Development and Validation of a Bayesian Network Predicting Intubation Following Hospital Arrival Among Injured Children.

BACKGROUND: Inadequate airway management can contribute to preventable trauma deaths. Current machine learning tools for predicting intubation in trauma are limited to adult populations and include predictors not readily available at the time of patient arrival. We developed a Bayesian network to predict intubation in injured children and adolescents using observable data available upon or immediately after patient arrival. METHODS: We obtained patient demographic, injury, resuscitation, and transportation characteristics from trauma registries from four American College of Surgeons-verified level 1 pediatric trauma centers from January 2010 through December 2021. We trained and validated a Bayesian network to predict emergent intubation after pediatric injury. We evaluated model performance using the area under the receiver operating and calibration curves. RESULTS: The final model, TITAN (Timing of Intubation in Trauma Analysis Network), incorporated five factors: Glasgow Coma Scale, mechanism of injury, injury type (e.g., penetrating, blunt), systolic blood pressure, and age. The model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.83 (95% CI 0.80, 0.85) and had a calibration curve slope of 0.98 (95% CI 0.67, 1.29). TITAN had high specificity (98%), negative predictive value (97%), and accuracy (96%) at a binary probability threshold of 22.6%. CONCLUSION: The TITAN Bayesian network predicts the risk of intubation in pediatric trauma patients using five factors that are observable early in trauma resuscitation. Prospective validation of the model performance with patient outcomes is needed to assess real-life application benefits and risks. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic and Epidemiological, Level III.

Barriers and facilitators to screening for intimate partner violence at a level 1 trauma center.

BACKGROUND: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health problem that is associated with substantial health sequelae, including traumatic injury. Surgical professional societies recommend universal intimate partner violence screening in patients presenting after trauma, but this recommendation is not uniformly implemented. We designed and implemented a quality improvement project at our institution in July 2020 to enhance intimate partner violence screening. Although screening rates improved, they remained suboptimal. Therefore, we sought to examine barriers and facilitators to intimate partner violence screening from trauma clinicians' perspectives. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a qualitative study using in-depth, semistructured interviews to understand the perspectives and experiences of trauma clinicians conducting intimate partner violence screening. A constructivist paradigm informed our study whereby our data collection approaches aimed to understand intimate partner violence screening from the perspectives of those tasked with implementing screening within real-world clinical settings. We used thematic analysis to analyze our data and generate themes related to barriers and facilitators to screening. RESULTS: We conducted interviews with 12 resident physicians and 2 advance practice providers. We identified 6 themes, 3 reflecting facilitator themes as (1) standardized education and workflow, (2) benefits of interdisciplinary teamwork, and (3) context of screening, and 3 reflecting barrier themes as (1) lack of time, (2) language misinterpretation, and (3) perceived inappropriateness of universal screening. CONCLUSION: Trauma clinicians described multiple facilitators and barriers to screening for intimate partner violence following traumatic injury, some of which were unique to the trauma setting. Projects seeking to achieve universal screening following traumatic injury may benefit from accounting for these factors when designing interventions.

Effect of medial stabilizer chest position on pectus bar dislocation.

PURPOSE: The current standard method for pectus excavatum (PE) repair is the Nuss procedure. One major postoperative complication is the displacement of the implanted metal bar, which is used to remodel the chest wall. Blocking the possible ways that the bar can be displaced with the use of stabilizers and peri/intracostal sutures has reduced the incidence of bar displacement. Despite the modifications, bar dislocation is often reported. We adopted the medial position stabilizer placement method and imposed no postoperative restrictions. In this study, we analyzed the bar dislocation rate with this modification and concurrent postoperative full activity. METHODS: Nuss procedure modification where stabilizers are placed bilaterally in the medial location was done on patients irrespective of age and Haller index greater than 3.25. A single bar was used for all patients. Cryoanalgesia was performed on every patient. No postoperative restrictions were imposed on the patients. Full immediate activities, including sports, were allowed. RESULTS: 114 patients (103 male, 11 female) were analyzed from 2016 to 2023. The median age was 15 years old. There was zero incidence of bar displacement. The combined incidence of other postoperative complications was 4%: 2 wound infections and 2 hematoma formations, both needing incision and drainage. CONCLUSION: Bilateral medial stabilizer placement resulted in no incidence of bar dislocation. Return to immediate full activities after the Nuss procedure did not appear to increase the incidence of bar displacement if stabilizers were placed medially.

Extreme Weather Injuries and Fatalities, 2006 to 2021.

Importance: Extreme weather has major implications for state and national health care systems; however, statistics examining weather-related injuries and fatalities are limited. Objective: To examine the frequency and regional distribution of major disaster events (MDEs) in the US. Design, Setting, and Participants: This ecologic cross-sectional study of MDEs occurring between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2021, evaluated US data on all injuries and fatalities included in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Centers for Environmental Information Storm Events Database. The data analysis was performed between February 22, 2023, and April 1, 2024. Exposures: Major disaster events defined as an environmental event that caused either at least 50 injuries or at least 10 deaths. Main Outcomes and Measures: All MDEs were evaluated using descriptive statistics for event type, property damage, and rural or urban classification according to the National Centers for Health Statistics Urban-Rural Classification Scheme for Counties. The location of events according to Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR) region and hospital bed capacity of ASPR regions were also examined. Results: Between 2006 and 2021, 11 159 storm events caused 42 254 injuries and 9760 deaths. Major disaster events accounted for 209 weather events (1.9%) but caused 19 463 weather-associated injuries (46.1%) and 2189 weather-associated deaths (22.4%). The majority of MDEs were caused by extreme heat (86 [41.1%]) and tornadoes (67 [32.1%]). While a larger proportion of MDEs occurred in urban areas (151 [75.1%]) vs rural areas (50 [24.9%]), rural MDEs caused a median of 9 (IQR, 2-16) deaths per event vs 4 (IQR, 0-14) deaths per event in urban areas. The majority of MDEs occurred in either ASPR region 4 (51 [24.5%]) or region 9 (45 [21.6%]). Certain event types, such as fires, wind, and hurricanes or storms, were geographically concentrated, while extreme heat and floods affected regions across the US equally. Urban counties had disproportionately greater hospital bed capacity than rural counties relative to population and MDE distributions. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this ecologic study indicate that while MDEs accounted for a small proportion of all weather events, they were associated with a disproportionate number of injuries and fatalities. Integrating these data into county, state, and regional hazard vulnerability analyses is crucial to ensuring preparedness and mitigating climate risk.

Emergency department pediatric readiness of United States trauma centers in 2021: Trauma center facility characteristics and opportunities for improvement.

BACKGROUND: Emergency department (ED) pediatric readiness has been associated with lower mortality for injured children but has historically been suboptimal in non-pediatric trauma centers. Over the past decade, the National Pediatric Readiness Project (NPRP) has invested resources in improving ED pediatric readiness. This study aimed to quantify current trauma center pediatric readiness and identify associations with center-level characteristics to target further efforts to guide improvement. METHODS: The study cohort included all centers that responded to the 2021 NPRP national assessment and contributed data to the National Trauma Databank (NTDB) the same calendar year. Center characteristics and pediatric (0-15y) volume from the NTDB were linked to weighted pediatric readiness scores (wPRS) obtained from the NPRP assessment. Univariate and multivariable analyses were used to determine associations between wPRS and trauma center type as well as center-level facility characteristics. RESULTS: The wPRS was reported for 77% (749/973) of centers that contributed to the NTDB. ED Pediatric Readiness was highest in ACS level one pediatric trauma centers (PTCs), but wPRS in the highest quartile was seen among all adult and pediatric trauma center types. Independent predictors of high wPRS included ACS level one PTC verification, pediatric trauma volume, and the presence of a PICU. Higher-level adult trauma centers and pediatric trauma centers were more likely to have pediatric-specific physician requirements, pediatric emergency care coordinators, and pediatric quality improvement initiatives. CONCLUSION: ED pediatric readiness in trauma centers remains variable and is predictably lower in centers that lack inpatient resources. There is, however, no aspect of ED pediatric readiness that is constrained to high-level pediatric facilities, and a highest quartile wPRS was achieved in all types of adult centers in our study. Ongoing efforts to improve pediatric readiness for initial stabilization at non-pediatric centers are needed, particularly in centers that routinely transfer children out. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Epidemiologic, Level III.

Evaluating Health Literacy in Families of Injured Children: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study at a Level One Pediatric Trauma Center.

BACKGROUND: Low health literacy (HL) has been associated with poor health outcomes in children. Optimal recovery after pediatric injury requires caregiver participation in complicated rehabilitative and medical aftercare. We aimed to quantify HL among guardians of injured children and identify factors associated with low HL of guardians. METHODS: A prospective observational cohort study was conducted to evaluate the HL using the Newest Vital Sign™ of guardians of injured children (≤18 years) admitted to a level 1 pediatric trauma center. Patient and guardian characteristics were compared across levels of HL using univariate statistics. We conducted multivariable logistic regression to identify factors independently-associated with low HL. RESULTS: A sample of 95 guardian-child dyads were enrolled. The majority of guardians had low HL (n = 52, 55%), followed by moderate HL (n = 36, 38%) and high HL (n = 7, 7%). Many families received public benefits (n = 47, 49%) and 12 guardians (13%) had both housing and employment insecurity. Guardians with low HL were significantly more likely to have insecure housing and not have completed any college. CONCLUSION: The majority of injured children had a primary guardian with low HL. Pediatric trauma centers should consider screening for low HL to ensure that families have adequate post-discharge support. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3.

The sensitivity of limited-sequence magnetic resonance imaging in identifying pediatric cervical spine injury: A Western Pediatric Surgery Research Consortium multicenter retrospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Clinical clearance of a child's cervical spine after trauma is often challenging because of impaired mental status or an unreliable neurologic examination. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the criterion standard for excluding ligamentous injury in children but is constrained by long image acquisition times and frequent need for anesthesia. Limited-sequence magnetic resonance imaging (LSMRI) is used in evaluating the evolution of traumatic brain injury and may also be useful for cervical spine clearance while potentially avoiding the need for anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to assess the sensitivity and negative predictive value of LSMRI as compared with criterion standard full-sequence MRI as a screening tool to rule out clinically significant ligamentous cervical spine injury. METHODS: We conducted a 10-center, 5-year retrospective cohort study (2017-2021) of all children (0-18 years) with a cervical spine MRI after blunt trauma. Magnetic resonance imaging images were rereviewed by a study pediatric radiologist at each site to determine if the presence of an injury could be identified on limited sequences alone. Unstable cervical spine injury was determined by study neurosurgeon review at each site. RESULTS: We identified 2,663 children younger than 18 years who underwent an MRI of the cervical spine with 1,008 injuries detected on full-sequence studies. The sensitivity and negative predictive value of LSMRI were both >99% for detecting any injury and 100% for detecting any unstable injury. Young children (younger than 5 years) were more likely to be electively intubated or sedated for cervical spine MRI. CONCLUSION: Limited-sequence magnetic resonance imaging is reliably detects clinically significant ligamentous injury in children after blunt trauma. To decrease anesthesia use and minimize MRI time, trauma centers should develop LSMRI screening protocols for children without a reliable neurologic examination. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic Test/Criteria; Level III.

Decision-Making in Pleural Drainage Following Lung Resection in Children: A Western Pediatric Surgery Research Consortium Survey.

INTRODUCTION: Studies of adults undergoing lung resection indicated that selective omission of pleural drains is safe and advantageous. Significant practice variation exists for pleural drainage practices for children undergoing lung resection. We surveyed pediatric surgeons in a 10-hospital research consortium to understand decision-making for placement of pleural drains following lung resection in children. METHODS: Faculty surgeons at the 10 member institutions of the Western Pediatric Surgery Research Consortium completed questionnaires using a REDCap survey platform. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were used to characterize responses regarding indications and management of pleural drains following lung resection in pediatric patients. RESULTS: We received 96 responses from 109 surgeons (88 %). Most surgeons agreed that use of a pleural drain after lung resection contributes to post-operative pain, increases narcotic use, and prolongs hospitalization. Opinions varied around the immediate use of suction compared to water seal, and half routinely completed a water seal trial prior to drain removal. Surgeons who completed fellowship within the past 10 years left a pleural drain after wedge resection in 45 % of cases versus 78 % in those who completed fellowship more than 10 years ago (p = 0.001). The mean acceptable rate of unplanned post-operative pleural drain placement when pleural drainage was omitted at index operation was 6.3 % (±4.6 %). CONCLUSIONS: Most pediatric surgeons use pleural drainage following lung resection, with recent fellowship graduates more often omitting it. Future studies of pleural drain omission demonstrating low rates of unplanned postoperative pleural drain placement may motivate practice changes for children undergoing lung resection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V.

Utility of Enteral Contrast Protocols in Pediatric Adhesive Small Bowel Obstruction: A Prospective Multicenter Observational Study.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine the utility of enteral contrast-based protocols in the diagnosis and management of adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO) for children. BACKGROUND: Enteral contrast-based protocols for adults with ASBO are associated with decreased need for surgery and shorter hospitalization. Pediatric-specific data are limited. METHODS: We conducted a prospective observational study between October 2020 and December 2022 at nine children's hospitals who are members of the Western Pediatric Surgery Research Consortium. Inclusion criteria were children aged 1-20 years diagnosed with ASBO who underwent a trial of nonoperative management (NOM) at hospital admission. Comparisons were made between those children who received an enteral contrast challenge and those who did not. The primary outcome was need for surgery. RESULTS: We enrolled 136 children (71% male; median age: 12 y); 84 (62%) received an enteral contrast challenge. There was no difference in rate of operative intervention between the no contrast (34.6%) and contrast groups (36.9%; P=0.93). Eighty-seven (64%) were successfully managed nonoperatively with no difference in median length of stay (P=0.10) or rate of unplanned readmission (P=0.14). Among the 49 children who required an operation, there was no significant difference in time from admission to surgery or rate of small bowel resection based on prior contrast administration. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of enteral contrast-based protocols for management of pediatric ASBO does not decrease the likelihood of surgery or shorten hospitalization. Larger randomized studies may be needed to further define the role of radiologic contrast in the management of ASBO in children.

Factors associated with trauma recidivism in young children.

BACKGROUND: Trauma recidivism is associated with future trauma-associated morbidity and mortality. Previous evidence suggests that socioeconomic factors predict trauma recidivism in older children (10-18 years); however, risk factors in US children 10 years and younger have not been studied. We sought to determine the factors associated with trauma recidivism in young children 10 years and younger. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of pediatric trauma patients 10 years and younger who presented to a single American College of Surgeons-verified Level I pediatric trauma center from July 1, 2017, to June 30, 2021. All patients were evaluated for prior injury during trauma registry entry. Characteristics at the index injury were collected via chart review. Patients were geocoded to assess Social Vulnerability Index. Logistic regression examined factors associated with recidivism. Best subset selection was used to compare multivariable models and identify the most predictive and parsimonious model. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Of the 3,518 patients who presented in the study period, 169 (4.8%) experienced a prior injury. Seventy-six percent (n = 128) had one prior injury presentation, 18% (n = 31) had two prior presentations, and 5.9% (n = 10) had three or more. Falls were the most common mechanism in recidivists (63% vs. 52%, p = 0.009). Child physical abuse occurred in 6.5% of patients, and 0.9% experienced penetrating injury. The majority (n = 137 [83%]) were discharged home from the emergency department. There was no significant difference in the frequency of penetrating injury and child physical abuse between recidivists and nonrecidivists. Following logistic regression, the most parsimonious model demonstrated that recidivism was associated with comorbidities, age, falls, injury location, nontransfer, and racialization. No significant associations were found with Social Vulnerability Index and insurance status. CONCLUSION: Medical comorbidities, young age, injury location, and falls were primarily associated with trauma recidivism. Support for parents of young children and those with special health care needs through injury prevention programs could reduce trauma recidivism in this population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level III.

Outcomes of Extracorporeal Life Support Utilization for Pediatric Patients With COVID-19 Infections.

Outcomes of pediatric patients who received extracorporeal life support (ECLS) for COVID-19 remain poorly described. The aim of this multi-institutional retrospective observational study was to evaluate these outcomes and assess for prognostic factors associated with in-hospital mortality. Seventy-nine patients at 14 pediatric centers across the United States who received ECLS support for COVID-19 infections between January 2020 and July 2022 were included for analysis. Data were extracted from the electronic medical record. The median age was 14.5 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 2-17 years). Most patients were female (54.4%) and had at least one pre-existing comorbidity (84.8%), such as obesity (44.3%, median body mass index percentile: 97% [IQR: 67.5-99.0%]). Venovenous (VV) ECLS was initiated in 50.6% of patients. Median duration of ECLS was 12 days (IQR: 6.0-22.5 days) with a mean duration from admission to ECLS initiation of 5.2 ± 6.3 days. Survival to hospital discharge was 54.4%. Neurological deficits were reported in 16.3% of survivors. Nonsurvivors were of older age (13.3 ± 6.2 years vs. 9.3 ± 7.7 years, p = 0.012), more likely to receive renal replacement therapy (63.9% vs. 30.2%, p = 0.003), demonstrated longer durations from admission to ECLS initiation (7.0 ± 8.1 days vs. 3.7 ± 3.8 days, p = 0.030), and had higher rates of ECLS-related complications (91.7% vs. 69.8%, p = 0.016) than survivors. Pediatric patients with COVID-19 who received ECLS demonstrated substantial morbidity and further investigation is warranted to optimize management strategies.

Benchmarking Pediatric Trauma Care in Mixed Trauma Centers: Adult Risk-Adjusted Mortality Is Not a Reliable Indicator of Pediatric Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Trauma center benchmarking has become standard practice for assessing quality. The American College of Surgeons adult trauma center verification standards do not specifically require participation in a pediatric-specific benchmarking program. Centers that treat adults and children may therefore rely solely on adult benchmarking metrics as a surrogate for pediatric quality. This study assessed discordance between adult and pediatric mortality within mixed trauma centers to determine the need to independently report pediatric-specific quality metrics. STUDY DESIGN: A cohort of trauma centers (n = 493, including 347 adult-only, 44 pediatric-only, and 102 mixed) that participated in the American College of Surgeons TQIP in 2017 to 2018 was analyzed. Center-specific observed-to-expected mortality estimates were calculated using TQIP adult inclusion criteria for 449 centers treating adults (16 to 65 years) and using TQIP pediatric inclusion criteria for 146 centers treating children (0 to 15 years). We then correlated risk-adjusted mortality estimates for pediatric and adult patients within mixed centers and evaluated concordance of their outlier status between adults and children. RESULTS: The cohort included 394,075 adults and 97,698 children. Unadjusted mortality was 6.1% in adults and 1.2% in children. Mortality estimates had only moderate correlation ( r = 0.41) between adult and pediatric cohorts within individual mixed centers. Mortality outlier status for adult and pediatric cohorts was discordant in 31% (32 of 102) of mixed centers (weighted Kappa statistic 0.06 [-0.11 to 0.22]), with 78% (23 of 32) of discordant centers having higher odds of mortality for children than for adults (6 centers with average adult mortality and high pediatric mortality and 17 centers with low adult mortality and average pediatric mortality, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Adult mortality is not a reliable surrogate for pediatric mortality in mixed trauma centers. Incorporation of pediatric-specific benchmarks should be required for centers that admit children.

Screening for Intimate Partner Violence in Trauma: Results of a Quality Improvement Project.

INTRODUCTION: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is common, especially among patients presenting with traumatic injury. We implemented an IPV screening program for patients admitted after trauma. We sought to determine whether specific demographic or clinical characteristics were associated with being screened or not screened for IPV and with IPV screen results. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study evaluating all patients admitted after trauma from July 2020-July 2022 in an Adult Level 1 Trauma Center. RESULTS: There were 4147 admissions following traumatic injury, of which 70% were men and 30% were women. The cohort was 46% White, 20% Asian, 15% Black, and 17% other races. Twenty-three percent were Hispanic or Latino/a. Seventy-seven percent were admitted for blunt injuries and 16% for penetrating injuries. Thirteen percent (n = 559) of the cohort was successfully screened for IPV. Screening rates did not differ by gender, race, or ethnicity. After adjustment for demographic and clinical factors, patients admitted to the intensive care unit were significantly less likely to be screened. Of the screened patients, 30% (165) screened positive. These patients were more commonly Hispanic or Latino/a, insured by Medicaid and presented with a penetrating injury. There were no differences in injury severity in patients who screened positive versus those who screened negative. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant barriers to universal screening for IPV, including injury acuity, in patients admitted following trauma. However, the 30% rate of positive screens for IPV in patients admitted following trauma highlights the urgent need to understand and address barriers to screening in trauma settings to enable universal screening.

Cervical Collar-Associated Pressure Injury in Pediatric Trauma Patients: A Western Pediatric Surgery Research Consortium Study.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare-associated pressure injuries (HAPI) are known to be associated with medical devices and are preventable. Cervical spine immobilization is commonly utilized in injured children prior to clinical clearance or for treatment of an unstable cervical spinal injury. The frequency of HAPI has been quantified in adults with cervical spine immobilization but has not been well-described in children. The aim of this study was to describe characteristics of children who developed HAPI associated with cervical immobilization. METHODS: We analyzed a retrospective cohort of children (0-18 years) who developed a stage two or greater cervical HAPI. This cohort was drawn from an overall sample of 49,218 registry patients treated over a five-year period (2017-2021) at ten pediatric trauma centers. Patient demographics, injury characteristics, and cervical immobilization were tabulated to describe the population. RESULTS: The cohort included 32 children with stage two or greater cervical HAPI. The median age was 5 years (IQR 2-13) and 78% (n = 25) were admitted to the intensive care unit. The median (IQR) time to diagnosis of HAPI was 11 (7-21) days post-injury. The majority of cervical HAPI (78%, 25/32) occurred in children requiring immobilization for cervical injuries, with only four children developing HAPI after wearing a prophylactic cervical collar in the absence of a cervical spine injury. CONCLUSION: Advanced-stage HAPI associated with cervical collar use in pediatric trauma patients is rare and usually occurs in patients with cervical spine injuries requiring immobilization for treatment. More expedient cervical spine clearance with MRI is unlikely to substantially reduce cervical HAPI in injured children. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III (Epidemiologic and Prognostic).

The Association between Pediatric Readiness and Mortality for Injured Children Treated at US Trauma Centers.

OBJECTIVE: To use updated 2021 weighted Pediatric Readiness Score (wPRS) data to identify a threshold level of trauma center emergency department (ED) pediatric readiness. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Most children in the US receive initial trauma care at non-pediatric centers. The National Pediatric Readiness Project (NPRP) aims to ensure that all EDs are prepared to provide quality care for children. Trauma centers reporting the highest quartile of wPRS on the 2013 national assessment have been shown to have lower mortality. Significant efforts have been invested to improve pediatric readiness in the past decade. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort of trauma centers that completed the NPRP 2021 national assessment and contributed to the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) in 2019-21 was analyzed. Center-specific observed-to-expected mortality estimates for children (0-15y) were calculated using Pediatric TQIP models. Deterministic linkage was used for transferred patients to account for wPRS at the initial receiving center. Center-specific mortality odds ratios were then compared across quartiles of wPRS. RESULTS: 66,588 children from 630 centers with a median [IQR] wPRS of 79 [66-93] were analyzed. The average observed-to-expected odds of mortality (1.02 [0.97-1.06]) for centers in the highest quartile (wPRS≥93) was lower than any of the lowest three wPRS quartiles (1.19 [1.14-1.23](Q1), 1.29 [1.24-1.33](Q2), and 1.28 [1.19-1.36](Q3), all P <0.05). The presence of a pediatric-specific quality improvement plan was the domain with the strongest independent association with mortality (standardized beta -0.095 [-0.146--0.044]). CONCLUSION: Trauma centers should address gaps in pediatric readiness to include a pediatric-specific quality improvement plan and aim to achieve wPRS ≥93.

Functional impairment associated with nonfatal pediatric firearm injuries.

BACKGROUND: Firearm injury is now the leading cause of death for children in the United States. Functional morbidity among survivors also contributes to the public health burden of firearm injury but has not been quantified in children. This study aimed to assess functional impairment among survivors of pediatric firearm injury. METHODS: We analyzed an 8-year (2014-2022) retrospective cohort of children (0-18 years) treated for firearm injuries at 2 urban level 1 pediatric trauma centers. The Functional Status Scale was used to assess functional impairment among survivors at discharge and at follow-up. Functional impairment was defined using multisystem (Functional Status Scale ≥8) and single-system (Functional Status Scale = 7) definitions. RESULTS: The cohort included 282 children with a mean age of 11.1 (standard deviation 4.5) years. In-hospital mortality was 7% (n = 19). Functional impairment (Functional Status Scale ≥8) was present in 9% (n = 24) of children at discharge and in 7% (n = 13/192) at follow-up. Mild impairment in a single domain (Functional Status Scale = 7) was seen in 42% (n = 110) of the cohort at discharge. This impairment persisted to follow-up in most (67%, n = 59/88) of these children. CONCLUSION: Functional impairment at discharge after firearm injury is common among children surviving transport in these trauma centers. These data highlight the added value of non-mortality metrics in assessing the health burden of pediatric firearm injuries. The collective impact of mortality and functional morbidity should be considered when advocating for resources to protect children.

Interrater reliability of chart-based assessment of functional impairment after pediatric injury using the functional status scale.

BACKGROUND: Functional impairment has been proposed as an alternative outcome for quality improvement in pediatric trauma. The functional status scale (FSS) has been used in studies of injured children, but has only been validated with resource-intensive in-person assessment. Implementation with retrospective chart-based FSS assessment would offer a simplified and scalable alternative. The purpose of this study was to evaluate interrater reliability of retrospective FSS assessment and to identify factors associated with unreliable assessment. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of admissions to a Level I pediatric trauma center between July 2020 and June 2021 was analyzed. Two physicians and two nurse registrars reviewed charts to obtain measures of six FSS domains (mental status, sensory functioning, communication, motor functioning, feeding, and respiratory status) at discharge. Functional impairment was categorized by total FSS scores as good (6,7), mild impairment (8,9), moderate impairment (10-15), severe impairment (16-21), or very severe impairment (>21). Interrater reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation (ICC). Predictors of rater disagreement were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: The cohort included 443 children with a mean age of 7.4 years (standard deviation, 5.4 years) and median Injury Severity Score of 9 (interquartile range, 5-12). The median time per chart to assess FSS was 2 minutes (interquartile range, 1-2). Thirty-seven patients (8%) had functional impairment at discharge. Interrater reliability was excellent for total FSS score (ICC = 0.87) and good for FSS impairment categorization (ICC = 0.80). Rater disagreement of functional impairment categorization occurred in 14% of cases overall. Higher level of functional impairment and use of therapies (occupational and speech language therapy) were independently associated with more frequent rater disagreement. CONCLUSION: Chart-based FSS assessment is feasible and reliable, but may require more detailed review for patients with higher level of impairment that require allied health therapy. Validation of chart-based assessment is needed before widespread implementation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic/Epidemiological, Level III.

A mixed-methods study on end-user perceptions of transitioning to reusable surgical gowns.

Background: Perioperative services contribute up to 70% of the US hospitals' solid waste generation. While surgical textiles are more environmentally friendly than their disposable counterparts, many US institutions have converted to disposable surgical wear in the last few decades. End-users' perception surrounding reusable textiles is currently unknown. Methods: Perioperative staff at the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) were surveyed to assess perceptions of reusable surgical gowns to guide potential implementation. The instrument included eight close-ended questions drawn from prior studies and a free-response section. The survey was piloted before dissemination. Descriptive statistics and qualitative inductive theme analysis were applied. Results: 205 participants or 19.8% of the workforce responded. 77.6% perceived reusable surgical gowns as better for the environment, while 34.1% were unsure or believed that switching to reusable surgical gowns would increase surgical site infections. If given an option, 39.8% preferred reusable gowns, 30.7% preferred disposable gowns, and 25.4% had no preference. Qualitatively, four themes were identified concerning reusable gowns' 1) functionality and safety, 2) user comfort, 3) environmental concern, and 4) cost, which hindered end-user buy-in. Laundering water utilization in a drought-prone area was of particular concern. Conclusions: While most perioperative staff in a US tertiary hospital believed reusable surgical gowns were environmentally friendly, ambivalence towards transitioning to reusable gowns stemmed from uncertainty in reusable textiles' environmental benefits, safety profile, and cost savings. These perceptions may prevent successful implementation of reusable surgical gowns and suggest a need for staff education and context-specific environmental impact analyses. Key message: End-user perceptions on transitioning to reusable surgical gowns are mixed and revolve around uncertainty in their environmental benefits, cost, and functionality, which may hinder their successful implementation.

Establishing national stakeholder priorities for quality improvement in pediatric trauma care: Consensus results using a modified Delphi process.

BACKGROUND: Quality improvement efforts within pediatric trauma centers (PTCs) are robust, but the majority of children do not receive initial postinjury care at PTCs. Disparities in access to quality trauma care remain, particularly for children who initially access the trauma system outside of a PTC. The purpose of this project was to identify unmet needs for injured children within the pediatric emergency care system and to determine national priorities for quality improvement across the continuum of pediatric trauma care. METHODS: A panel of delegates representing patients and families, prehospital providers, federal funding partners, nurses, and physicians was recruited from 10 national stakeholder organizations. Potential targets were identified using an initial stakeholder meeting followed by a free text response survey. Free text items were coded and condensed as themes and then ranked by the panel using a modified Delphi approach to determine consensus priorities. Items not achieving >35% prioritization on a given iteration were dropped from subsequent iterations. Consensus was defined as 75% of members designating an item as a top-four priority. RESULTS: Nineteen themes were identified as potential targets for QI initiatives. Four iterations of panel ranking were used to achieve consensus, with four priorities identified: (1) creation of a toolkit and standard provider training for pediatric trauma triage, shock recognition, and early recognition for need to transfer to higher level of care; (2) development of minimum standards for pediatric trauma resuscitation and stabilization capability in nonpediatric centers; (3) facilitating creation of local nursing and physician champions for pediatric trauma; and (4) development and dissemination of best-practice guidelines to improve imaging practices for injured children. CONCLUSION: System-level quality improvement priorities for pediatric trauma care should focus resources on developing and implementing minimum pediatric standards for injury care, frontline provider training, stabilization protocols, imaging guidelines, and local pediatric champions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic/Care Management; Level IV.