Discovery of 3-hydroxymethyl-azetidine derivatives as potent polymerase theta inhibitors.

Inhibition of the low fidelity DNA polymerase Theta (Polθ) is emerging as an attractive, synthetic-lethal antitumor strategy in BRCA-deficient tumors. Here we report the AI-enabled development of 3-hydroxymethyl-azetidine derivatives as a novel class of Polθ inhibitors featuring central scaffolding rings. Structure-based drug design first identified A7 as a lead compound, which was further optimized to the more potent derivative B3 and the metabolically stable deuterated compound C1. C1 exhibited significant antiproliferative properties in DNA repair-compromised cells and demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetics, showcasing that 3-hydroxymethyl-azetidine is an effective bio-isostere of pyrrolidin-3-ol and emphasizing the potential of AI in medicinal chemistry for precise molecular modifications.

Discovery of macrocyclic CDK2/4/6 inhibitors with improved potency and DMPK properties through a highly efficient macrocyclic drug design platform.

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are critical cell cycle regulators that are often overexpressed in tumors, making them promising targets for anti-cancer therapies. Despite substantial advancements in optimizing the selectivity and drug-like properties of CDK inhibitors, safety of multi-target inhibitors remains a significant challenge. Macrocyclization is a promising drug discovery strategy to improve the pharmacological properties of existing compounds. Here we report the development of a macrocyclization platform that enabled the highly efficient discovery of a novel, macrocyclic CDK2/4/6 inhibitor from an acyclic precursor (NUV422). Using dihedral angle scan and structure-based, computer-aided drug design to select an optimal ring-closing site and linker length for the macrocycle, we identified compound 8 as a potent new CDK2/4/6 inhibitor with optimized cellular potency and safety profile compared to NUV422. Our platform leverages both experimentally-solved as well as generative chemistry-derived macrocyclic structures and can be deployed to streamline the design of macrocyclic new drugs from acyclic starting compounds, yielding macrocyclic compounds with enhanced potency and improved drug-like properties.

Generation of host-directed and virus-specific antivirals using targeted protein degradation promoted by small molecules and viral RNA mimics.

Targeted protein degradation (TPD), as exemplified by proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC), is an emerging drug discovery platform. PROTAC molecules, which typically contain a target protein ligand linked to an E3 ligase ligand, recruit a target protein to the E3 ligase to induce its ubiquitination and degradation. Here, we applied PROTAC approaches to develop broad-spectrum antivirals targeting key host factors for many viruses and virus-specific antivirals targeting unique viral proteins. For host-directed antivirals, we identified a small-molecule degrader, FM-74-103, that elicits selective degradation of human GSPT1, a translation termination factor. FM-74-103-mediated GSPT1 degradation inhibits both RNA and DNA viruses. Among virus-specific antivirals, we developed viral RNA oligonucleotide-based bifunctional molecules (Destroyers). As a proof of principle, RNA mimics of viral promoter sequences were used as heterobifunctional molecules to recruit and target influenza viral polymerase for degradation. This work highlights the broad utility of TPD to rationally design and develop next-generation antivirals.

Learning Hand Kinematics for Parkinson's Disease Assessment Using a Multimodal Sensor Glove.

Hand dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease include rigidity, muscle weakness, and tremor, which can severely affect the patient's daily life. Herein, a multimodal sensor glove is developed for quantifying the severity of Parkinson's disease symptoms in patients' hands while assessing the hands' multifunctionality. Toward signal processing, various algorithms are used to quantify and analyze each signal: Exponentially Weighted Average algorithm and Kalman filter are used to filter out noise, normalization to process bending signals, K-Means Cluster Analysis to classify muscle strength grades, and Back Propagation Neural Network to identify and classify tremor signals with an accuracy of 95.83%. Given the compelling features, the flexibility, muscle strength, and stability assessed by the glove and the clinical observations are proved to be highly consistent with Kappa values of 0.833, 0.867, and 0.937, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficients obtained by reliability evaluation experiments for the three assessments are greater than 0.9, indicating that the system is reliable. The glove can be applied to assist in formulating targeted rehabilitation treatments and improve hand recovery efficiency.

Discovery of a First-in-Class Degrader for Nuclear Receptor Binding SET Domain Protein 2 (NSD2) and Ikaros/Aiolos.

Overexpression of nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 2 (NSD2) is frequent in multiple myeloma (MM). However, existing NSD2 inhibitors are largely ineffective in suppressing MM cell proliferation. Here, we report the discovery of a first-in-class NSD2 proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) degrader, 9 (MS159), and two structurally similar controls, 17 (MS159N1) and 18 (MS159N2), with diminished binding to the cereblon (CRBN) E3 ligase and NSD2, respectively. Compound 9, but not 17 and 18, effectively degraded NSD2 in a concentration-, time-, CRBN-, and proteasome-dependent manner. Compound 9 also effectively degraded CRBN neo-substrates IKZF1 and IKZF3, but not GSPT1. Importantly, compound 9 was much more effective in suppressing the growth in cancer cells than the parent NSD2 binder. Moreover, compound 9 was bioavailable in mice. Altogether, compound 9 and its two controls 17 and 18 are valuable chemical tools for exploring the roles of NSD2 in health and disease.

A NSD3-targeted PROTAC suppresses NSD3 and cMyc oncogenic nodes in cancer cells.

Nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 3 (NSD3), a gene located within the 8p11-p12 amplicon frequently detected in human cancers, encodes a chromatin modulator and an attractive onco-target. However, agents that effectively suppress NSD3-mediated oncogenic actions are currently lacking. We report the NSD3-targeting proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC), MS9715, which achieves effective and specific targeting of NSD3 and associated cMyc node in tumor cells. MS9715 is designed by linking BI-9321, a NSD3 antagonist, which binds NSD3's PWWP1 domain, with an E3 ligase VHL ligand. Importantly, MS9715, but not BI-9321, effectively suppresses growth of NSD3-dependent hematological cancer cells. Transcriptomic profiling demonstrates that MS9715, but not BI-9321, effectively suppresses NSD3-and cMyc-associated gene expression programs, resembling effects of the CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of NSD3. Collectively, these results suggest that pharmacological degradation of NSD3 as an attractive therapeutic strategy, which co-suppresses NSD3- and cMyc-related oncogenic nodes, is superior to blocking the PWWP1 domain of NSD3.

Harnessing the E3 Ligase KEAP1 for Targeted Protein Degradation.

Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) represent a new class of promising therapeutic modalities. PROTACs hijack E3 ligases and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), leading to selective degradation of the target proteins. However, only a very limited number of E3 ligases have been leveraged to generate effective PROTACs. Herein, we report that the KEAP1 E3 ligase can be harnessed for targeted protein degradation utilizing a highly selective, noncovalent small-molecule KEAP1 binder. We generated a proof-of-concept PROTAC, MS83, by linking the KEAP1 ligand to a BRD4/3/2 binder. MS83 effectively reduces protein levels of BRD4 and BRD3, but not BRD2, in cells in a concentration-, time-, KEAP1- and UPS-dependent manner. Interestingly, MS83 degrades BRD4/3 more durably than the CRBN-recruiting PROTAC dBET1 in MDA-MB-468 cells and selectively degrades BRD4 short isoform over long isoform in MDA-MB-231 cells. It also displays improved antiproliferative activity than dBET1. Overall, our study expands the limited toolbox for targeted protein degradation.

SOX11 Inhibitors Are Cytotoxic in Mantle Cell Lymphoma.

PURPOSE: Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a fatal subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. SOX11 transcription factor is overexpressed in the majority of nodal MCL. We have previously reported that B cell-specific overexpression of SOX11 promotes MCL pathogenesis via critically increasing BCR signaling in vivo. SOX11 is an attractive target for MCL therapy; however, no small-molecule inhibitor of SOX11 has been identified to date. Although transcription factors are generally considered undruggable, the ability of SOX11 to bind to the minor groove of DNA led us to hypothesize that there may exist cavities at the protein-DNA interface that are amenable to targeting by small molecules. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Using a combination of in silico predictions and experimental validations, we report here the discovery of three structurally related compounds (SOX11i) that bind SOX11, perturb its interaction with DNA, and effect SOX11-specific anti-MCL cytotoxicity. RESULTS: We find mechanistic validation of on-target activity of these SOX11i in the inhibition of BCR signaling and the transcriptional modulation of SOX11 target genes, specifically, in SOX11-expressing MCL cells. One of the three SOX11i exhibits relatively superior in vitro activity and displays cytotoxic synergy with ibrutinib in SOX11-expressing MCL cells. Importantly, this SOX11i induces cytotoxicity specifically in SOX11-positive ibrutinib-resistant MCL patient samples and inhibits Bruton tyrosine kinase phosphorylation in a xenograft mouse model derived from one of these subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our results provide a foundation for therapeutically targeting SOX11 in MCL by a novel class of small molecules.

Cancer Selective Target Degradation by Folate-Caged PROTACs.

PROTACs (proteolysis targeting chimeras) are an emerging class of promising therapeutic modalities that degrade intracellular protein targets by hijacking the cellular ubiquitin-proteasome system. However, potential toxicity of PROTACs in normal cells due to the off-tissue on-target degradation effect limits their clinical applications. Precise control of a PROTAC's on-target degradation activity in a tissue-selective manner could minimize potential toxicity/side-effects. To this end, we developed a cancer cell selective delivery strategy for PROTACs by conjugating a folate group to a ligand of the VHL E3 ubiquitin ligase, to achieve targeted degradation of proteins of interest (POIs) in cancer cells versus noncancerous normal cells. We show that our folate-PROTACs, including BRD PROTAC (folate-ARV-771), MEK PROTAC (folate-MS432), and ALK PROTAC (folate-MS99), are capable of degrading BRDs, MEKs, and ALK, respectively, in a folate receptor-dependent manner in cancer cells. This design provides a generalizable platform for PROTACs to achieve selective degradation of POIs in cancer cells.

A First-in-Class, Highly Selective and Cell-Active Allosteric Inhibitor of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 6.

Protein arginine methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6) catalyzes monomethylation and asymmetric dimethylation of arginine residues in various proteins, plays important roles in biological processes, and is associated with multiple cancers. To date, a highly selective PRMT6 inhibitor has not been reported. Here we report the discovery and characterization of a first-in-class, highly selective allosteric inhibitor of PRMT6, (R)-2 (SGC6870). (R)-2 is a potent PRMT6 inhibitor (IC50 = 77 ± 6 nM) with outstanding selectivity for PRMT6 over a broad panel of other methyltransferases and nonepigenetic targets. Notably, the crystal structure of the PRMT6-(R)-2 complex and kinetic studies revealed (R)-2 binds a unique, induced allosteric pocket. Additionally, (R)-2 engages PRMT6 and potently inhibits its methyltransferase activity in cells. Moreover, (R)-2's enantiomer, (S)-2 (SGC6870N), is inactive against PRMT6 and can be utilized as a negative control. Collectively, (R)-2 is a well-characterized PRMT6 chemical probe and a valuable tool for further investigating PRMT6 functions in health and disease.

Discovery of a First-in-Class Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6) Covalent Inhibitor.

Protein arginine methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6) plays important roles in several biological processes associated with multiple cancers. Well-characterized potent, selective, and cell-active PRMT6 inhibitors are invaluable tools for testing biological and therapeutic hypotheses. Although there are several known reversible PRMT6 inhibitors, covalent PRMT6 inhibitors have not been reported. Based on a cocrystal structure of PRMT6-MS023 (a type I PRMT inhibitor), we discovered the first potent and cell-active irreversible PRMT6 inhibitor, 4 (MS117). The covalent binding mode of compound 4 to PRMT6 was confirmed by mass spectrometry and kinetic studies and by a cocrystal structure. Compound 4 did not covalently modify other closely related PRMTs, potently inhibited PRMT6 in cells, and was selective for PRMT6 over other methyltransferases. We also developed two structurally similar control compounds, 5 (MS167) and 7 (MS168). We provide these valuable chemical tools to the scientific community for further studying PRMT6 physiological and pathophysiological functions.

Discovery of Potent and Selective Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Bifunctional Small-Molecule Degraders.

Several epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been developed and approved by Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancers, but their efficacy can be compromised by acquired drug resistance conferred by EGFR-mutant variants. Here, we described the discovery of a novel E3 ligase von Hippel-Lindau-recruiting EGFR degrader, MS39 (compound 6), and a first-in-class E3 ligase cereblon-recruiting EGFR degrader, MS154 (compound 10), using the proteolysis targeting chimera technology. These compounds potently induced the degradation of mutant but not wild-type EGFR in an E3 ligase-dependent manner in cancer cell lines and effectively suppressed the growth of lung cancer cells compared with the corresponding negative controls. The global proteomic analyses revealed that the compounds were highly selective for EGFR. Furthermore, both compounds were bioavailable in mouse pharmacokinetic studies, and compound 6 is the first EGFR degrader suitable for in vivo efficacy studies. Overall, we provide a set of well-characterized chemical tools to the research community.

Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Construction of Vicinal Tertiary and All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters by Allylation of ß-Ketocarbonyls with Morita-Baylis-Hillman Adducts.

Palladium-catalyzed regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselective allylic alkylation of ß-ketocarbonyls with Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts has been developed using a spiroketal-based diphosphine (SKP) as the ligand, thus affording a range of densely functionalized products bearing vicinal tertiary and all-carbon quaternary stereodyad in high selectivities. The utility of the protocol was demonstrated by the facile synthesis of some complex molecules by simple product transformations.

RT-PCR Differentiation, Molecular and Pathological Characterization of Andean and Ordinary Strains of Potato virus S in Potatoes in China.

A survey of potatoes in a field in Hubei, China, for common potato viruses revealed that Potato virus S (PVS) was the most abundant virus. To unveil the strain identity of the virus, primers specific to the ordinary and/or Andean strains of PVS (i.e., PVSO and PVSA) were designed. RT-PCR using these primers successfully detected PVSO and PVSA in the samples. Sequence analysis of the amplicons confirmed the correctness of the RT-PCR assay. Two isolates, PVS HB24 and PVS HB7, representing PVSO and PVSA, respectively, were chosen for molecular and biological characterization. Both isolates contained a genome of 8,453 nt in length with six open reading frames. They shared a sequence identity of 79.5% at the complete genome sequence level. Phylogenetic analysis placed PVS HB24 and PVS HB7 to PVSO and PVSA clades, respectively. PVS HB24 induced chlorotic local lesions on the inoculated leaves but no visible symptom on the upper uninoculated leaves of Chenopodium quinoa after mechanical inoculation, whereas PVS HB7 induced both local and systemic symptoms on C. quinoa. ELISA and RT-PCR confirmed that PVS HB7 infected C. quinoa systemically whereas PVS HB24 failed to do so. Both isolates infected potato cv. Shepody and Solanum chacoense asymptomatically, but did not infect Nicotiana occidentalis and N. tobaccum cv. Samsun.