The effects of isoflavone supplementation plus combined exercise on salivary markers of oxidative stress in postmenopausal women.

This study tested the effect of isoflavone supplementation in addition to combined exercise training in salivary oxidative stress markers in non-obese postmenopausal women. Thirty-two postmenopausal women without hormone therapy were randomly assigned to exercise + placebo (n = 15) or exercise + isoflavone supplementation (n = 17) groups. They performed 30 sessions of combined exercises (aerobic plus resistance) over ten weeks and consumed 100 mg of isoflavone supplementation or placebo. Saliva samples were collected after an overnight fast. Superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, catalase, total protein and nitrite were determined before and after ten weeks of the intervention. The ANOVA two-way analysis of variance was applied with α of 5%. Both groups increase (p<0.05) superoxide dismutase activity and decrease catalase levels. There was interaction (time × group) in both nitrite and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances results, with increase (p<0.05) in placebo group and decrease (p<0.05) in isoflavone group. No difference was found for total antioxidant capacity or total protein. The combination of isoflavone supplementation and exercise training can promote an antioxidant effect through reduction of lipid peroxidation and concentrations of salivary nitrite.

A Single Dose of Beetroot Juice Does Not Change Blood Pressure Response Mediated by Acute Aerobic Exercise in Hypertensive Postmenopausal Women.

OBJECTIVE: To verify if acute intake of beetroot juice potentiates post-exercise hypotension (PEH) in hypertensive postmenopausal women. METHODS: Thirteen hypertensive postmenopausal women (58.1 ± 4.62 years and 27.4 ± 4.25 kg/m²) were recruited to participate in three experimental sessions, taking three different beverages: Beetroot juice (BJ), placebo nitrate-depleted BJ (PLA), and orange flavored non-caloric drink (OFD). The participants performed moderate aerobic exercise training on a treadmill, at 65-70% of heart rate reserve (HRR), for 40 min. After an overnight fast, the protocol started at 07h when the first resting blood pressure (BP) was measured. The beverage was ingested at 07h30 and BP was monitored until the exercise training started, at 09h30. After the end of the exercise session, BP was measured every 15 min over a 90-min period. Saliva samples were collected at rest, immediately before and after exercise, and 90 min after exercise for nitrite (NO2-) analysis. RESULTS: There was an increase in salivary NO2- with BJ intake when compared to OFD and PLA. A slight increase in salivary NO2- was observed with PLA when compared to OFD (p < 0.05), however, PLA resulted in lower salivary NO2- when compared to BJ (p < 0.001). There were no changes in salivary NO2- with the OFD. Systolic and diastolic BP decreased (p < 0.001) on all post exercise time points after all interventions, with no difference between the three beverages. CONCLUSION: Acute BJ intake does not change PEH responses in hypertensive postmenopausal women, even though there is an increase in salivary NO2-.

Adipose tissue oxylipin profiles vary by anatomical site and are altered by dietary linoleic acid in rats.

Dietary PUFA and their effects on adipose tissue have been well studied, but oxylipins, the oxygenated metabolites of PUFA, have been sparsely studied in adipose tissue. To determine the oxylipin profile and to examine their potential importance in various adipose sites, female and male rats were provided control, high linoleic acid (LA), or high LA and high α-linolenic acid (LA + ALA) diets for six weeks. Analysis of gonadal (GAT), mesenteric (MAT), perirenal (PAT), and subcutaneous adipose tissues (SAT) revealed higher numbers of oxylipins in MAT and SAT, primarily due to 20-22 carbon cytochrome P450 oxylipins, as well as metabolites of cyclooxygenase derived oxylipins. LA oxylipins made up 75-96% of the total oxylipin mass and largely determined the total relative amounts between depots (GAT > MAT > PAT > SAT). However, when the two most abundant LA oxylipins (TriHOMEs) were excluded, MAT had the highest mass of oxylipins and exhibited the most sex differences. These differences existed despite comparable PUFA composition between depots. Dietary LA increased oxylipins derived from n-6 PUFA, and the addition of ALA generally returned n-6 PUFA oxylipins to levels similar to control and elevated some n-3 oxylipins. These data on oxylipin profiles in adipose depots from different anatomical sites and the effects of diet and sex provide fundamental knowledge that will aid future studies investigating the physiological effects of adipose tissue.

Distinct effects of dietary ALA, EPA and DHA on rat adipose oxylipins vary by depot location and sex.

Dietary EPA and DHA given together alter oxylipins in adipose tissue. To compare the separate effects of individual dietary n-3 PUFA on oxylipins in different adipose depots (gonadal, mesenteric, perirenal, subcutaneous) in males and females, rats were provided diets containing higher levels of α-linolenic acid (ALA), EPA or DHA. Each n-3 PUFA enhanced its respective oxylipins the most, while effects on other n-3 oxylipins varied. For example: in perirenal and subcutaneous depots, more DHA oxylipins were higher with dietary ALA than with EPA; dietary EPA uniquely decreased 14-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid, in contrast to increasing many other DHA oxylipins. The n-3 PUFAs also reduced oxylipins from n-6 PUFAs in order of effectiveness: DHA > EPA > ALA. Diet by sex interactions in all depots except the perirenal depot resulted in higher oxylipins in males given DHA, and higher oxylipins in females given the other diets. Diet and sex effects on oxylipins did not necessarily reflect effects on either their tissue phospholipid or neutral lipid PUFA precursors. These varying diet and sex effects on oxylipins in the different adipose sites indicate that they may have distinct effects on adipose function.