Development of an Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma After Aortic Aneurysm Graft Replacement: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Aortic sarcomas are extremely rare. Sarcomas associated with aortic graft replacement are even rarer; only 17 cases have been examined through immunohistochemical staining to date, most of which were either angiosarcomas or intimal sarcomas. Here, we report the case of an 88-year-old man with an undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) that developed after aortic graft replacement and was diagnosed through postmortem autopsy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of graft-associated sarcoma diagnosed as an undifferentiated pleomorphic type following detailed immunohistochemical staining with sufficient antibodies and fluorescencein situ hybridization (FISH).

Goblet Cell Adenocarcinoma in the Stomach: A Case Report.

Goblet cell adenocarcinoma (GCA) is known as an amphicrine tumor often seen in the appendix. Here, we report a rare case of GCA in the stomach. An 80-year-old man underwent gastroscopy due to epigastric pain and was diagnosed with gastric cancer. He received total gastrectomy and histology showed a mixture of a moderately-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma, a mucinous adenocarcinoma, and a tumor composed of goblet-like mucinous cells with neuroendocrine differentiation. The tumor volume ratio was about 4:1:5, respectively, and a final diagnosis of GCA was made. The metastasis of the regional lymph node was occupied by only the component of goblet-like cells. GCA should be recognized as a rare histologic subtype of gastric cancer.

Human induced pluripotent stem cells are resistant to human cytomegalovirus infection primarily at the attachment level due to the reduced expression of cell-surface heparan sulfate.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a type of herpes virus, is the predominant cause of congenital anomalies due to intrauterine infections in humans. Adverse outcomes related to intrauterine infections with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) vary widely, depending on factors such as fetal infection timing, infection route, and viral virulence. The precise mechanism underlying HCMV susceptibility remains unclear. In this study, we compared the susceptibility of neonatal human dermal fibroblast cells (NHDFCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived from NHDFCs, which are genetically identical to HCMV, using immunostaining, microarray, in situ hybridization, quantitative PCR, and scanning electron microscopy. These cells were previously used to compare CMV susceptibility, but the underlying mechanisms were not fully elucidated. HCMV susceptibility of hiPSCs was significantly lower in the earliest phase. No shared gene ontologies were observed immediately post-infection between the two cell types using microarray analysis. Early-stage expression of HCMV antigens and the HCMV genome was minimal in immunostaining and in in situ hybridization in hiPSCs. This strongly suggests that HCMV does not readily bind to hiPSC surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy performed using the NanoSuit method confirmed the scarcity of HCMV particles on hiPSC surfaces. The zeta potential and charge mapping of the charged surface in NHDFCs and hiPSCs exhibited minimal differences when assessed using zeta potential analyzer and scanning ion conductance microscopy; however, the expression of heparan sulfate (HS) was significantly lower in hiPSCs compared with that in NHDFCs. Thus, HS expression could be a primary determinant of HCMV resistance in hiPSCs at the attachment level. IMPORTANCE: Numerous factors such as attachment, virus particle entry, transcription, and virus particle egress can affect viral susceptibility. Since 1984, pluripotent cells are known to be CMV resistant; however, the exact mechanism underlying this resistance remains elusive. Some researchers suggest inhibition in the initial phase of HCMV binding, while others have suggested the possibility of a sufficient amount of HCMV entering the cells to establish latency. This study demonstrates that HCMV particles rarely attach to the surfaces of hiPSCs. This is not due to limitations in the electrostatic interactions between the surface of hiPSCs and HCMV particles, but due to HS expression. Therefore, HS expression should be recognized as a key factor in determining the susceptibility of HCMV in congenital infection in vitro and in vivo. In the future, drugs targeting HS may become crucial for the treatment of congenital CMV infections. Thus, further research in this area is warranted.

An autopsy case of disseminated carcinomatosis of the bone marrow from esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Key Clinical Message: Disseminated carcinomatosis of the bone marrow is rare. We present such a case, which is useful for raising awareness about the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of carcinomas complicated by disseminated carcinomatosis of the bone marrow. Abstract: This is the first autopsy report of disseminated carcinomatosis of the bone marrow (DCBM) in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Advanced poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with signet ring cell carcinoma arising in Barrett's esophagus caused disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with extensive bone marrow metastasis, resulting in death from cerebral hemorrhage. Although DCBM due to malignancy is rare with poor prognosis, it should be considered in malignancies associated with DIC, and prompt initiation of chemotherapy is the only way to improve the patient's prognosis.

Accurate deep learning model using semi-supervised learning and Noisy Student for cervical cancer screening in low magnification images.

Deep learning technology has been used in the medical field to produce devices for clinical practice. Deep learning methods in cytology offer the potential to enhance cancer screening while also providing quantitative, objective, and highly reproducible testing. However, constructing high-accuracy deep learning models necessitates a significant amount of manually labeled data, which takes time. To address this issue, we used the Noisy Student Training technique to create a binary classification deep learning model for cervical cytology screening, which reduces the quantity of labeled data necessary. We used 140 whole-slide images from liquid-based cytology specimens, 50 of which were low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 50 were high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and 40 were negative samples. We extracted 56,996 images from the slides and then used them to train and test the model. We trained the EfficientNet using 2,600 manually labeled images to generate additional pseudo labels for the unlabeled data and then self-trained it within a student-teacher framework. Based on the presence or absence of abnormal cells, the created model was used to classify the images as normal or abnormal. The Grad-CAM approach was used to visualize the image components that contributed to the classification. The model achieved an area under the curve of 0.908, accuracy of 0.873, and F1-score of 0.833 with our test data. We also explored the optimal confidence threshold score and optimal augmentation approaches for low-magnification images. Our model efficiently classified normal and abnormal images at low magnification with high reliability, making it a promising screening tool for cervical cytology.

Identifying Active Progeny Virus Particles in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Sections Using Correlative Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy.

Immunohistochemical analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks is routinely used to identify virus-infected cells. However, detecting virus particles in FFPE sections using light microscopy is difficult because of the light diffraction resolution limitations of an optical microscope. In this study, light microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy were performed to observe 3-dimensional virus particles in FFPE sections in a nondestructive manner using NanoSuit or osmium conductive treatment methods. The virus particles in FFPE sections were immunostained with specific antibodies against the surface antigens of the viral particles and stained with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine. A metal solution (0.2% gold chloride or 2% osmium tetroxide) was applied to enhance the 3,3'-diaminobenzidine-stained area. This procedure is nondestructive for FFPE sections and is a simpler method than transmission electron microscopy. To validate the applicability of this technique, we performed 3-dimensional imaging of the virus particles of different sizes, such as human papillomavirus, cytomegalovirus, and varicella-zoster virus. Furthermore, ultrathin sections from the FFPE sections that were observed to harbor viral particles using field emission scanning electron microscopy were prepared and assessed using transmission electron microscopy. In the correlative areas, transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of large numbers of virus particles. These results indicated that the combination of marking viral particles with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine/metal staining and conductive treatment can identify active progeny virus particles in FFPE sections using scanning electron microscopy. This easy correlative imaging of field emission scanning electron microscopy of the identical area of FFPE in light microscopy may help elucidate new pathological mechanisms of virus-related diseases.

An autopsy case of ovarian mucinous cystic tumor complicated by ovarian abscess and a review of the English literature.

Ovarian tumors are rarely associated with abscesses. Herein, an autopsy case of an ovarian mucinous cystic tumor complicated by an abscess, along with a review of previous cases, suggests the necessity of considering ovarian abscess as a cause of inflammation in patients with the ovarian tumors.

Metformin reduces pleural fibroelastosis by inhibition of extracellular matrix production induced by CD90-positive myofibroblasts.

Metformin, an AMP-activated protein kinase activator used to treat diabetes mellitus, has recently attracted attention as a promising anti-fibrotic agent. However, its anti-fibrotic effects on pleural fibroelastosis remain unknown. We induced mouse pleural fibroelastosis by intra-pleural coadministration of bleomycin and carbon and evaluated its validity as a preclinical model for human pleural fibrosis. We assessed the expression of the myofibroblast surface marker CD90 in the fibrotic pleura and the effects of metformin in vivo and in vitro. Finally, we evaluated the effects of metformin on human pleural mesothelial cells stimulated by transforming growth factor ß1 (TGFß1). The fibrotic pleura in mice had collagen and elastin fiber deposition similar to that seen in human fibrotic pleura. Moreover, CD90-positive myofibroblasts were detected in and successfully isolated from the fibrotic pleura. Metformin significantly suppressed the deposition of collagen and elastic fibers in the fibrotic pleura and decreased the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes, including Col1a1, Col3a1, Fn1, and Eln, in pleural CD90-positive myofibroblasts. In human pleural mesothelial cells, metformin decreased TGFß1-induced upregulation of ECM-related genes and SNAI1. Overall, metformin suppresses pleural fibroelastosis by inhibition of ECM production by pleural myofibroblasts, suggesting that this drug has therapeutic potential against human pleural fibrosis, including pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis.

Diagnosis of Ion-Exchange Resin Depositions in Paraffin Sections Using Corrective Light and Electron Microscopy-NanoSuit Method.

Ion-exchange resins are commonly used to treat complications such as hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypercholesterolemia. Gastrointestinal complications may occur as side effects of such treatments. Sodium and calcium polystyrene sulfonate (PS-Ca) are cation-exchange resins comprising an insoluble structure that binds to potassium ions in the digestive tract and exchanges them with sodium and calcium ions, respectively, to promote their elimination. PS crystals are rhomboid, refractive, and basophilic in hematoxylin and eosin staining. To differentiate PS crystals from other ion-exchange resin crystals such as sevelamer and cholestyramine, periodic acid-Schiff, Ziehl-Neelsen, and Congo red staining are usually performed. Here, correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM)-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and the NanoSuit method (CENM) was applied to perform a definitive identification of ion-exchange resins. CENM could detect sulfur in PS crystals without destroying the glass slides. Notably, PS retained its ion-exchange ability to bind potassium in paraffin sections. Differential diagnosis of anion-exchange resins, such as sevelamer and cholestyramine, was possible using these characteristics. The phosphorus:carbon ratio was higher in sevelamer than in cholestyramine after soaking paraffin sections in a phosphate solution. Therefore, CENM may be used for the differential pathological diagnosis of ion-exchange resins in paraffin sections.

Difference in the distribution of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and FOXP3+ T cells between micronodular thymoma with lymphoid stroma and micronodular thymic carcinoma with lymphoid stroma.

Micronodular thymoma with lymphoid stroma (MNT) is a rare thymic epithelial neoplasm subtype characterized by a micronodular tumor cell growth pattern and abundant lymphoid stroma. Micronodular thymic carcinoma with lymphoid stroma (MNCA) is considered as a malignant counterpart of MNT and exhibits a growth pattern similar to that of MNT but has histologic features reminiscent of thymic squamous cell carcinoma, such as cytologic atypia and CD5 and CD117 immunoexpression. Although both MNT and MNCA are characterized by abundant lymphoid stroma, it remains unknown whether there are differences in infiltrating lymphocytes between MNT and MNCA. We analyzed the immune microenvironment profile in eight MNT and three MNCA cases. The cell density of CD8-positive T cells was significantly higher in MNT than in MNCA, whereas that of FOXP3-positive T cells was significantly higher in MNCA than in MNT. There was no significant difference in the cell density of programmed death protein 1-positive T cells and programmed death ligand 1 expression between the MNT and MNCA cases. Our findings indicated that the immune microenvironment of MNCA differed from that of MNT and, compared with the T-cell profile of MNT, that of MNCA was more suppressive to patients' antitumor immune response.

Gremlin-1 for the Differential Diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Versus Other Interstitial Lung Diseases: A Clinical and Pathophysiological Analysis.

PURPOSE: The differential diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), particularly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) versus other non-IPF ILDs, is important for selecting the appropriate treatment. This retrospective study aimed to explore the utility of gremlin-1 for the differential diagnosis. METHODS: Serum gremlin-1 concentrations were measured using an ELISA in 50 patients with IPF, 42 patients with non-IPF ILD, and 30 healthy controls. The baseline clinical data, including pulmonary functions, prognosis, and three serum biomarkers (Krebs von den Lungen-6 [KL6], surfactant protein-D [SP-D], and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]), were obtained through a medical record review for analyzing their associations with serum gremlin-1 concentrations. To evaluate the origin of gremlin-1, we performed immunostaining on lung sections. RESULTS: Serum gremlin-1 concentrations were significantly higher in patients with IPF (mean concentration, 14.4 ng/mL), followed by those with non-IPF ILD (8.8 ng/mL) and healthy controls (1.6 ng/mL). The area under the curve for IPF versus non-IPF ILDs was 0.759 (95% confidence interval, 0.661-0.857), which was superior to that of KL6/SP-D/LDH. The sensitivity and specificity for gremlin-1 (cutoff, 10.4 ng/mL) was 72 and 69%, respectively. By contrast, serum gremlin-1 concentrations were not associated with the pulmonary functions nor the prognosis in all patients with ILDs. In immunostaining, the gremlin-1 was broadly upregulated in IPF lungs, particularly at myofibroblasts, bronchiolar/alveolar epithelium, and CD163-positive M2-like macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: Gremlin-1 may be a useful biomarker to improve the diagnostic accuracy for IPF compared to non-IPF ILDs, suggesting a role of this molecule in the pathogenesis of IPF.

Nivolumab-induced liver injury with a steroid-refractory increase in biliary enzymes, in a patient with malignant mesothelioma: An autopsy case report.

This is the first autopsy report of hepatotoxicity from nivolumab immunotherapy for malignant mesothelioma. The increase in levels of biliary enzymes and randomly distributed endothelial damage were steroid-refractory, but second-line option was abandoned because of cachexia. Further discussions are needed regarding the customized management of immune-related toxicities.

CD248 and integrin alpha-8 are candidate markers for differentiating lung fibroblast subtypes.

BACKGROUND: Lung fibrosis is a serious life-threatening condition whose manifestation varies according to the localization and characteristics of fibroblasts, which are considered heterogeneous. Therefore, to better understand the pathology and improve diagnosis and treatment of this disease, it is necessary to elucidate the nature of this heterogeneity and identify markers for the accurate classification of human lung fibroblast subtypes. METHODS: We characterized distinct mouse lung fibroblast subpopulations isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and performed microarray analysis to identify molecular markers that could be useful for human lung fibroblast classification. Based on the expression of these markers, we evaluated the fibroblast-like cell subtype localization in normal human lung samples and lung samples from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). RESULTS: Mouse lung fibroblasts were classified into Sca-1high fibroblasts and Sca-1low fibroblasts by in vitro biological analyses. Through microarray analysis, we demonstrated CD248 and integrin alpha-8 (ITGA8) as cell surface markers for Sca-1high fibroblasts and Sca-1low fibroblasts, respectively. In mouse lungs, Sca-1high fibroblasts and Sca-1low fibroblasts were localized in the collagen fiber-rich connective tissue and elastic fiber-rich connective tissue, respectively. In normal human lungs and IPF lungs, two corresponding major fibroblast-like cell subtypes were identified: CD248highITGA8low fibroblast-like cells and CD248lowITGA8high fibroblast-like cells, localized in the collagen fiber-rich connective tissue and in the elastic fiber-rich connective tissue, respectively. CONCLUSION: CD248highITGA8low fibroblast-like cells and CD248lowITGA8high fibroblast-like cells were localized in an almost exclusive manner in human lung specimens. This human lung fibroblast classification using two cell surface markers may be helpful for further detailed investigations of the functions of lung fibroblast subtypes, which can provide new insights into lung development and the pathological processes underlying fibrotic lung diseases.

The NanoSuit method: a novel histological approach for examining paraffin sections in a nondestructive manner by correlative light and electron microscopy.

Histological examination using the light microscopy is currently the gold standard for life science research and diagnostics. However, magnified observations are limited because of the limitations intrinsic to light microscopy. Thus, a dual approach, known as correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM), has emerged, although several technical challenges remain in terms of observing myriad stored paraffin sections. Previously, we developed the NanoSuit method, which enabled us to keep multicellular organisms alive/wet in the high vacuum of a scanning electron microscope by encasing the sample in a thin, vacuum-proof membrane. The approach uses the native extracellular substance (ECS) or an ECS-mimicking substance to polymerize a membrane by plasma or electron beam irradiation. Since the resulting NanoSuit is flexible and dense enough to prevent a living organism's bodily gas and liquids from evaporating (which we refer to as the "surface shield enhancer" (SSE) effect), it works like a miniature spacesuit with sufficient electron conductivity for an SEM observation. Here, we apply the NanoSuit method to CLEM analysis of paraffin sections. Accordingly, the NanoSuit method permits the study of paraffin sections using CLEM at low and high magnification, with the following features: (i) the integrity of the glass slide is maintained, (ii) three-dimensional microstructures of tissue and pathogens are visualized, (iii) nuclei and 3,3'-diaminobenzidine-stained areas are distinct because of gold chloride usage, (iv) immunohistochemical staining is quantitative, and (v) contained elements can be analyzed. Removal of the SSE solution after observation is a further advantage, as this allows slides to be restained and stored. Thus, the NanoSuit method represents a novel approach that will advance the field of histology.

An Autopsy Case of a 5-Year-Old Child with Acute Pancreatitis Caused by Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis-like Necrotizing Vasculitis.

In children, acute pancreatitis has been reported in IgA vasculitis, Kawasaki disease, systemic lupus erythematosus-associated vasculitis, and juvenile dermatomyositis-associated vasculitis. However, its frequency in these vasculitides has been shown to be low. In other childhood-onset vasculitides, acute pancreatitis is seldom reported. The patient was a 5-year-old Japanese boy who suddenly presented with gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Therapy with antiulcer drugs successfully stopped bleeding, but subsequently, high fever, leukocytosis, and hypoxia appeared. He died 12 days after he presented with GI bleeding. An autopsy unexpectedly revealed that necrotizing vasculitis with marked eosinophilic and histiocytic infiltration of the pancreas led to acute pancreatitis, and gastric ulcer with eosinophilic infiltration was shown to be the origin of GI bleeding. In addition, eosinophilic infiltration was found in the small intestine, lungs, and bone marrow. Necrotizing vasculitis with eosinophilic and histiocytic infiltration of the pancreas, eosinophilic infiltration of the airway wall, and eosinophilic gastroenteritis with gastric ulcer were histologically confirmed, suggesting that the present case may be an early stage of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis- (EGPA-) like vasculitis. To our knowledge, this might be the first reported case of EGPA-like vasculitis presenting with acute pancreatitis in a child.

LTBP2 is secreted from lung myofibroblasts and is a potential biomarker for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Although differentiation of lung fibroblasts into α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA)-positive myofibroblasts is important in the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), few biomarkers reflecting the fibrotic process have been discovered. We performed microarray analyses between FACS-sorted steady-state fibroblasts (lineage (CD45, TER-119, CD324, CD31, LYVE-1, and CD146)-negative and PDGFRα-positive cells) from untreated mouse lungs and myofibroblasts (lineage-negative, Sca-1-negative, and CD49e-positive cells) from bleomycin-treated mouse lungs. Amongst several genes up-regulated in the FACS-sorted myofibroblasts, we focussed on Ltbp2, the gene encoding latent transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) binding protein-2 (LTBP2), because of the signal similarity to Acta2, which encodes αSMA, in the clustering analysis. The up-regulation was reproduced at the mRNA and protein levels in human lung myofibroblasts induced by TGF-ß1. LTBP2 staining in IPF lungs was broadly positive in the fibrotic interstitium, mainly as an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein; however, some of the αSMA-positive myofibroblasts were also stained. Serum LTBP2 concentrations, evaluated using ELISA, in IPF patients were significantly higher than those in healthy volunteers (mean: 21.4 compared with 12.4 ng/ml) and showed a negative correlation with % predicted forced vital capacity (r = -0.369). The Cox hazard model demonstrated that serum LTBP2 could predict the prognosis of IPF patients (hazard ratio for death by respiratory events: 1.040, 95% confidence interval: 1.026-1.054), which was validated using the bootstrap method with 1000-fold replication. LTBP2 is a potential prognostic blood biomarker that may reflect the level of differentiation of lung fibroblasts into myofibroblasts in IPF.

Podoplanin-positive myofibroblasts: a pathological hallmark of pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis.

Pathological differential diagnoses of pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (PPFE) include usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) and pulmonary apical cap (PAC); however, there are no specific immunostaining makers to distinguish between these diseases. We performed immunohistochemistry using several pleural mesothelial cell-related markers, including cytokeratin-5/6, CAM5.2, WT-1, calretinin, desmin and podoplanin, for PPFE (n = 4), UIP (n = 10) and PAC (n = 3) lung sections. Among the examined markers, in PPFE and PAC lungs podoplanin commonly showed positivity for spindle cells both in thickened pleura and subpleural fibroelastosis lesions; these cells were also stained with α-smooth muscle actin, a marker of myofibroblasts. However, even in elastic fibre-rich cases, UIP lungs did not show such podoplanin-positive myofibroblasts in pleura/subpleura and fibroblastic foci. These findings were also verified using immunofluorescence. By contrast, immunohistochemically as well as morphologically, the difference between PPFE and PAC was not apparent. The presence of podoplanin-positive myofibroblasts could be a pathological hallmark of PPFE, suggesting a pathogenic process distinct from UIP but common to PAC.