PRL1 interacts with and stabilizes RPA2A to regulate carbon deprivation-induced senescence in Arabidopsis.

Leaf senescence is a developmental program regulated by both endogenous and environmental cues. Abiotic stresses such as nutrient deprivation can induce premature leaf senescence, which profoundly impacts plant growth and crop yield. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying stress-induced senescence are not fully understood. In this work, employing a carbon deprivation (C-deprivation)-induced senescence assay in Arabidopsis seedlings, we identified PLEIOTROPIC REGULATORY LOCUS 1 (PRL1), a component of the NineTeen Complex, as a negative regulator of C-deprivation-induced senescence. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PRL1 directly interacts with the RPA2A subunit of the single-stranded DNA-binding Replication Protein A (RPA) complex. Consistently, the loss of RPA2A leads to premature senescence, while increased expression of RPA2A inhibits senescence. Moreover, overexpression of RPA2A reverses the accelerated senescence in prl1 mutants, and the interaction with PRL1 stabilizes RPA2A under C-deprivation. In summary, our findings reveal the involvement of the PRL1-RPA2A functional module in C-deprivation-induced plant senescence.

[Application of triplet-primer PCR technology for the genetic testing and prenatal diagnosis of patients with Myotonic dystrophy type 1].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the application of triplet-primer PCR (TP-PCR) for the genetic testing and prenatal diagnosis in patients with Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). METHODS: A total of 60 individuals from 48 pedigrees undergoing genetic testing at the Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from May 2018 to October 2022 were selected as the study subjects. TP-PCR combined with capillary electrophoresis was applied to determine the number of CTG repeats of the DMPK gene, and prenatal testing was provided to four DM1 pedigrees. This study was approved by the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Ethics No. KS-2018-KY-36). RESULTS: A total of 52 DM1 patients were detected, mostly with muscle weakness, muscular atrophy and myotonia as the initial symptoms, along with typical myotonic potentials. Some patients also had abnormalities of other systems. The number of abnormal CTG repeats of the DMPK gene was > 50, whilst the number of CTG repeats on the normal allele had ranged from 5 to 18. The number of the most common normal CAG repeats was 6 (30.77%, 16/52). Among the four DM1 pedigrees undergoing prenatal diagnosis, one fetus was healthy, whilst three fetuses were found to have abnormal CTG repeats (> 50 times) and diagnosed with DM1. CONCLUSION: TP-PCR can diagnose DM1 patients with speed and accuracy. However, this method cannot accurately determine the number of CTG repeats when it exceeds 50.

[Mechanism of Huachansu Injection against colorectal cancer based on network pharmacology and cellular experimental].

This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of Huachansu Injection(HCSI) against colorectal cancer(CRC) using network pharmacology, molecular docking technology, and cellular experimental. This research group initially used LC-MS/MS to detect the content of 16 bufadienolides in HCSI. Ten bufadienolide components were selected based on a content threshold of greater than 10 ng·mL~(-1). Their potential targets were further predicted using the SwissTargetPrediction database. CRC-related targets were obtained through GeneCards, OMIM, TTD, and PharmGKB databases. The intersection targets of HCSI in the treatment of CRC were obtained through Venny. The "active component-target-disease" network and target protein-protein interaction(PPI) network were constructed via Cytoscape software. Core targets were screened based on the degree values. Gene Ontology(GO) function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed on these key targets. Molecular docking was conducted using AutoDock software on major bufadienolide active components and key targets. Different concentrations of HCSI, psi-bufarenogin(BUF), and bufotalin(BFT) were tested for their effects on cell viability, migration, and apoptosis rates in CRC HCT116 cells. Western blot was conducted to detect the expression of proteins related to the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in HCT116 cells. Eight main active components of HCSI, including arenobufagin, BUF, and BFT, as well as 20 key targets of HCSI in combating CRC, such as EGFR, IL6, and mTOR, were identified. Based on KEGG pathway enrichment and molecular docking results, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was selected for further verification. Cellular experimental demonstrated that HCSI, BUF, and BFT significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration abilities of HCT116 cells, induced apoptosis in these cells, and downregulated the expression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway-related proteins. This result suggests that HCSI, BUF, and BFT may exert their anti-CRC effects by regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway through targets such as mTOR and PIK3CA. This study provides theoretical evidence for exploring the active ingredients and mechanism of HCSI against CRC.

Assessment of Phenological Dynamics of Different Vegetation Types and Their Environmental Drivers with Near-Surface Remote Sensing: A Case Study on the Loess Plateau of China.

Plant phenology is an important indicator of the impact of climate change on ecosystems. We have continuously monitored vegetation phenology using near-surface remote sensing, i.e., the PhenoCam in a gully region of the Loess Plateau of China from March 2020 to November 2022. In each image, three regions of interest (ROIs) were selected to represent different types of vegetation (scrub, arbor, and grassland), and five vegetation indexes were calculated within each ROI. The results showed that the green chromatic coordinate (GCC), excess green index (ExG), and vegetation contrast index (VCI) all well-captured seasonal changes in vegetation greenness. The PhenoCam captured seasonal trajectories of different vegetation that reflect differences in vegetation growth. Such differences may be influenced by external abiotic environmental factors. We analyzed the nonlinear response of the GCC series to environmental variables with the generalized additive model (GAM). Our results suggested that soil temperature was an important driver affecting plant phenology in the Loess gully region, especially the scrub showed a significant nonlinear response to soil temperature change. Since in situ phenology monitoring experiments of the small-scale on the Loess Plateau are still relatively rare, our work provides a reference for further understanding of vegetation phenological variations and ecosystem functions on the Loess Plateau.

The Pan-Cancer Analysis Uncovers the Prognostic and Immunotherapeutic Significance of CD19 as an Immune Marker in Tumor.

Background: The specific cytotoxic effects of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy have led to impressive outcomes in individuals previously treated for B-cell malignancies. However, the specific biological role of CD19(+) target cells, which exert antitumor immunity against some solid tumors, remains to be elucidated. Methods: We collected information regarding the level of CD19 mRNA and protein expression from various databases including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER), Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx), and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) for both tumor and normal samples. To evaluate the patient's prognosis according to CD19 expression, a Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis and univariate Cox regression were performed. Furthermore, using the Estimation of Stromal and Immune Cells in Malignant Tumor Tissues Using the Expression Data (ESTIMATE) algorithm, we estimated the ratio of immune cells infiltrating malignant tumor tissues. Afterward, the GSCALite repository was employed to evaluate the vulnerability of tumors expressing CD19 to drugs used in chemotherapy. To validate the results in clinical samples of certain cancer types, immunohistochemistry was then performed. Results: Most tumor types exhibited CD19 expression differently, apart from colon adenocarcinoma (COAD). The early diagnostic value of CD19 has been demonstrated in 9 different tumor types, and the overexpression of CD19 has the potential to extend the survival duration of patients. Multiple tumors showed a positive correlation between CD19 expression and tumor mutation burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), and ESTIMATE score. Furthermore, a direct association was discovered between the expression of CD19 and the infiltration of immune cells, particularly in cases of breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA). Moreover, CD19 is highly sensitive to a variety of chemotherapy drugs. Conclusion: The study reveals the potential of CD19 as both a predictive biomarker and a target for different cancer immunotherapies.

Risk Management for Whole-Process Safe Disposal of Medical Waste: Progress and Challenges.

Over the past decade, the global outbreaks of SARS, influenza A (H1N1), COVID-19, and other major infectious diseases have exposed the insufficient capacity for emergency disposal of medical waste in numerous countries and regions. Particularly during epidemics of major infectious diseases, medical waste exhibits new characteristics such as accelerated growth rate, heightened risk level, and more stringent disposal requirements. Consequently, there is an urgent need for advanced theoretical approaches that can perceive, predict, evaluate, and control risks associated with safe disposal throughout the entire process in a timely, accurate, efficient, and comprehensive manner. This article provides a systematic review of relevant research on collection, storage, transportation, and disposal of medical waste throughout its entirety to illustrate the current state of safe disposal practices. Building upon this foundation and leveraging emerging information technologies like Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence (AI), we deeply contemplate future research directions with an aim to minimize risks across all stages of medical waste disposal while offering valuable references and decision support to further advance safe disposal practices.

Nurse-led sequential multiple assignment randomized trial of nudging intervention for early antiretroviral therapy initiation among patients with HIV/AIDS: Implementation study protocol.

AIMS: In China, more than 30% of patients have not initiated treatment within 30 days of HIV diagnosis. Delayed initiation has a detrimental influence on disease outcomes and increases HIV transmission. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse-led antiretroviral therapy initiation nudging intervention for people newly diagnosed with HIV in China to find the optimal intervention implementation strategy. METHODS: A Hybrid Type II sequential multiple assignment randomized trial will be conducted at four Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Hunan, China. This study will recruit 447 people newly diagnosed with HIV aged ≥18 years and randomly assign them into two intervention groups and one control group. On top of the regular counselling services and referrals, intervention groups will receive a 4-week, 2-phase intervention based on the dual-system theory and the nudge theory. The control group will follow the currently recommended referral procedures. The primary outcomes are whether treatment is initiated, as well as the length of time it takes. The study outcomes will be measured at the baseline, day 15, day 30, week 12, week 24 and week 48. Generalized estimating equations and survival analysis will be used to compare effectiveness and explore factors associated with antiretroviral therapy initiation. Both qualitative and quantitative information will be collected to assess implementation outcomes. DISCUSSION: Existing strategies mostly target institutional-level factors, with little consideration given to patients' decision-making. To close this gap, we aim to develop an effective theory-driven nudging strategy to improve early ART initiation. IMPACT: This nurse-led study will help to prevent delayed initiation by employing implementation science strategies for people newly diagnosed with HIV. This study contributes to the United Nations' objective of ending the AIDS pandemic by 2030. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2300070140. The trial was prospectively registered before the first participant was recruited. PATIENT AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT: The nudging intervention was finalized through the Nominal Group Technique where we invited five experts in the related field and five people living with HIV to participate.

Spatiotemporal dynamics and determinants of medical service efficiency in China.

BACKGROUND: Medical service efficiency is an important indicator for measuring the equity of medical services. Therefore, this study primarily focuses on investigating the spatiotemporal domain to explore both spatial and temporal characteristics, as well as influencing factors that affect medical service efficiency across diverse provinces in China. METHODS: The super Epsilon-based Measure (EBM) unexpected model has previously been utilized to quantify energy eco-efficiency, carbon emission efficiency, and green development efficiency. However, limited studies have applied this method to assess the efficiency of healthcare services. Therefore, this study investigates the application of the super-EBM-unexpected model in evaluating medical service efficiency, and further integrates spatial econometric models to explore the influencing factors of medical service efficiency and aims to identify potential avenues for improvement. RESULTS: The average efficiency of medical services in the 31 provinces of China ranges from 0.6 to 0.7, indicating predominantly low efficiency values. However, economically developed coastal areas exhibit relatively high efficiency levels above 1. Conversely, regions with relatively lower levels of economic development demonstrate lower efficiency rates at approximately 0.3. Evidently, substantial regional disparities exist. For the influencing factors, the enhancement of residents' living standards can effectively foster the medical service efficiency, while residential living standards of nearby areas can also exert an impact in this region. The influence of educational attainment on medical service efficiency exhibits a significant inhibitory effect. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of China's 31 provinces exhibit suboptimal medical service efficiency, with notable regional disparities. Future policy initiatives should be tailored to address the unique challenges faced by regions with lower levels of economic development, prioritizing enhancements in both the efficacy and quality of their healthcare systems.

Coronary sodium [18F]fluoride activity predicts outcomes post-CABG: a comparative evaluation with conventional metrics.

PURPOSE: The value of preoperative multidisciplinary approach remains inadequately delineated in forecasting postoperative outcomes of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Herein, we aimed to ascertain the efficacy of multi-modality cardiac imaging in predicting post-CABG cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS: Patients with triple coronary artery disease underwent cardiac sodium [18F]fluoride ([18F]NaF) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), coronary angiography, and CT-based coronary artery calcium scoring before CABG. The maximum coronary [18F]NaF activity (target-to-blood ratio [TBR]max) and the global coronary [18F]NaF activity (TBRglobal) was determined. The primary endpoint was perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) within 7-day post-CABG. Secondary endpoint included major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) and recurrent angina. RESULTS: This prospective observational study examined 101 patients for a median of 40 months (interquartile range: 19-47 months). Both TBRmax (odds ratio [OR] = 1.445; p = 0.011) and TBRglobal (OR = 1.797; P = 0.018) were significant predictors of PMI. TBRmax>3.0 (area under the curve [AUC], 0.65; sensitivity, 75.0%; specificity, 56.8%; p = 0.036) increased PMI risk by 3.661-fold, independent of external confounders. Kaplan-Meier test revealed a decrease in MACCE survival rate concomitant with an escalating TBRmax. TBRmax>3.6 (AUC, 0.70; sensitivity, 76.9%; specificity, 73.9%; p = 0.017) increased MACCEs risk by 5.520-fold. Both TBRmax (hazard ratio [HR], 1.298; p = 0.004) and TBRglobal (HR = 1.335; p = 0.011) were significantly correlated with recurrent angina. No significant associations were found between CAC and SYNTAX scores and between PMI occurrence and long-term MACCEs. CONCLUSION: Quantification of coronary microcalcification activity via [18F]NaF PET displayed a strong ability to predict early and long-term post-CABG cardiovascular outcomes, thereby outperforming conventional metrics of coronary macrocalcification burden and stenosis severity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Committee (number: ChiCTR1900022527; URL: www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=37933 ).

Endoplasmic reticulum protein ALTERED MERISTEM PROGRAM 1 negatively regulates senescence in Arabidopsis.

Plant senescence is a highly regulated developmental program crucial for nutrient reallocation and stress adaptation in response to developmental and environmental cues. Stress-induced and age-dependent natural senescence share both overlapping and distinct molecular responses and regulatory schemes. Previously, we have utilized a carbon-deprivation (C-deprivation) senescence assay using Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings to investigate senescence regulation. Here we conducted a comprehensive time-resolved transcriptomic analysis of Arabidopsis wild type seedlings subjected to C-deprivation treatment at multiple time points, unveiling substantial temporal changes and distinct gene expression patterns. Moreover, we identified ALTERED MERISTEM PROGRAM 1 (AMP1), encoding an endoplasmic reticulum protein, as a potential regulator of senescence based on its expression profile. By characterizing loss-of-function alleles and overexpression lines of AMP1, we confirmed its role as a negative regulator of plant senescence. Genetic analyses further revealed a synergistic interaction between AMP1 and the autophagy pathway in regulating senescence. Additionally, we discovered a functional association between AMP1 and the endosome-localized ABNORMAL SHOOT3 (ABS3)-mediated senescence pathway and positioned key senescence-promoting transcription factors downstream of AMP1. Overall, our findings shed light on the molecular intricacies of transcriptome reprogramming during C-deprivation-induced senescence and the functional interplay among endomembrane compartments in controlling plant senescence.

Changes in serum immunoglobulin G glycosylation patterns for antiphospholipid syndrome patients with lectin microarray.

Antiphospholipid syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by persistent antiphospholipid antibodies. Immunoglobulin G plays a vital role in disease progression, with its structure and function affected by glycosylation. We aimed to investigate the changes in the serum immunoglobulin G glycosylation pattern in antiphospholipid syndrome patients. We applied lectin microarray on samples from 178 antiphospholipid syndrome patients, 135 disease controls (including Takayasu arteritis, rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular disease) and 100 healthy controls. Lectin blots were performed for validation of significant differences. Here, we show an increased immunoglobulin G-binding level of soybean agglutinin (p = 0.047, preferring N-acetylgalactosamine) in antiphospholipid syndrome patients compared with healthy and disease controls. Additionally, the immunoglobulin G from antiphospholipid syndrome patients diagnosed with pregnancy events had lower levels of fucosylation (p = 0.001, recognized by Lotus tetragonolobus) and sialylation (p = 0.030, recognized by Sambucus nigra I) than those with simple thrombotic events. These results suggest the unique serum immunoglobulin G glycosylation profile of antiphospholipid syndrome patients, which may inform future studies to design biomarkers for more accurate diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome and even for the prediction of clinical symptoms in patients.

Transcriptome profiling of aerial and subterranean peanut pod development.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) showcases geocarpic behavior, transitioning from aerial flowering to subterranean seed development. We recently obtained an atavistic variant of this species, capable of producing aerial and subterranean pods on a single plant. Notably, although these pod types share similar vigor levels, they exhibit distinct differences in their physical aspects, such as pod size, color, and shell thickness. We constructed 63 RNA-sequencing datasets, comprising three biological replicates for each of 21 distinct tissues spanning six developmental stages for both pod types, providing a rich tapestry of the pod development process. This comprehensive analysis yielded an impressive 409.36 Gb of clean bases, facilitating the detection of 42,401 expressed genes. By comparing the transcriptomic data of the aerial and subterranean pods, we identified many differentially expressed genes (DEGs), highlighting their distinct developmental pathways. By providing a detailed workflow from the initial sampling to the final DEGs, this study serves as an important resource, paving the way for future research into peanut pod development and aiding transcriptome-based expression profiling and candidate gene identification.

Structure searches and superconductor discovery in XB2 (X = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, and Tc).

With extensive structure searches for XB2 (X = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, and Tc) under pressures up to 100 GPa, we uncovered that the crystal structures of these compounds with the lowest enthalpy have the same space group (P6/mmm) as MgB2 at ambient pressure. Among them, ScB2, TiB2 and VB2 are dynamically stable at ambient pressure, but they do not superconduct. CrB2 becomes dynamically stable at 108 GPa and shows superconductivity with a transition temperature (Tc) of 26.0 K. TcB2 is not dynamically stable until 9 GPa. At 20 GPa, it has a Tc of 23.5 K. Further calculations indicate that CrB2 and TcB2 are also thermodynamically stable, suggesting that it is highly likely that they can be synthesized successfully in the laboratory. We found that transition metal atoms (Cr/Tc) dominate soft phonon vibrations and make significant contributions to the electron-phonon coupling (EPC) and superconductivity in CrB2/TcB2, which is in strong contrast to the case of MgB2, where high-frequency B vibrations dominate the EPC and superconductivity. Our work enriches the understanding of superconductivity in transition metal borides.

Different roles of Ca2+ and chitohexose in peanut (Arachis Hypogaea) photosynthetic responses to PAMP-immunity.

Background: During active infections, plants prevent further spread of pathogenic microorganisms by inducing the rapid programmed death of cells around the infection point. This phenomenon is called the hypersensitive response and is a common feature of plant immune responses. Plants recognize conserved structures of pathogenic microorganisms, called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), e.g., flagellin 22 (flg22) and chitohexose, which bind to receptors on plant cells to induce various immune-response pathways. Although abiotic stresses are known to alter photosynthesis, the different effects of flg22 and chitohexose, which are involved into PAMP-induced signaling, on photosynthesis needs further study. Methods: In the present study, we assessed the role of PAMPs in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) photosynthesis, particularly, the interaction between PAMPs and Ca2+ signal transduction pathway. Results: Both flg22 and chitohexose significantly promoted the expression of the pathogenesis-related genes PR-4 and PR-10, as did Ca2+. We found that Ca2+ is involved in downregulating the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center activity induced by the flg22 immune response, but the role of chitohexose is not obvious. Additionally, Ca2+ significantly reduced the non-photochemical energy dissipation in the flg22- and chitohexose-induced immune response. Conclusion: These results indicated that flg22 and chitohexose can trigger peanut immune pathways through the Ca2+ signaling pathway, but they differ in their regulation of the activity of the PSII reaction center.

Network pharmacology and experimental validation to study the potential mechanism of Tongguanteng injection in regulating apoptosis in osteosarcoma.

OBJECTIVE: The main objectives of this study were to identify the active components of Tongguanteng injection (TGT) and investigate the preclinical efficacy and mechanism of TGT on osteosarcoma using a combination of network pharmacology and experimental validation. METHODS: To identify the active constituents and targets of TGT against osteosarcoma using network pharmacology, we constructed a network consisting of an 'active ingredient-disease-target-pathway' and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The target organ network was utilized to investigate the distribution of core targets in tissues. Afterwards, the core targets underwent Gene ontology (GO) functional enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. The binding energy between receptors and ligands was compared using molecular docking. In addition, SwissADME was employed to forecast the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the substances. Finally, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), cell proliferation assay, morphological analysis, apoptosis assay, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) detection, and Western blotting were utilized to confirm the potential mechanisms of TGT treatment in osteosarcoma cell lines 143B and SAOS2. RESULTS: A total of 54 chemical constituents of TGT and 71 targets associated with osteosarcoma were acquired. Through the molecular docking technology, Tenacigenin B, Marsdekoiside, Taraxasterol, Tenacissoside G, Tenacissoside L, and Tenacissoside J were identified as the primary active components of TGT among the various compounds. Analysis of target organs suggests that TGT may play an anti-osteosarcoma role through immune regulation. The GO and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that TGT could trigger osteosarcoma cell apoptosis by inhibiting the HIF-1 signalling pathway and modulating PD-1 expression and the PD-1 checkpoint pathway in cancer. SwissADME database predicted that Tenacigenin B and Taraxasterol had the best drug-likeness. In vitro studies also demonstrated that TGT suppressed the activity and induced alterations in the morphology of osteosarcoma cells. It decreased MMP levels, triggered apoptosis by increasing Bax expression and Caspase-3 activity, and decreased Bcl-2 expression, thereby exerting an anti-osteosarcoma effect. In the meantime, RT-PCR tests demonstrated that TGT could control immune response against tumors and hinder the proliferation and spread of cancerous cells by impacting the levels of critical factors, including JUN, HSP90AA1, HDAC1, and CDK1. CONCLUSION: The study accurately anticipated the active components, targets, and pathways of TGT in the management of osteosarcoma. The molecular mechanism of TGT-induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells was demonstrated by in vitro experiments. These results provide theoretical and technical support for TGT as a clinical adjuvant drug for osteosarcoma.

Key toxic components and sources affecting oxidative potential of atmospheric particulate matter using interpretable machine learning: Insights from fog episodes.

Fog significantly affects the air quality and human health. To investigate the health effects and mechanisms of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) during fog episodes, PM2.5 samples were collected from the coastal suburb of Qingdao during different seasons from 2021 to 2022, with the major chemical composition in PM2.5 analyzed. The oxidative potential (OP) of PM2.5 was determined using the dithiothreitol (DTT) method. A positive matrix factorization model was adopted for PM2.5. Interpretable machine learning (IML) was used to reveal and quantify the key components and sources affecting OP. PM2.5 exhibited higher oxidative toxicity during fog episodes. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), NH4+, K+, and water-soluble Fe positively affected the enhancement of DTTV (volume-based DTT activity) during fog episodes. The IML analysis demonstrated that WSOC and K+ contributed significantly to DTTV, with values of 0.31 ± 0.34 and 0.27 ± 0.22 nmol min-1 m-3, respectively. Regarding the sources, coal combustion and biomass burning contributed significantly to DTTV (0.40 ± 0.38 and 0.39 ± 0.36 nmol min-1 m-3, respectively), indicating the significant influence of combustion-related sources on OP. This study provides new insights into the effects of PM2.5 compositions and sources on OP by applying IML models.

Profile and clinical relevance of non-criteria antiphospholipid antibodies in patients diagnosed with or highly suspected of APS.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the positivity and relevance of non-criteria aPLs with clinical phenotypes in patients highly suspected of or diagnosed with APS. METHODS: Outpatient cases were included from a prospectively maintained database, and patients were grouped into APS (n = 168), seronegative APS (SNAPS, n = 9), those meeting the diagnostic criteria for clinical events without laboratory results (only-event, n = 15), those that had aPL positivity without clinical manifestations (asymptomatic APA, n = 39), and healthy controls (n = 88). Criteria aPL results and APS-related clinical features were extracted. Sixteen non-criteria aPLs were tested and analysed. RESULTS: LA, aCL and anti-ß2 glycoprotein-I were positive in 84.5%, 61.3% and 74.4% of APS patients, and 61.5%, 59.0% and 74.4% of asymptomatic APA patients, respectively. In patients negative for criteria serological tests, 23 out of 24 were positive for at least one non-criteria aPL. Triple-positive patients also had significantly higher tests of some aPLs in comparison with other groups. Stroke was associated with anti-phosphatidyl-inositol (aPI) IgG and anti-phosphatidyl-glycerol (aPG) IgG. Late embryonic loss correlated with aPI IgM, and premature birth/eclampsia was associated with aPI IgG and aPG IgG. There were also positive associations between heart valve lesions and anti-phosphatidylserine-prothrombin (aPS/PT) IgM, APS nephropathy and anti-phosphatidyl-choline IgG or aPS/PT IgG, and livedo reticularis and anti-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine IgM. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of non-criteria aPLs differed from diagnostic biomarkers in patients diagnosed with or suspected of APS. Detection of aPLs provided additive value in the evaluation of APS-related clinical manifestations.

Opioid-induced dysbiosis of maternal gut microbiota during gestation alters offspring gut microbiota and pain sensitivity.

There has been a rapid increase in neonates born with a history of prenatal opioid exposure. How prenatal opioid exposure affects pain sensitivity in offspring is of interest, as this may perpetuate the opioid epidemic. While few studies have reported hypersensitivity to thermal pain, potential mechanisms have not been described. This study posits that alterations in the gut microbiome may underly hypersensitivity to pain in prenatally methadone-exposed 3-week-old male offspring, which were generated using a mouse model of prenatal methadone exposure. Fecal samples collected from dams and their offspring were subjected to 16s rRNA sequencing. Thermal and mechanical pain were assessed using the tail flick and Von Frey assays. Transcriptomic changes in whole brain samples of opioid or saline-exposed offspring were investigated using RNA-sequencing, and midbrain sections from these animals were subjected to qPCR profiling of genes related to neuropathic and inflammatory pain pathways. Prenatal methadone exposure increased sensitivity to thermal and mechanical pain and elevated serum levels of IL-17a. Taxonomical analysis revealed that prenatal methadone exposure resulted in significant alterations in fecal gut microbiota composition, including depletion of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Lachnospiracea sp and increased relative abundance of Akkermansia, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, and Lachnoclostridium. Supplementation of the probiotic VSL#3 in dams rescued hypersensitivity to thermal and mechanical pain in prenatally methadone-exposed offspring. Similarly, cross-fostering prenatally methadone-exposed offspring to control dams also attenuated hypersensitivity to thermal pain in opioid-exposed offspring. Modulation of the maternal and neonatal gut microbiome with probiotics resulted in transcriptional changes in genes related to neuropathic and immune-related signaling in whole brain and midbrain samples of prenatally methadone-exposed offspring. Together, our work provides compelling evidence of the gut-brain-axis in mediating pain sensitivity in prenatally opioid-exposed offspring.

Non-pharmacological interventions for improving sleep in people living with HIV: a systematic narrative review.

Background: Sleep disturbances are common in people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and may lead to poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy and worsen HIV symptom severity. Due to the side effects of pharmacotherapy for sleep disturbances, there is more room for non-pharmacological interventions, but knowledge of how these non-pharmacological interventions have been used to improve sleep in people living with HIV (PLWH) is still missing. Objective: To investigate the content of non-pharmacological interventions, sleep measurements, and the impact of these interventions on improving sleep in PLWH. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic search on PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, and China Biology Medicine disc. Non-pharmacological interventions for improving sleep in PLWH were included, and study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklists. We performed a narrative approach to synthesize the data to better understand the details and complexity of the interventions. Results: Fifteen experimental studies in three categories for improving sleep in PLWH were included finally, including psychological interventions (components of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia or mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, n = 6), physical interventions (auricular plaster therapy, acupuncture, and exercise, n = 8), and elemental interventions (speed of processing training with transcranial direct current stimulation, n = 1). Wrist actigraphy, sleep diary, and self-reported scales were used to measure sleep. Psychological interventions and physical interventions were found to have short-term effects on HIV-related sleep disturbances. Conclusions: Psychological and physical interventions of non-pharmacological interventions can potentially improve sleep in PLWH, and the combination of patient-reported outcomes and actigraphy devices can help measure sleep comprehensively. Future non-pharmacological interventions need to follow protocols with evidence-based dosing, contents, and measures to ensure their sustainable and significant effects.