Quantifying Hemodynamic Cardiac Stress and Cardiomyocyte Injury in Normotensive and Hypertensive Acute Heart Failure.

BACKGROUND: The characterization of the different pathophysiological mechanisms involved in normotensive versus hypertensive acute heart failure (AHF) might help to develop individualized treatments. METHODS: The extent of hemodynamic cardiac stress and cardiomyocyte injury was quantified by measuring the B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP), and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) concentrations in 1152 patients presenting with centrally adjudicated AHF to the emergency department (ED) (derivation cohort). AHF was classified as normotensive with a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 90-140 mmHg and hypertensive with SBP > 140 mmHg at presentation to the ED. Findings were externally validated in an independent AHF cohort (n = 324). RESULTS: In the derivation cohort, with a median age of 79 years, 43% being women, 667 (58%) patients had normotensive and 485 (42%) patients hypertensive AHF. Hemodynamic cardiac stress, as quantified by the BNP and NT-proBNP, was significantly higher in normotensive as compared to hypertensive AHF [1105 (611-1956) versus 827 (448-1419) pg/mL, and 5890 (2959-12,162) versus 4068 (1986-8118) pg/mL, both p < 0.001, respectively]. Similarly, the extent of cardiomyocyte injury, as quantified by hs-cTnT, was significantly higher in normotensive AHF as compared to hypertensive AHF [41 (24-71) versus 33 (19-59) ng/L, p < 0.001]. A total of 313 (28%) patients died during 360 days of follow-up. All-cause mortality was higher in patients with normotensive AHF vs. patients with hypertensive AHF (hazard ratio 1.66, 95%CI 1.31-2.10; p < 0.001). Normotensive patients with a high BNP, NT-proBNP, or hs-cTnT had the highest mortality. The findings were confirmed in the validation cohort. CONCLUSION: Biomarker profiling revealed a higher extent of hemodynamic stress and cardiomyocyte injury in patients with normotensive versus hypertensive AHF.

Comprehensive vasodilatation in women with acute heart failure: Novel insights from the GALACTIC randomized controlled trial.

AIMS: Sex-specific differences in acute heart failure (AHF) are both relevant and underappreciated. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the risk/benefit ratio and the implementation of novel AHF therapies in women and men separately. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a pre-defined sex-specific analysis in AHF patients randomized to a strategy of early intensive and sustained vasodilatation versus usual care in an international, multicentre, open-label, blinded endpoint trial. Inclusion criteria were AHF with increased plasma concentrations of natriuretic peptides, systolic blood pressure ≥100 mmHg, and plan for treatment in a general ward. Among 781 eligible patients, 288 (37%) were women. Women were older (median 83 vs. 76 years), had a lower body weight (median 64.5 vs. 77.6 kg) and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (median 48 vs. 54 ml/min/1.73 m2 ). The primary endpoint, a composite of all-cause mortality or rehospitalization for AHF at 180 days, showed a significant interaction of treatment strategy and sex (p for interaction = 0.03; hazard ratio adjusted for female sex 1.62, 95% confidence interval 1.05-2.50; p = 0.03). The combined endpoint occurred in 53 women (38%) in the intervention group and in 35 (24%) in the usual care group. The implementation of rapid up-titration of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors was less successful in women versus men in the overall cohort and in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (median discharge % target dose in patients randomized to intervention: 50% in women vs. 75% in men). CONCLUSION: Rapid up-titration of RAAS inhibitors was less successfully implemented in women possibly explaining their higher rate of all-cause mortality and rehospitalization for AHF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, unique identifier NCT00512759.

Quantifying inflammation using interleukin-6 for improved phenotyping and risk stratification in acute heart failure.

AIMS: Systemic inflammation may be central in the pathophysiology of acute heart failure (AHF). We aimed to assess the possible role of systemic inflammation in the pathophysiology, phenotyping, and risk stratification of patients with AHF. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using a novel Interleukin-6 immunoassay with unprecedented sensitivity (limit of detection 0.01 ng/L), we quantified systemic inflammation in unselected patients presenting with acute dyspnoea to the emergency department in a multicentre study. One-year mortality was the primary prognostic endpoint. Among 2042 patients, 1026 (50.2%) had an adjudicated diagnosis of AHF, 83.7% of whom had elevated interleukin-6 concentrations (>4.45 ng/L). Interleukin-6 was significantly higher in AHF patients compared to patients with other causes of dyspnoea (11.2 [6.1-26.5] ng/L vs. 9.0 [3.2-32.3] ng/L, p < 0.0005). Elevated interleukin-6 concentrations were independently predicted by increasing N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T, as well as the clinical diagnosis of infection. Among the different AHF phenotypes, interleukin-6 concentrations were highest in patients with cardiogenic shock (25.7 [14.0-164.2] ng/L) and lowest in patients with hypertensive AHF (9.3 [4.8-21.6] ng/L, p = 0.001). Inflammation as quantified by interleukin-6 was a strong and independent predictor of 1-year mortality both in all AHF patients, as well as those without clinically overt infection at presentation (adjusted hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] 1.45 [1.15-1.83] vs. 1.48 [1.09-2.00]). The addition of interleukin-6 significantly improved the discrimination of the BIOSTAT-CHF risk score. CONCLUSION: An unexpectedly high percentage of patients with AHF have subclinical systemic inflammation as quantified by interleukin-6, which seems to contribute to AHF phenotype and to the risk of death.

Clinical effect of obesity on N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide cut-off concentrations for the diagnosis of acute heart failure.

AIMS: Obese patients have lower natriuretic peptide concentrations. We hypothesized that adjusting the concentration of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) for obesity could further increase its clinical utility in the early diagnosis of acute heart failure (AHF). METHODS AND RESULTS: This hypothesis was tested in a prospective diagnostic study enrolling unselected patients presenting to the emergency department with acute dyspnoea. Two independent cardiologists/internists centrally adjudicated the final diagnosis using all individual patient information including cardiac imaging. NT-proBNP plasma concentrations were applied: first, using currently recommended cut-offs; second, using cut-offs lowered by 33% with body mass index (BMI) of 30-34.9 kg/m2 and by 50% with BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 . Among 2038 patients, 509 (25%) were obese, of which 271 (53%) had AHF. The diagnostic accuracy of NT-proBNP as quantified by the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was lower in obese versus non-obese patients (0.890 vs. 0.938). For rapid AHF rule-out in obese patients, the currently recommended cut-off of 300 pg/ml achieved a sensitivity of 96.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 93.8-98.2%), ruling out 29% of patients and missing 9 AHF patients. For rapid AHF rule-in, the age-dependent cut-off concentrations (age <50 years: 450 pg/ml; age 50-75 years: 900 pg/ml; age >75 years: 1800 pg/ml) achieved a specificity of 84.9% (95% CI 79.8-88.9%). Proportionally lowering the currently recommended cut-offs by BMI increased sensitivity to 98.2% (95% CI 95.8-99.2%), missing 5 AHF patients; reduced the proportion of AHF patients remaining in the 'gray zone' (48% vs. 26%; p = 0.002), achieving a specificity of 76.5% (95% CI 70.7-81.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Adjusting NT-proBNP concentrations for obesity seems to further increase its clinical utility in the early diagnosis of AHF.

Diurnal Variations in Natriuretic Peptide Levels: Clinical Implications for the Diagnosis of Acute Heart Failure.

BACKGROUND: Current guidelines recommend interpreting concentrations of NPs (natriuretic peptides) irrespective of the time of presentation to the emergency department. We hypothesized that diurnal variations in NP concentration may affect their diagnostic accuracy for acute heart failure. METHODS: In a secondary analysis of a multicenter diagnostic study enrolling patients presenting with acute dyspnea to the emergency department and using central adjudication of the final diagnosis by 2 independent cardiologists, the diagnostic accuracy for acute heart failure of BNP (B-type NP), NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-B-type NP), and MR-proANP (midregional pro-atrial NP) was compared among 1577 daytime presenters versus 908 evening/nighttime presenters. In a validation study, the presence of a diurnal rhythm in BNP and NT-proBNP concentrations was examined by hourly measurements in 44 stable individuals. RESULTS: Among patients adjudicated to have acute heart failure, BNP, NT-proBNP, and MR-proANP concentrations were comparable among daytime versus evening/nighttime presenters (all P=nonsignificant). Contrastingly, among patients adjudicated to have other causes of dyspnea, evening/nighttime presenters had lower BNP (median, 44 [18-110] versus 74 [27-168] ng/L; P<0.01) and NT-proBNP (median, 212 [72-581] versus 297 [102-902] ng/L; P<0.01) concentrations versus daytime presenters. This resulted in higher diagnostic accuracy as quantified by the area under the curve of BNP and NT-proBNP among evening/nighttime presenters (0.97 [95% CI, 0.95-0.98] and 0.95 [95% CI, 0.93-0.96] versus 0.94 [95% CI, 0.92-0.95] and 0.91 [95% CI, 0.90-0.93]) among daytime presenters (both P<0.01). These differences were not observed for MR-proANP. Diurnal variation of BNP and NT-proBNP with lower evening/nighttime concentration was confirmed in 44 stable individuals (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: BNP and NT-proBNP, but not MR-proANP, exhibit a diurnal rhythm that results in even higher diagnostic accuracy among evening/nighttime presenters versus daytime presenters. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; Unique identifiers: NCT01831115, NCT02091427, and NCT02210897.

Activity of the adrenomedullin system to personalise post-discharge diuretic treatment in acute heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Quantifying the activity of the adrenomedullin system might help to monitor and guide treatment in acute heart failure (AHF) patients. The aims were to (1) identify AHF patients with marked benefit or harm from specific treatments at hospital discharge and (2) predict mortality by quantifying the adrenomedullin system activity. METHODS: This was a prospective multicentre study. AHF diagnosis and phenotype were centrally adjudicated by two independent cardiologists among patients presenting to the emergency department with acute dyspnoea. Adrenomedullin system activity was quantified using the biologically active component, bioactive adrenomedullin (bio-ADM), and a prohormone fragment, midregional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM). Bio-ADM and MR-proADM concentrations were measured in a blinded fashion at presentation and at discharge. Interaction with specific treatments at discharge and the utility of these biomarkers on predicting outcomes during 365-day follow-up were assessed. RESULTS: Among 1886 patients with adjudicated AHF, 514 patients (27.3%) died during 365-day follow-up. After adjusting for age, creatinine, and treatment at discharge, patients with bio-ADM plasma concentrations above the median (> 44.6 pg/mL) derived disproportional benefit if treated with diuretics (interaction p values < 0.001). These findings were confirmed when quantifying adrenomedullin system activity using MR-proADM (n = 764) (interaction p values < 0.001). Patients with bio-ADM plasma concentrations above the median were at increased risk of death (hazard ratio 1.87, 95% CI 1.57-2.24; p < 0.001). For predicting 365-day all-cause mortality, both biomarkers performed well, with MR-proADM presenting an even higher predictive accuracy compared to bio-ADM (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Quantifying the adrenomedullin's system activity may help to personalise post-discharge diuretic treatment and enable accurate risk-prediction in AHF.

Readmission following both cardiac and non-cardiac acute dyspnoea is associated with a striking risk of death.

AIMS: Readmission and mortality are the most common and often combined endpoints in acute heart failure (AHF) trials, but an association between these two outcomes is poorly investigated. The aim of this study was to determine whether unplanned readmission is associated with a greater subsequent risk of death in patients with acute dyspnoea due to cardiac and non-cardiac causes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Derivation cohort (1371 patients from the LEDA study) and validation cohort (1986 patients from the BASEL V study) included acute dyspnoea patients admitted to the emergency department. Cox regression analysis was used to determine the association of 6 month readmission and the risk of 1 year all-cause mortality in AHF and non-AHF patients and those readmitted due to cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular causes. In the derivation cohort, 666 (49%) of patients were readmitted at 6 months and 282 (21%) died within 1 year. Six month readmission was associated with an increased 1 year mortality risk in both the derivation cohort [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 3.0 (95% confidence interval, CI 2.2-4.0), P < 0.001] and the validation cohort (aHR 1.8, 95% CI 1.4-2.2, P < 0.001). The significant association was similarly observed in AHF (aHR 3.2, 95% CI 2.1-4.9, P < 0.001) and other causes of acute dyspnoea (aHR 2.9, 95% CI 1.9-4.5, P < 0.001), and it did not depend on the aetiology [aHR 2.2, 95% CI 1.6-3.1 for cardiovascular readmissions; aHR 4.1, 95% CI 2.9-5.7 for non-cardiovascular readmissions (P < 0.001 for both)] or timing of readmission. CONCLUSION​S: Our study demonstrated a long-lasting detrimental association between readmission and death in AHF and non-AHF patients with acute dyspnoea. These patients should be considered 'vulnerable patients' that require personalized follow-up for an extended period.

Cardiac myosin-binding protein C in the diagnosis and risk stratification of acute heart failure.

AIMS: Cardiac myosin-binding protein C (cMyC) seems to be even more sensitive in the quantification of cardiomyocyte injury vs. high-sensitivity cardiac troponin, and may therefore have diagnostic and prognostic utility. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a prospective multicentre diagnostic study, cMyC, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT), and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) plasma concentrations were measured in blinded fashion in patients presenting to the emergency department with acute dyspnoea. Two independent cardiologists centrally adjudicated the final diagnosis. Diagnostic accuracy for acute heart failure (AHF) was quantified by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). All-cause mortality within 360 days was the prognostic endpoint. Among 1083 patients eligible for diagnostic analysis, 51% had AHF. cMyC concentrations at presentation were higher among AHF patients vs. patients with other final diagnoses [72 (interquartile range, IQR 39-156) vs. 22 ng/L (IQR 12-42), P < 0.001)]. cMyC's AUC was high [0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.78-0.83], higher than hs-cTnT's (0.79, 95% CI 0.76-0.82, P = 0.081) and lower than NT-proBNP's (0.91, 95% CI 0.89-0.93, P < 0.001). Among 794 AHF patients eligible for prognostic analysis, 28% died within 360 days; cMyC plasma concentrations above the median indicated increased risk of death (hazard ratio 2.19, 95% CI 1.66-2.89; P < 0.001). cMyC's prognostic accuracy was comparable with NT-proBNP's and hs-cTnT's. cMyC did not independently predict all-cause mortality when used in validated multivariable regression models. In novel multivariable regression models including medication, age, left ventricular ejection fraction, and discharge creatinine, cMyC remained an independent predictor of death and had no interactions with medical therapies at discharge. CONCLUSION: Cardiac myosin-binding protein C may aid physicians in the rapid triage of patients with suspected AHF.

Mortality prediction in acute heart failure: scores or biomarkers?

Acute heart failure (AHF) is a complex and heterogeneous syndrome not only associated with a concerning rise in incidence, but also with still unacceptably high rates of mortality and morbidity. As this dismal outcome is at least in part due to a mismatch between the severity of AHF and the intensity of its management, both in-hospital and immediately after discharge, early and accurate risk prediction could contribute to more effective, risk-adjusted management. Biomarkers are noninvasive and highly reproducible quantitative tools that have improved the understanding of AHF pathophysiology. They can help guide the intensity of AHF management. In addition, using a statistical model to estimate risk from a combination of several predictor variables such as vital signs or demographics has gained more and more attention over recent years. In this context, the aim of a statistical model, which gives a so-called risk score, is to help clinicians to make more standardised decisions. This review highlights recent advances and remaining uncertainties regarding risk stratification in AHF by characterising and comparing the potential of biomarkers and risk scores.  .

Mildly symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations.

AIMS: Whereas up to about half of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) report no or only mild symptoms and are considered as clinically stable, the progressive nature of HFrEF, often silent, renders clinical stability a misleading situation, especially if disease progression is unrecognized. We highlight the challenges in the definition of clinical stability and mild symptomatic status in HFrEF, outline clinical characteristics and available diagnostic tools, and discuss evidence and gaps in the current guidelines for the management of these patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: This is a state-of-the-art review that focuses on clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects in mildly symptomatic HFrEF patients; summarizes the challenges; and proposes directions for future research in this group of patients. The New York Heart Association classification has been widely used as a measure of prognosis in HFrEF, but it lacks objectivity and reproducibility in terms of symptoms assessment. The definition of clinical stability as described in current guidelines is vague and may often lead to underdiagnosis of disease progression in patients who appear to be 'stable' but in fact are at an increased risk of clinical worsening, hospitalization, or death. Although an increasing number of clinical trials proved that the efficacy of HFrEF therapies was unrelated to the symptomatic status of patients and led to their implementation early in the course of the disease, clinical inertia in terms of under-prescription or underdosing of guideline-recommended medications in mildly symptomatic HFrEF patients is still a challenging issue to deal with. CONCLUSIONS: Mildly symptomatic status in a patient with HFrEF is very frequent; it should not be ignored and should not be regarded as an index of disease stability. The application of risk scores designed to predict mortality and mode of death should be engaged among mildly symptomatic patients, not only to identify the most suitable HF candidates for cardioverter defibrillator implantation, but also to identify patients who might benefit from early intensification of medical treatment before the implementation of more interventional approaches.

Diagnostic and prognostic values of the QRS-T angle in patients with suspected acute decompensated heart failure.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic utility of the QRS-T angle, an electrocardiogram (ECG) marker quantifying depolarization-repolarization heterogeneity, in patients with suspected acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). METHODS AND RESULTS: We prospectively enrolled unselected patients presenting to the emergency department with symptoms suggestive of ADHF. The QRS-T angle was automatically derived from a standard 12-lead ECG recorded at presentation. The primary diagnostic endpoint was a final adjudicated diagnosis of ADHF. The primary prognostic endpoint was all-cause mortality during 2 years of follow-up. Among the 1915 patients enrolled, those with higher QRS-T angles were older, were more commonly male, and had a higher rate of co-morbidities such as arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease, or chronic kidney disease. ADHF was the final adjudicated diagnosis in 1140 (60%) patients. The QRS-T angle in patients with ADHF was significantly larger than in patients with non-cardiac causes of dyspnoea {median 110° [inter-quartile range (IQR) 46-156°] vs. median 33° [IQR 15-57°], P < 0.001}. The diagnostic accuracy of the QRS-T angle as quantified by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.75 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73-0.77, P < 0.001], which was inferior to N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (AUC 0.93, 95% CI 0.92-0.94, P < 0.001), but similar to that of high-sensitivity troponin T (AUC 0.78, 95% CI 0.76-0.80, P = 0.09). The AUC of the QRS-T angle for discrimination between ADHF and non-cardiac dyspnoea remained similarly high in subgroups of patients known to be diagnostically challenging, including patients older than 75 years [0.71 (95% CI 0.67-0.74)], renal failure [0.79 (95% CI 0.71-0.87)], and atrial fibrillation at presentation [0.68 (95% CI 0.60-0.76)]. Mortality rates according to QRS-T angle tertiles were 4%, 6%, and 10% after 30 days (P < 0.001) and 24%, 31%, and 43% after 2 years (P < 0.001). After adjustment for clinical, laboratory, and ECG parameters, the QRS-T angle remained an independent predictor for 2 year mortality with a 4% increase in mortality for every 20° increase in QRS-T angle (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The QRS-T angle is a readily available and inexpensive marker that can assist in the discrimination between ADHF and non-cardiac causes of acute dyspnoea and may aid in the risk stratification of these patients.

Effect of a Strategy of Comprehensive Vasodilation vs Usual Care on Mortality and Heart Failure Rehospitalization Among Patients With Acute Heart Failure: The GALACTIC Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Short-term infusions of single vasodilators, usually given in a fixed dose, have not improved outcomes in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). Objective: To evaluate the effect of a strategy that emphasized early intensive and sustained vasodilation using individualized up-titrated doses of established vasodilators in patients with AHF. Design, Setting, and Participants: Randomized, open-label blinded-end-point trial enrolling 788 patients hospitalized for AHF with dyspnea, increased plasma concentrations of natriuretic peptides, systolic blood pressure of at least 100 mm Hg, and plan for treatment in a general ward in 10 tertiary and secondary hospitals in Switzerland, Bulgaria, Germany, Brazil, and Spain. Enrollment began in December 2007 and follow-up was completed in February 2019. Interventions: Patients were randomized 1:1 to a strategy of early intensive and sustained vasodilation throughout the hospitalization (n = 386) or usual care (n = 402). Early intensive and sustained vasodilation was a comprehensive pragmatic approach of maximal and sustained vasodilation combining individualized doses of sublingual and transdermal nitrates, low-dose oral hydralazine for 48 hours, and rapid up-titration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, or sacubitril-valsartan. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was a composite of all-cause mortality or rehospitalization for AHF at 180 days. Results: Among 788 patients randomized, 781 (99.1%; median age, 78 years; 36.9% women) completed the trial and were eligible for primary end point analysis. Follow-up at 180 days was completed for 779 patients (99.7%). The primary end point, a composite of all-cause mortality or rehospitalization for AHF at 180 days, occurred in 117 patients (30.6%) in the intervention group (including 55 deaths [14.4%]) and in 111 patients (27.8%) in the usual care group (including 61 deaths [15.3%]) (absolute difference for the primary end point, 2.8% [95% CI, -3.7% to 9.3%]; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.07 [95% CI, 0.83-1.39]; P = .59). The most common clinically significant adverse events with early intensive and sustained vasodilation vs usual care were hypokalemia (23% vs 25%), worsening renal function (21% vs 20%), headache (26% vs 10%), dizziness (15% vs 10%), and hypotension (8% vs 2%). Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with AHF, a strategy of early intensive and sustained vasodilation, compared with usual care, did not significantly improve a composite outcome of all-cause mortality and AHF rehospitalization at 180 days. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00512759.

Predicting Major Adverse Events in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND: Early and accurate detection of short-term major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is an unmet clinical need. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that adding clinical judgment and electrocardiogram findings to the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) measurement at presentation and after 1 h (ESC hs-cTn 0/1 h algorithm) would further improve its performance to predict MACE. METHODS: Patients presenting to an emergency department with suspected AMI were enrolled in a prospective, multicenter diagnostic study. The primary endpoint was MACE, including all-cause death, cardiac arrest, AMI, cardiogenic shock, sustained ventricular arrhythmia, and high-grade atrioventricular block within 30 days including index events. The secondary endpoint was MACE + unstable angina (UA) receiving early (≤24 h) revascularization. RESULTS: Among 3,123 patients, the ESC hs-cTnT 0/1 h algorithm triaged significantly more patients toward rule-out compared with the extended algorithm (60%; 95% CI: 59% to 62% vs. 45%; 95% CI: 43% to 46%; p < 0.001), while maintaining similar 30-day MACE rates (0.6%; 95% CI: 0.3% to 1.1% vs. 0.4%; 95% CI: 0.1% to 0.9%; p = 0.429), resulting in a similar negative predictive value (99.4%; 95% CI: 98.9% to 99.6% vs. 99.6%; 95% CI: 99.2% to 99.8%; p = 0.097). The ESC hs-cTnT 0/1 h algorithm ruled-in fewer patients (16%; 95% CI: 14.9% to 17.5% vs. 26%; 95% CI: 24.2% to 27.2%; p < 0.001) compared with the extended algorithm, albeit with a higher positive predictive value (76.6%; 95% CI: 72.8% to 80.1% vs. 59%; 95% CI: 55.5% to 62.3%; p < 0.001). For 30-day MACE + UA, the ESC hs-cTnT 0/1 h algorithm had a higher positive predictive value for rule-in, whereas the extended algorithm had a higher negative predictive value for the rule-out. Similar findings emerged when using hs-cTnI. CONCLUSIONS: The ESC hs-cTn 0/1 h algorithm better balanced efficacy and safety in the prediction of MACE, whereas the extended algorithm is the preferred option for the rule-out of 30-day MACE + UA. (Advantageous Predictors of Acute Coronary Syndromes Evaluation [APACE]; NCT00470587).

B-Type Natriuretic Peptides and Cardiac Troponins for Diagnosis and Risk-Stratification of Syncope.

BACKGROUND: The utility of BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide), NT-proBNP (N-terminal proBNP), and hs-cTn (high-sensitivity cardiac troponin) concentrations for diagnosis and risk-stratification of syncope is incompletely understood. METHODS: We evaluated the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of BNP, NT-proBNP, hs-cTnT, and hs-cTnI concentrations, alone and against those of clinical assessments, in patients >45-years old presenting with syncope to the emergency department in a prospective diagnostic multicenter study. BNP, NT-proBNP, hs-cTnT and hs-cTnI concentrations were measured in a blinded fashion. Cardiac syncope, as adjudicated by 2 physicians based on all information available including cardiac work-up and 1-year follow-up, was the diagnostic end point. EGSYS (Evaluation of Guidelines in Syncope Study), a syncope-specific diagnostic score, served as the diagnostic comparator. Death and major adverse cardiac events at 30 and 720 days were the prognostic end points. Major adverse cardiac events were defined as death, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, life-threatening arrhythmia, implantation of pacemaker/implantable cardioverter defibrillator, acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, stroke/transient ischemic attack, intracranial bleeding, or valvular surgery. ROSE (Risk Stratification of Syncope in the Emergency Department), OESIL (Osservatorio Epidemiologico della Sincope nel Lazio), SFSR (San Fransisco Syncope Rule), and CSRS (Canadian Syncope Risk Score) served as the prognostic comparators. RESULTS: Among 1538 patients eligible for diagnostic assessment, cardiac syncope was the adjudicated diagnosis in 234 patients (15.2%). BNP, NT-proBNP, hs-cTnT, and hs-cTnI were significantly higher in cardiac syncope versus other causes (P<0.01). The diagnostic accuracy for cardiac syncope, as quantified by the area under the curve, was 0.77 to 0.78 (95% CI, 0.74-0.81) for all 4 biomarkers, and superior to EGSYS (area under the curve, 0.68 [95%-CI 0.65-0.71], P<0.001). Combining BNP/NT-proBNP with hs-cTnT/hs-cTnI further improved diagnostic accuracy to an area under the curve of 0.81 (P<0.01). BNP, NT-proBNP, hs-cTnT, and hs-cTnI cut-offs, achieving predefined thresholds for sensitivity and specificity (95%), allowed for rule-in or rule-out of ≈30% of all patients. A total of 450 major adverse cardiac events occurred during follow-up. The prognostic accuracy of BNP, NT-proBNP, hs-cTnI, and hs-cTnT for major adverse cardiac events was moderate-to-good (area under the curve, 0.75-0.79), superior to ROSE, OESIL, and SFSR, and inferior to CSRS. CONCLUSIONS: BNP, NT-proBNP, hs-cTnT, and hs-cTnI concentrations provide useful diagnostic and prognostic information in emergency department patients with syncope. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov. Unique identifier: NCT01548352.