecular Networks GmbH Computerchemie), respectivamente. Os campos de interação molecular foram calculados no programa GRID (Molecular Discovery Ltd). A aplicação do programa Volsurf (Molecular Discovery Ltd) resultou em modelo estatisticamente robusto (r² = 0,93, q² = 0,87) com 48 descritores estruturais, mostrando ser a hidrofobicidade propriedade fundamental no condicionamento da atividade antimicrobiana.

Studies in three-dimensional molecular fields generally contain a large amount of data, some of which are redundant or not relevant. The program Volsurf, a quite fast method, is able to compress the relevant information present in 3D molecular structures into a few easy bidimensional descriptors. This study correlates the antimicrobial activity of eighteen 5-nitro-2-thiophylidene derivatives against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with three-dimensional molecular fields of these ligands. For molecular structures sketching and 3D conversion, Sybyl and CORINA programs were used, respectively. The GRID force field was applied to generate the 3D interaction energies. The Volsurf characterization results on significant statistic model with 48 descriptors (r² = 0,93, q²= 0,87), observing a significant influence of hydrophobic properties on antimicrobial activity performance.

A new class of nifuroxazide analogues: synthesis of 5-nitrothiophene derivatives with antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been an increasing problem worldwide since the initial reports over 40 years ago. To examine new drug leads with potential antibacterial activities, 14 p-substituted benzoic acid [(5-nitro-thiophen-2-yl)-methylene]-hydrazides were designed, synthesized, and tested against standard and multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains by serial dilution tests. All compounds exhibited significant bacteriostatic activity and some of them also showed bactericidal activity. The results confirmed the potential of this class of compounds as an alternative for the development of selective antimicrobial agents.

Síntese e determinação da atividade antimicrobiana de derivados 5-nitro-2-tiofilidênicos frente a Staphylococcus aureus multi-resistente / Synthesis and determination of antimicrobial activity of 5-nitro-2-thiophylidene derivatives against MRSA

O elevado nível de resistência que cepas de Staphylococcus aureus vêm apresentando aos antibióticos atualmente disponíveis caracteriza-se como grave problema em âmbito mundial e com consequências que beiram à fatalidade. Com a atenção voltada para este fenômeno, quatorze derivados 5-nitro-2-tiofilidênicos foram sintetizados e testados quanto à atividade antimicrobiana frente a cepas padrão (ATCC 25923) e multi-resistente (3SP/R33) de Staphylococcus aureus. Todos os compostos testados apresentaram excelente atividade bacteriostática e, alguns entre eles, atividade bactericida. A 5-nitro-2-tiofilideno-4-acetilbenzidrazida se mostrou como o composto mais ativo com concentração inibitória equivalente a 0,14 mg/mL. A partir dos resultados obtidos evidenciou-se o forte potencial de derivados 5-nitro-2-tiofilidênicos como possível alternativa para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos com atividade antimicrobiana.

Infection diseases caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus have been an increasing problem worldwide presenting significant morbidity and mortality rates. Thus, fourteen benzoic acid [(5-nitro-thiophen-2-yl)-methylene]-hydrazides were designed, synthesized and tested against standard (ATCC 25923) and multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. All compounds exhibited significant bacteriostatic activity and, in such cases, also bactericidal activity, especially the p-COCH3 derivative with MIC = 0.14 mg/mL. The results have demonstrated the potential of synthesized compounds as alternative to the development of selective antimicrobial agents.

Aplicação de estudos de QSAR-2D em derivados 5-nitro-2-tiofilidênicos com atividade antimicrobiana frente a Staphylococcus aureus multi-resistente (MRSA) / 2D QSAR studies of 5-nitro-2-thiophylidene derivatives with antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

O avanço de estudos de QSAR (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships) como método de modificação molecular racionalmente planejada vem se constituindo, nos últimos anos, em alternativa bastante viável para o desenvolvimento de ligantes candidatos potenciais a fármacos. Sendo assim, aliando a excelente aplicabilidade deste método com o fenômeno de multi-resistência bacteriana, realizou-se, neste trabalho, o estudo, em duas dimensões, das relações quantitativas entre a estrutura química e a potência antimicrobiana de 5-nitro-2-tiofilideno benzidrazidas substituídas, considerando faixa de hidrofobicidade ótima pré-determinada experimentalmente. A aplicação da Análise de Hansch/Fujita possibilitou a determinação da influência de descritores estruturais de caráter físico-químico sobre a referida atividade, indicando ser a hidrofobicidade a propriedade de maior impacto no desempenho da atividade biológica analisada. Evidenciou-se, a partir das correlações obtidas, o forte potencial de derivados 5-nitro-2-tiofilidênicos como possível alternativa para o desenvolvimento racional, em nível molecular, de novos fármacos com atividade antimicrobiana

With the constant advance of QSAR (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships) studies as molecular modification methodology, a frequent application of this procedure in many science areas was observed. Besides, the rational ligand development for many diseases has been growing in recent years. Thus, in order to ally these medicinal chemistry advances with the necessity to combat the high incidence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, the purpose of this study was the 2D-QSAR study of p-substituted 5-nitro-2-thiophylidene derivatives with antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, considering hydrophobicity range experimentally determined. The statistical significant correlations obtained by Hansch/Fujita Analysis showed significant influence of hydrophobicity on antimicrobial activity, prove by reasoning the potential of synthesized compounds as a good alternative to the rational development, on molecular level, of selective drugs used to the treatment of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus multidrug-resistant strains

Planejamento, desenvolvimento estudos de QSAR-2D e QSAR-3D de derivados 5-nitro-2-tiofilidênicos com atividade frente a Staphylococcus aureus multi-resistente (CEB - Clone Endêmico Brasileiro) / Planning, development and studies of QSAR-2D and QSAR-3D of having derived 5-nitro-2-thiophylidene with activity front Staphylococcus aureus multidrug-resistant (CEB - Brazilian Endemic Clone)

A reemergência de algumas bactérias Gram-positivas, em particular, do gênero Staphylococcus, como principal foco causador de infecções hospitalares, tem se intensificado nas últimas décadas e, apesar da existência de potentes fármacos voltados para o tratamento de infecções causadas por este gênero de bactéria, as taxas de morbidade e mortalidade prevalecem com perfil crescente. Além disso, um grande problema associado a cepas de MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) é o fenótipo de multi-resistência, característica que confere a este microrganismo resistência não apenas à meticilina como também a uma série de outros fármacos, exceto frente à vancomicina e à teicoplanina...