Efectividad y seguridad de la biopsia hepática guiada porendosonografía en enfermedad hepática en un hospital públicode nivel III

La evaluación de la enfermedad hepática parenquimal suele comprender exámenes de laboratorio y de imagen; sin embargo, en algunos casos se puede requerir una biopsia hepática. La biopsia del hígado guiada por endosonografía se ha reportado como un procedimiento con un rendimiento diagnóstico entre 90 a 100% con un perfil bajo de eventos adversos; sin embargo, no existen estudios que reporten la experiencia y el tipo de técnica empleada en nuestro país. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad y la seguridad de la biopsia hepática guiada por endosonografía en enfermedad hepática parenquimal. Materiales y métodos: Estudio prospectivo realizado en un hospital público de nivel de atención III-2 en Lima, Perú, el cual incluyó pacientes mayores de 18 años con sospecha de alguna enfermedad hepática parenquimal que fueron sometidos a una biopsia guiada por endosonografía desde marzo del 2018 a octubre del 2022. Resultados: El rendimiento diagnóstico de las biopsias fue de 77,02%, con una longitud media de la muestra obtenida de 13,98 mm (desviación estándar 7,34) y una mediana de 8 espacios porta completos (0-50). Cabe mencionar que solo un 31.25% de procedimientos se realizaron con aguja fina de biopsia (FNB), encontrándose una diferencia significativa entre el tipo de aguja y el rendimiento diagnóstico (p=0,01). El diagnóstico histopatológico más frecuente el de hepatitis autoinmune. Y existieron un 2,08% de complicaciones post procedimiento. Conclusiones: Las biopsias guiadas por endosonografía para el diagnóstico de enfermedad parenquimal hepática tienen una efectividad cercana al 80% en nuestro medio y con un perfil bajo de eventos adversos; sin embargo, se necesitan estudios prospectivos y con un mayor número de pacientes.

Parenchymal liver diseases are commonly evaluated by laboratory and imaging studies. However, in some cases a liver biopsy is required. Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided liver biopsy (EUS-LB) has been reported as a procedure with high diagnostic yield (90-100%) with low adverse event profile, but there are not studies which report about the experience and technique in our country. Objective: Determinate the effectiveness and the safety of endosonography-guided liver biopsy in liver parenchymal disease. Materials and methods: A prospective study was conducted at a III-2 level of care Public Hospital in Lima, Peru. It included patients over 18 years of age with suspicion of parenchymal liver disease who underwent EUS-LB for study hepatic parenchymal disease since March of 2018 to October of 2022. Results: The diagnostic yield of the biopsies was 77.02%, with a mean length of the sample of 13.98mm (standard deviation 7.34) and a median of 8 complete portal spaces (0-50). Only 31.25% of the procedures were performed with a fine needle biopsy (FNB), finding a significant difference between the type of needle and the diagnostic yield (p=0.01). The most common histopathological diagnosis was autoinmune hepatitis. There were 2.08% of post-procedure complications. Conclusions: EUS-LB for the diagnosis of liver parenchymal disease had a diagnostic yield close to 80% in our region with a low profile of adverse events. However, more prospectives studies with a larger number of patients are required.

[Effectiveness and safety of endosonography-guided liver biopsy in liver disease at a level III public hospital]. / Efectividad y seguridad de la biopsia hepática guiada por endosonografía en enfermedad hepática en un hospital público de nivel III.

Parenchymal liver diseases are commonly evaluated by laboratory and imaging studies. However, in some cases a liver biopsy is required. Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided liver biopsy (EUS-LB) has been reported as a procedure with high diagnostic yield (90-100%) with low adverse event profile, but there are not studies which report about the experience and technique in our country. OBJECTIVE: Determinate the effectiveness and the safety of endosonography-guided liver biopsy in liver parenchymal disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted at a III-2 level of care Public Hospital in Lima, Peru. It included patients over 18 years of age with suspicion of parenchymal liver disease who underwent EUS-LB for study hepatic parenchymal disease since March of 2018 to October of 2022. RESULTS: The diagnostic yield of the biopsies was 77.02%, with a mean length of the sample of 13.98mm (standard deviation 7.34) and a median of 8 complete portal spaces (0-50). Only 31.25% of the procedures were performed with a fine needle biopsy (FNB), finding a significant difference between the type of needle and the diagnostic yield (p=0.01). The most common histopathological diagnosis was autoinmune hepatitis. There were 2.08% of post-procedure complications. CONCLUSIONS: EUS-LB for the diagnosis of liver parenchymal disease had a diagnostic yield close to 80% in our region with a low profile of adverse events. However, more prospectives studies with a larger number of patients are required.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Mycobacterium sps in High-Throughput Format.

The concept of antimicrobial susceptibility testing is an essential part of clinical microbiology. Antimicrobial testing has played a central role in the identification of new antibiotics and defining their clinical uses. Here we describe different approaches to determine the activity of compounds in medium or high-throughput format.

[Massive digestive hemorrhage from secondary fistulas of great vessels to the digestive tract]. / Hemorragia digestiva masiva por fístulas secundarias de grandes vasos al tracto digestivo.

The formation of a fistula between large caliber arteries and the digestive tract is an uncommon complication of reconstructive surgery of the large vessels secondary to the use of vascular prostheses, which manifest themselves with massive hemorrhages with high mortality. We report two cases of aorto-enteric fistula and carotid-esophageal fistula that share common characteristics such as the clinical manifestation of massive and fatal gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with a history of vascular prosthesis placement.

Peruvian psychiatry in America and the world: its journey in search of an identity.

Throughout history, Latin American psychiatry has followed a variety of routes as its mythic-religious origins experienced the various influences of European and North American ideas of the last three centuries. In its modern trajectory, a post-colonial subordination was followed by a more selective import of ideas and a critical approach to their application in the New Continent. At one point, the identity of Latin American psychiatry was essentially considered mestiza, social and critical, reflecting a search for autonomy and originality. In this journey, Peruvian psychiatry has been considered one of the most representative versions of the history and position of the discipline. This article attempts to detail the identity-seeking process of Peruvian and Latin American Psychiatry through the life and work of three notable Peruvian figures: Honorio Delgado, Carlos Alberto Seguín and Humberto Rotondo. Delgado fostered the need for scientific evidence in support of any piece of knowledge, as well as humanism as essential component of best service and optimal patient care. Seguín led studies on folkloric and ethnic psychiatry, stimulated integrated approaches to care, and advocated in favour of a regional identity for psychiatry.

Hemorragia digestiva masiva por fístulas secundarias de grandes vasos al tracto digestivo / Massive digestive hemorrhage from secondary fistulas of great vessels to the digestive tract

RESUMEN La formación de una fístula entre arterias de gran calibre y el tubo digestivo es una complicación infrecuente de la cirugía reconstructiva de los grandes vasos sanguíneos secundario al uso de prótesis vasculares, los cuales se manifiestan con hemorragias masivas con elevada mortalidad. Presentamos dos casos de fístula aorto-entérico y de fístula carotideo-esofágico que comparten características comunes como la manifestación clínica de hemorragia digestiva masiva y mortal en pacientes con antecedentes de colocación de prótesis vasculares.

ABSTRACT The formation of a fistula between large caliber arteries and the digestive tract is an uncommon complication of reconstructive surgery of the large vessels secondary to the use of vascular prostheses, which manifest themselves with massive hemorrhages with high mortality. We report two cases of aorto-enteric fistula and carotid-esophageal fistula that share common characteristics such as the clinical manifestation of massive and fatal gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with a history of vascular prosthesis placement.

[Efficacy and safety of echoendoscopy drainage of liquid peripancreatic collections in a reference hospital]. / Eficacia y seguridad del drenaje ecoendoscópico de colecciones líquidas peripancreá ticas en un hospital de referencia.

INTRODUCTION: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guided drainage is considered the best option for peripancreatic fluid collections drainage. There are no previous reports in our country of this type of endoscopic therapy. OBJECTIVES: To detail the characteristics, efficacy and safety of EUS-guided drainage of peripancreatic fluid collections at Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out a retrospective cross-sectional study of all patients who underwent EUS-guided drainage of symptomatic peripancreatic fluid collections. Demographics, procedure-related endosonographic features and devices used were analyzed. We assessed the effectiveness with technical and clinical success rate. Clinical safety was assessed based on major immediate and delayed adverse events. Basic descriptive statistics was used. RESULTS: A total of 17 patients (9 women, 52.9% and 8 men, 47.1%) with peripancreatic fluid collections (10 pseudocysts and 7 walled-off necrosis) underwent EUS-guided drainage. The median age of the patients was 59 years (range 26 - 72 years). The mean diameter of the fluid collections was 14.8 cm (range 8-24 cm). Transgastric route was used in 16 cases (94.1%) and transduodenal route in 1 case (5.9%). Plastic stent (6 cases), biliary self expanding metal stent (4 cases) and lumen apposing stent (7 cases) were used. The technical success rate was 100% (17 patients), while clinical success rate was 70.6% (12 patients). Adverse events occurred in 41.2%: infection (2 cases), perforation, bleeding, plastic stent occlusion, stent migration into the collection cavity and out of the collection cavity (1 case each one). Surgical management of adverse events was necessary in 3 cases, while the 4 other cases only required medical - endoscopic management. CONCLUSIONS: EUS-guided drainage of peripancreatic fluid collections have a high technical and clinical success rate with a low percentage of adverse events.

[Clinical profile and results of acute pancreatitis in the Intensive and Intermediate Care Unit of a general hospital]. / Perfil clínico y resultados de la pancreatitis aguda en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos e Intermedios de un hospital genera.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an acute inflammatory process of the pancreas that, according to the 2012 Atlanta classification, can be mild, moderate or severe. OBJECTIVE: Describe the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and outcomes of patients with AP admitted to the intensive care and intermediate care unit of a general hospital and compare them with those described in the national and international literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational study of patients with AP treated over a period of 3 years. RESULTS: 59 cases were included; the female sex prevailed (54.2%), the average age was 59.3 years, the most frequent etiology was biliary (84.7%). Average entry severity scores were APACHE II of 12.4 points, SOFA of 4.9 points and Marshall modified of 2.8 points; The most frequent organ failure was respiratory (47.5%). The average stay in care was 13.9 days and in the hospital it was 23.3 days. No patients with mild or moderate AP died during their hospital stay, 6 patients with severe AP died during their hospital stay (20% of cases of severe AP). CONCLUSION: The cases of our hospital had a clinical and therapeutic profile similar to that described in the world and Latin American literature. A hospital staying was greater than that described in recent works, but our mortality was lower.

[Usefulness of intravenous contrast in pancreatic echoendoscopy. A case series]. / Utilidad del contraste endovenoso en ecoendoscopía pancreá tica. Reporte de casos.

The intravenous contrast (IV) allows for improving the diagnostic accuracy of echoendoscopy for many pathologic conditions. IV contrast provides a non-invasive method that through the use of real-time enhancement patterns (hypo, iso, and hypercaptation), a highly accurate histological diagnosis can be made by characterizing the microvasculature of an organ or a lesion. However, the lack of availability of IV contrast limited its use in our setting. We reported three cases of endoscopic ultrasound with IV contrast performed in the pancreatic department of National Hospital Eduardo Rebagliati Martins in Lima, Peru. We described the effectiveness of IV contrast in the diagnosis and the management of solid and cystic lesions in the pancreas.

Eficacia y seguridad del drenaje ecoendoscópico de colecciones líquidas peripancreáticas en un hospital de referencia / Efficacy and safety of echoendoscopy drainage of liquid peripancreatic collections in a reference hospital

RESUMEN Introducción: El drenaje guiado por ecoendoscopía es considerado como la mejor opción para el drenaje de las colecciones liquidas peripancreáticas. No hay reportes en nuestro medio de la experiencia en esta terapia endoscópica. Objetivos: detallar las características, eficacia y seguridad de los drenajes ecoendoscópicos de las colecciones liquidas peripancreáticas en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal retrospectivo de todos los pacientes con colecciones liquidas peripancreáticas sintomáticas sometidos a drenaje ecoguiado. Se analizaron variables demográficas, características ecoendoscópicas asociadas al procedimiento terapéutico y dispositivos empleados. La eficacia se evaluó con la tasa de éxito técnico y de éxito clínico. La seguridad se evaluó en base a las principales complicaciones inmediatas y posteriores. Se empleó estadística descriptiva básica. Resultados: Se realizaron 17 drenajes ecoguiadas de colecciones peripancreáticas (10 pseudoquistes y 7 necrosis pancreáticas encapsuladas o WON) en 17 pacientes: 9 mujeres (52,9%) y 8 hombres (47,1%). El rango de edad de los pacientes fue de 26-72 años, con una mediana de 59 años. El tamaño promedio de las colecciones liquidas fue 14,8 cm con un rango de 8-24 cm. El acceso transgástrico se empleó en 16 casos (94,1%) y el acceso transduodenal en 1 caso (5,9%). Se empleó prótesis plástica (6 casos), prótesis metálica autoexpandibles (SEMS) biliar (4 casos) y prótesis de aposición luminal (LAMS) en 7 casos. El éxito técnico fue del 100% (17 pacientes), mientras que el éxito clínico fue de 70,6% (12 pacientes). Las complicaciones ocurrieron en 41,2%: infección de colección (2 casos), perforación, sangrado en zona de drenaje, obstrucción de prótesis plástica, migración de prótesis al interior de colección y al lumen gástrico (1 caso cada uno). El manejo quirúrgico de éstas complicaciones fue necesaria en 3 casos, mientras que en los otros 4 casos solo requirió manejo médico - endoscópico. Conclusiones: los drenajes guiados por ecoendoscopía de las colecciones liquidas peripancreáticas tienen alta tasa de éxito técnico y clínico con reducido porcentaje de complicaciones.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guided drainage is considered the best option for peripancreatic fluid collections drainage. There are no previous reports in our country of this type of endoscopic therapy. Objectives: To detail the characteristics, efficacy and safety of EUS-guided drainage of peripancreatic fluid collections at Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital. Materials and methods: We carried out a retrospective cross-sectional study of all patients who underwent EUS-guided drainage of symptomatic peripancreatic fluid collections. Demographics, procedure-related endosonographic features and devices used were analyzed. We assessed the effectiveness with technical and clinical success rate. Clinical safety was assessed based on major immediate and delayed adverse events. Basic descriptive statistics was used. Results: A total of 17 patients (9 women, 52.9% and 8 men, 47.1%) with peripancreatic fluid collections (10 pseudocysts and 7 walled-off necrosis) underwent EUS-guided drainage. The median age of the patients was 59 years (range 26 - 72 years). The mean diameter of the fluid collections was 14.8 cm (range 8-24 cm). Transgastric route was used in 16 cases (94.1%) and transduodenal route in 1 case (5.9%). Plastic stent (6 cases), biliary self expanding metal stent (4 cases) and lumen apposing stent (7 cases) were used. The technical success rate was 100% (17 patients), while clinical success rate was 70.6% (12 patients). Adverse events occurred in 41.2%: infection (2 cases), perforation, bleeding, plastic stent occlusion, stent migration into the collection cavity and out of the collection cavity (1 case each one). Surgical management of adverse events was necessary in 3 cases, while the 4 other cases only required medical - endoscopic management. Conclusions: EUS-guided drainage of peripancreatic fluid collections have a high technical and clinical success rate with a low percentage of adverse events.

Perfil clínico y análisis de sobrevida en pacientes con neoplasia mucinosa papilar intraductal diagnosticados por ecoendoscopía / Clinical profile and survival analysis in patients with intraductal papilar mucinous neoplasm by endoscopic ultrasound

RESUMEN Introducción. La neoplasia mucinosa papilar intraductal (IPMN) se diagnostica ahora con mayor frecuencia debido al mayor uso de los métodos de imágenes, y conlleva un desafío clínico su manejo y seguimiento por su probable transformación maligna. Objetivos. Conocer las características por ecoendoscopía (USE), evolución clínica y sobrevida de los pacientes diagnosticados de IPMN por USE. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo con análisis de sobrevida en pacientes diagnosticados de IPMN por USE entre 2013 y 2018 en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM). Se analizaron variables demográficas y ecoendoscópicas, además de seguimiento hasta el fallecimiento o 6 meses después del término del estudio. Se realizó el análisis de sobrevida con los métodos de Kaplan-Meyer y de regresión de Cox. Resultados. Se incluyeron 133 pacientes con IPMN. Edad media fue 68,6 años, 80 (60,2%) fueron mujeres. Según subtipos, 89 (66,9%) fueron de rama secundaria, 23 (17,3%) de ducto principal y 21 (15,8%) de tipo mixto. La principal localización fue cabeza de páncreas (41,4%). En el seguimiento, 22 (16,5%) fueron a cirugía, 22 (16,5%) fallecieron después de una mediana de seguimiento de 522 días. En 8 pacientes (6%) se detectó neoplasia maligna. La tasa de sobrevida global fue 86.8% (IC 95%, 79,6-91,6) al año y de 81.9% (IC95%, 73,3-88,0) a los 3 años. En análisis univariado los factores asociados a la sobrevida fueron los subtipos de IPMN-DP (p=0,02) y mixto (p=0,005), sexo masculino (p=0,004), tamaño de lesión ≥30 mm (p=0,000), nódulos (p=0,014) y Wirsung ≥10 mm (p=0,01). En el análisis multivariado, los factores predictores asociados con la sobrevida fueron: IPMN-DP (HR=6,3, p=0,005), IPMN mixto (HR=4,9, p=0,008) y tamaño de lesión ≥30 mm (HR=7,1, p=0,000). Conclusiones. El diagnostico de IPMN de ducto principal y mixto se asocian como factores predictores de sobrevida, al igual que el tamaño de la lesión ≥30 mm.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) are diagnosed more frequently because the higher use of radiologic exams, in that sense they are a great challenge to define its management and treatment in relation to its potential malignant transformation. Objective: To describe IPMN clinical profile, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) characteristics and survival in all patients diagnosed with IPMN by EUS at HNERM. Materials and methods: Retrospective cohort of patients with IPMN diagnosed at HNERM by EUS from 2013 to 2018. Descriptive statistics was used for clinical profile and EUS characteristics. Kaplan Meir Method and Cox regression analysis was applied for survival analysis. Results: 133 patients with IPMN were included. Medium age was 68.6 years, 80 (60.2%) were female. According to IPMN subtypes, 89 (66.9%) originated from secondary branch, 23 (17.3%) from main duct (MD) and 21 (15.8%) were mixed type (MT). Head of pancreas was the main localization (41.4%). In follow-up, 22 (16.5%) were derived to surgery. Mortality occurred in 16.5% (22 cases) after a median follow-up of 522 days. Malignant transformation was diagnosed in 6% (8 cases). Survival was 86.8% (IC 95%, 79.6-91.6) at 1 year and 81.9% (IC95%, 73.3-88.0) at 3 years. Univariate analysis demonstrated that factors associated to survival were MD-IPMN (p=0.02) y MT-IPMN (p=0.005), male gender (p=004), nodule size ≥30 mm (p=0.000), presence of nodules (p=0.014) and Wirsung ≥10 mm (p=0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that predictive factors for survival were MD-IPMN (HR=6.3, p=0.005), MT-IPMN (HR=4.9, p=0.008) and nodule size ≥30 mm (HR=7.1, p=0.000). Conclusions: Diagnosis of MD-IPMN and MT-IPMN are predictive factors for survival as well as nodule size ≥ 30mm.

Utilidad del contraste endovenoso en ecoendoscopía pancreática. Reporte de casos / Usefulness of intravenous contrast in pancreatic echoendoscopy. A case series

RESUMEN El empleo del contraste endovenoso permite aumentar la capacidad diagnostica de la ecoendoscopía en muchas condiciones patológicas de forma no invasiva, mediante la evaluación de patrones de realce en tiempo real (hipo, iso e hipercaptación), permitiendo a su vez definir diagnósticos diferenciales o predecir diagnósticos histológicos con alta precisión por medio de la caracterización de la vascularidad o microvasculatura de un órgano o lesión. Sin embargo, su empleo en nuestro medio está limitado por no contar con estos medios de contraste. Reportamos tres casos de ecoendoscopía contrastada realizada en patología pancreática realizada en nuestro hospital, en el que se describe la utilidad en el diagnóstico y manejo de lesiones sólidas y quísticas del páncreas.

ABSTRACT The intravenous contrast (IV) allows for improving the diagnostic accuracy of echoendoscopy for many pathologic conditions. IV contrast provides a non-invasive method that through the use of real-time enhancement patterns (hypo, iso, and hypercaptation), a highly accurate histological diagnosis can be made by characterizing the microvasculature of an organ or a lesion. However, the lack of availability of IV contrast limited its use in our setting. We reported three cases of endoscopic ultrasound with IV contrast performed in the pancreatic department of National Hospital Eduardo Rebagliati Martins in Lima, Peru. We described the effectiveness of IV contrast in the diagnosis and the management of solid and cystic lesions in the pancreas.

[Type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis: a case report]. / Pancreatitis autoinmune tipo 1: reporte de caso.

Autoimmune pancreatitis (PAI) is a rare pathology and an entity to consider in the differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice and pancreatic mass. It is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pancreas with established clinical, radiological, serological and histopathological characteristics. The treatment is based on the use of corticosteroids and usually has a good response, with complete resolution of clinical, analytical and radiological parameters. We present the case of a 62-year-old woman with abdominal pain in the right hypochondrium and epigastrium associated with low weight. Normal laboratory tests. Abdominal TEM: pancreas increased in volume diffusely with peripancreatic halo. EUS: extensive heterogeneous lesion involving the head and body, FNA is performed. AP: lympho-plasmocitary infiltrate. IgG4: 520 mg / dL. It is determined that it is a probable type I autoimmune pancreatitis and it is decided to perform a therapeutic trial with corticosteroids. Tomographic control is performed at 4 weeks with adequate response.

Pancreatitis autoinmune tipo 1: reporte de caso

La pancreatitis autoinmune (PAI) es una patología poco frecuente y una entidad a tener en cuenta en el diagnóstico diferencial de ictericia obstructiva y masa pancreática. Es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica del páncreas con características clínicas, radiológicas, serológicas e histopatológicas establecidas. El tratamiento se basó en el uso de corticoides y suele tener una buena respuesta, con resolución completa de parámetros clínicos, analíticos y radiológicos. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 62 años con dolor abdominal en hipocondrio derecho y epigastrio asociado a baja de peso. Pruebas de laboratorio normales. TEM abdominal: páncreas aumentado de volumen difusamente con halo peripancreático. EUS: lesión heterogénea extensa que compromete cabeza y cuerpo, se realiza PAAF. AP: Infiltrado linfo-plasmocitario. IgG4: 520 mg/dL. Se determinó que se trata de una pancreatitis autoinmune tipo I probable y se decide realizar prueba terapéutica con corticoides. Se realizó control tomográfico a las 4 semanas con adecuada respuesta.

Autoimmune pancreatitis (PAI) is a rare pathology and an entity to consider in the differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice and pancreatic mass. It is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pancreas with established clinical, radiological, serological and histopathological characteristics. The treatment is based on the use of corticosteroids and usually has a good response, with complete resolution of clinical, analytical and radiological parameters. We present the case of a 62-year-old woman with abdominal pain in the right hypochondrium and epigastrium associated with low weight. Normal laboratory tests. Abdominal TEM: pancreas increased in volume diffusely with peripancreatic halo. EUS: extensive heterogeneous lesion involving the head and body, FNA is performed. AP: lympho-plasmocitary infiltrate. IgG4: 520 mg / dL. It is determined that it is a probable type I autoimmune pancreatitis and it is decided to perform a therapeutic trial with corticosteroids. Tomographic control is performed at 4 weeks with adequate response.

[Usefulness of endoscopic ultrasound guided elastography in the assessment of solid pancreatic lesions]. / Utilidad de la elastografía guiada por ultrasonografía endoscópica en la evaluación de lesiones sólidas pancreáticas.

INTRODUCTION: endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) elastography is considered a useful tool for the evaluation of solid pancreatic lesions (SPL). OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of elastography in patients with SPL. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective, cross-sectional study was performed at the Rebagliati Hospital between July 2017 and June 2018. Patients with a diagnosis of SPL and echoendoscopic study, elastography and FNA were included. Qualitative and quantitative elastography: strain ratio (SR) and strain histogram, were performed and analyzed with histopathological results. The diagnostic accuracy of EUS elastography in detecting malignancy was calculated using receiver operating curve analysis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy for the detection of malignancy were calculated. RESULTS: Out of 832 EUS examinations performed, 46 patients with SPL (mean age, 64.6 years; 29 women) were included in the study. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in 36 cases. In qualitative elastography, score 3 was most frequent (n = 39, 84.8%) with sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 88.9%, 30% and 76.1%, respectively, for predict adenocarcinoma. A strain ratio of 15 or higher (100% sensitivity, 66.7% specificity and 97.8% accuracy) and a histogram of less than 49 (66.7% sensitivity, 97.6% specificity and 95.6% accuracy) predicts malignancy in SPL, with area under a ROC curve of 0.941 (95% CI, 0.82 - 1.0). CONCLUSIONS: EUS elastography provides information to predict the malignant nature of the pancreatic lesion. In our study, the elastographic detection of a score 3, SR≥15 or a histogram <49 predicts the presence of malignancy in LSP.

Utilidad de la elastografía guiada por ultrasonografía endoscópica en la evaluación de lesiones sólidas pancreáticas / Usefulness of endoscopic ultrasound guided elastography in the assessment of solid pancreatic lesions

Introducción: La elastografía guiada por ultrasonografía endoscópica es considerada una herramienta útil en la evaluación de las lesiones solidas pancreáticas (LSP). Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el rendimiento diagnóstico de la elastografia en pacientes con LSP. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal prospectivo en el hospital Rebagliati durante julio 2017 a junio 2018. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de LSP y estudio ecoendoscópico, elastografía y toma de PAAF. Se realizó elastografia cualitativa y elastografia cuantitativa (SR e histograma) y se analizó con resultados histopatológicos para determinar la sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo (VPP), valor predictivo negativo (VPN) y exactitud diagnostica en la detección de malignidad. Resultados: De 846 ecoendoscopías, se estudiaron 46 pacientes con LSP con una edad promedio de 64,6 años, 29 (63%) sexo femenino. El adenocarcinoma pancreático fue diagnosticado en 36 casos (78,3%). En elastografía cualitativa predominó el score 3 (n=39, 84,8%) con una sensibilidad, especificidad y exactitud de 88.9%, 30% y 76,1% respectivamente para predecir adenocarcinoma. Elastografía cuantitativa de SR≥ 15 (sensibilidad 100%, especificidad 66,7% y exactitud 97,8%) y un valor de histograma menor de 49 (sensibilidad 66,7%, especificidad 97,6% y exactitud 95,6%) predice malignidad en una LSP con área bajo de la curva ROC de 0,941 (IC 95%, 0,82 - 1,0). Conclusiones: La elastografía brinda información para predecir la naturaleza maligna de la lesión. En nuestro estudio la detección elastográfica de un score 3, SR≥ 15 o un histograma < 49 predice la presencia de malignidad en la LSP estudiada.

Introduction: endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) elastography is considered a useful tool for the evaluation of solid pancreatic lesions (SPL). Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of elastography in patients with SPL. Material and methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was performed at the Rebagliati Hospital between July 2017 and June 2018. Patients with a diagnosis of SPL and echoendoscopic study, elastography and FNA were included. Qualitative and quantitative elastography: strain ratio (SR) and strain histogram, were performed and analyzed with histopathological results. The diagnostic accuracy of EUS elastography in detecting malignancy was calculated using receiver operating curve analysis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy for the detection of malignancy were calculated. Results: Out of 832 EUS examinations performed, 46 patients with SPL (mean age, 64.6 years; 29 women) were included in the study. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in 36 cases. In qualitative elastography, score 3 was most frequent (n = 39, 84.8%) with sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 88.9%, 30% and 76.1%, respectively, for predict adenocarcinoma. A strain ratio of 15 or higher (100% sensitivity, 66.7% specificity and 97.8% accuracy) and a histogram of less than 49 (66.7% sensitivity, 97.6% specificity and 95.6% accuracy) predicts malignancy in SPL, with area under a ROC curve of 0.941 (95% CI, 0.82 - 1.0). Conclusions: EUS elastography provides information to predict the malignant nature of the pancreatic lesion. In our study, the elastographic detection of a score 3, SR≥15 or a histogram <49 predicts the presence of malignancy in LSP.

Conducta y personalidad disociales en estudiantes de medicina: implicancias para la educación médica peruana / Dyssocial behavior and personality in medical students: implications for Peruvian medical education

Investigaciones previas sobre conducta suicida realizadas en estudiantes de medicina hallaron, como variable asociada, una alta prevalencia de vida (PV) de indicadores de conducta disocial. Tal resultado obliga a sospechar presencia de personalidad de este tipo en dicha población. Con el objetivo de aportar nuevos elementos que complementen los estudios previos, el presente artículo analiza el concepto de personalidad disocial y discute los resultados de un estudio piloto que evaluó su presencia en una muestra de alumnos recién ingresados a la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Se encontró que de 175 estudiantes, 33 resultaron positivos a indicadores de conducta disocial (19% de PV) durante una primera evaluación; de este grupo, 30 se presentaron a una segunda evaluación diagnóstica, de los cuales cinco superaron el punto de corte para personalidad disocial, y 11 obtuvieron puntaje de sospecha de tal desarrollo. Sobre estos resultados sugerimos que la universidad debiera aceptar la responsabilidad de continuar investigando esta área, crear intervenciones preventivo-terapéuticas tempranas e innovaciones curriculares para reducir el riesgo de producir profesionales tecnicamente bien entrenados pero con minusvalías morales.

Previous studies on medical students´suicidal behavior found, as an associated variable, a high life-prevalence (LP) of dissocial behavior indicators. Such findings compel to suspect the presence of dissocial personality in that population. On the purpose to add knowledge to this problem, the present paper analyses the concept of dissocial personality and discusses the results of a pilot-study that evaluated its presence in recently admitted students to San Marcos University´s School of Medicine. In the first evaluation, it was found that 33 out of 175 students resulted positive to dissocial behavior indicators (LP: 19%). From this group, 30 showed up for a second diagnostic evaluation; 5 exceeded the cut-off point to dissocial personality and 11 showed scores very close to it, raising suspiciousness of such development. Upon these results we claim the university must accept the responsibility to continue researching this area, create early preventive-therapeutic interventions and curricula innovations to reduce the risk of generating well trained professionals but morally handicapped.

Energy density of foods and diets in Mexico and their monetary cost by socioeconomic strata: analyses of ENSANUT data 2012.

BACKGROUND: In January 2014, Mexico implemented an 8% tax on non-essential foods with energy density ≥275 kcal/100 g, with a view to prevent obesity. This study explored energy density of foods and diets in Mexico and their monetary cost across population subgroups. METHODS: Dietary intakes for 3057 adults (ages ≥19 years) were obtained from the nationally representative Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (ENSANUT 2012). Energy density (kcal/g) was calculated for foods, food groups and total diets. The mean national retail prices for 153 foods were obtained from the National Institute for Geography and Statistics (INEGI). The monetary cost of total diets (MXN/day) was estimated by attaching food prices to dietary intakes from the ENSANUT food frequency questionnaire. A series of descriptive analyses and regression models examined associations among dietary energy density and diet cost by age, gender, rural or urban residence and socioeconomic status (SES). RESULTS: Energy-dense grains, fats and sweets cost less per calorie than did milk and dairy, meat, vegetables and fruit. Lower cost diets derived more calories from tortillas, tamales, beans and sugar, whereas higher cost diets contained more non-essential energy-dense processed foods and more sugar sweetened beverages, and fruits and vegetables. At each quintile of energy intake, higher dietary energy density was associated with lower energy-adjusted diet costs. Traditional energy-dense tortillas and tamales, also characterised by lower cost, were consumed more by the rural poor. Urban dwellers had more 'western-style' diets. CONCLUSIONS: Food patterns in Mexico appear to be driven by monetary cost and SES.

A new 'golden age' for the antitubercular target InhA.

The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the main contributing factor in unfavorable outcomes in the treatment of tuberculosis. Studies suggest that direct inhibitors of InhA, an enoyl-ACP-reductase, might yield promising clinical candidates that can be developed into new antitubercular drugs. In this review, we describe the application of different hit-identification strategies to InhA, which clearly illustrate the druggability of its active site through distinct binding mechanisms. We further characterize four classes of InhA inhibitors that show novel binding modes, and provide evidence of their successful target engagement as well as their in vivo activity.

Identification of KasA as the cellular target of an anti-tubercular scaffold.

Phenotypic screens for bactericidal compounds are starting to yield promising hits against tuberculosis. In this regard, whole-genome sequencing of spontaneous resistant mutants generated against an indazole sulfonamide (GSK3011724A) identifies several specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the essential Mycobacterium tuberculosis ß-ketoacyl synthase (kas) A gene. Here, this genomic-based target assignment is confirmed by biochemical assays, chemical proteomics and structural resolution of a KasA-GSK3011724A complex by X-ray crystallography. Finally, M. tuberculosis GSK3011724A-resistant mutants increase the in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration and the in vivo 99% effective dose in mice, establishing in vitro and in vivo target engagement. Surprisingly, the lack of target engagement of the related ß-ketoacyl synthases (FabH and KasB) suggests a different mode of inhibition when compared with other Kas inhibitors of fatty acid biosynthesis in bacteria. These results clearly identify KasA as the biological target of GSK3011724A and validate this enzyme for further drug discovery efforts against tuberculosis.