The reflective function questionnaire for youth: Hungarian adaptation and evaluation of associations with quality of life and psychopathology.

An important correlate of mental health problems is mentalizing capacity, which appears to be particularly influential during adolescence. However, quality of life has not been studied in relation to mentalizing capacity among adolescents. This study aimed to translate the Reflective Function Questionnaire for Youth (RFQY) into Hungarian, present its psychometric properties, and assess its relationship with demographic characteristics, psychopathology and quality of life. A community sample of 384 youths aged 12-18 years completed the RFQY, the Measure of Quality of Life for Children and Adolescents, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. First, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis with direct oblimin rotation on the RFQY items. Next, we assessed the associations between the RFQY and demographics, quality of life, and psychopathology. The EFA resulted in four factors: Internal-self, Internal-other, Self-other, and Strong emotions. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the scales were .81, .82, .67, and .80, respectively. The subscales were uniquely associated with psychopathology and quality of life. Our study provides the first psychometric support for the Hungarian version of the RFQY and indicates that adolescents suffering from internalizing, externalizing symptoms or lower levels of quality of life could benefit from interventions aimed at enhancing mentalizing capacity.

An important correlate of mental health problems is mentalizing capacity, which appears to be particularly influential during adolescence. However, quality of life has not been studied in relation to mentalizing capacity among adolescents. This study aimed to translate the Reflective Function Questionnaire for Youth (RFQY) into Hungarian, present its psychometric properties, and assess its relationship with demographic characteristics, psychopathology and quality of life. A community sample of 384 youths between the ages of 12 and 18 completed the RFQY, the Measure of Quality of Life for Children and Adolescents, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Our study provides the first psychometric support for the Hungarian version of the RFQY and indicates that adolescents suffering from internalizing, externalizing symptoms or lower levels of quality of life could benefit from interventions aimed at enhancing mentalizing capacity.

[The role of personal strengths in the relationship between adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms and perceived stress]. / A személyes erosségek szerepe a felnottkori figyelemhiányos/hiperaktivitás tünetek és az észlelt stressz kapcsolatában.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: David P. Bernstein's model of personal strengths was born out of the interaction of schema theory and positive psychology. According to Bernstein, the strengths of a healthy adult self can be described along four dimensions: self-directedness, self-regulation, connectedness, and transcendence. Previous research has shown that attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults is associated with higher levels of perceived stress, but the role of personal strengths in this context has not yet been investigated. The aim of our study was to explore the role of Bernstein's strength dimensions in the relationship between adult ADHD symptoms and perceived stress, using a dimensional approach in a non-clinical sample. METHOD: Our online questionnaire, which included the Bernstein Strengths Scale (BSS), the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), and a shortened version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS4), was completed by 100 adults (mean age 38.25 years, standard deviation 5.73 years) after informed consent. RESULTS: In the bivariate analysis, the ASRS showed a significant negative association with the BSS dimensions, with a large effect size for self-regulation and a medium effect size for the other dimensions. On the other hand, the PSS4 scale showed significant negative correlations with all four strength dimensions, with effect sizes large for self-direction and self-regulation and medium for the connection and transcendence dimensions. Personal strengths mediated the relationship between ADHD symptoms and perceived stress. DISCUSSION: Our results suggest that ADHD symptoms may be associated with a deficit in personal strengths, which may contribute to negative outcomes. Psychotherapeutic interventions that support the recognition, cultivation and mobilization of strengths may be useful in the treatment of adults diagnosed with ADHD.

[Looking for borderline personality disorder]. / AA borderline személyiségzavar nyomában.

AIMS: This paper aims to describe Roger Mulder's presentation on borderline personality disorder organized by the 23rd World Congress of Psychiatry, supplemented with relevant research results. METHODS: Mulder presents the diagnostic criteria of borderline personality disorder, its comorbidity, therapeutic considerations and the phenomenon of stigmatization related to the disorder. RESULTS: According to Mulder, the diagnostic criteria of borderline personality disorder are vague and it shows a very high comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders. Mulder draws attention to the fact that it was not possible to identify a borderline factor in previous research because the borderline symptoms disappeared during the analysis in a general ("g") personality disorder factor. According to Mulder, there is no specific psychotherapy that is effective only in borderline personality disorder, and the pharmacological treatment has also not proven to be effective in treating the core symptoms of borderline personality disorder. According to Mulder, the stigma associated with the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder hinders the recognition and treatment of other psychiatric or somatic difficulties of patients. CONCLUSION: according to Mulder, based on modern scientific standards, borderline personality disorder has no place in the classification, however, specialists still insist on the diagnosis.

[Meta-Analytic Review of Studies on the Relationship Between Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Parenting Behaviour: Comparison of Studies Using Self-Report and Observation]. / A felnottkori figyelemhiányos/hiperaktivitás zavar és a szüloi viselkedés összefüggését vizsgáló tanulmányok metaanalízise: a megfigyeléses és az önbeszámolót alkalmazó kutatások összehasonlítása.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects parental functioning which in turn has an impact on the off spring's psychopathology. The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the relationship between parental ADHD symptoms and parental behaviour, focusing on comparative evaluation of studies using self-report and behavioural observation. METHOD: A systematic literature search was conducted in three databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus) resulting 13 studies and 87 effect-sizes (N = 2018) for a metaanalysis. We used random effect model, assessed heterogeneity, and evaluated the possibility of publication bias. We conducted subgroup analyses by method of assessing parental behaviour (self-report/observation), valence of parental behaviour (positive/negative), domain of negative parental behaviour (inconsistent discipline, hostility, corporal punishment), and ADHD symptom clusters (inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, combined). Meta-regression analyses were conducted to explore the eff ect of children's mean age, the ratio of mothers in the parent sample, and the ratio of boys and ADHD diagnosis in the children's sample. RESULTS: The mean effect size of the association of self-reported parental behaviour and ADHD symptoms was small but significant, higher levels of parental ADHD symptoms were related to higher levels of negative and lower levels of positive parental behaviour. The analysis did not suggest a publication bias. The effect was robust across ADHD symptom clusters. Children's mean age, the ratio of mothers in the parent sample, and the ratio of boys and ADHD diagnosis in the children's sample did not have a significant effect. On the other hand, behavioural observation of parental behavior was not related to parental ADHD symptoms. CONCLUSION: Our results underlie the importance of methodology of assessing parental behaviour. Multi-method and multi-informant assessment in parenting research is warranted.

[Attention deficit/hyperactivity symptoms, quality of sleep, and social media use in young adults during the COVID-19 epidemic]. / Figyelemhiányos/hiperaktivitás tünetek, az alvásminoség, és a közösségimédia-használat kapcsolata fi atalokban a COVID-19 járvány idején.

Background/Objective. The COVID-19 pandemic that has started in 2019 has led to an increase in time spent online and has raised awareness of the benefits and risks of social media use. Previous research highlights that it is not intensity (time) but addictive use that is associated with higher levels of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. No such comparative study was found on sleep quality. In our study we investigated the correlation between problematic social media use, quality of sleep and the level of ADHD symptoms among young people, on a non-clinical sample during the third wave of the epidemic. Method. Our online questionnaire, which contained, among others, the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), and the self-report version of the SWAN scale (Strength and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior) was completed by 139 people (mean age 21.37 years, standard deviation 2.68 years, range: 15-27). We also asked about the intensity of social media use. Results. Significant differences were found in the intensity of social media use during online (M=3.12; SD=1.08) versus face-to-face education (M=2.47; SD=0.78) (t(73)=6.01; p<0.001; d=0.70). ADHD symptom levels were not related to the intensity of social media use but showed a signifi cant positive correlation with problematic use (r=0.32; p<0.001). Similarly, the intensity of social media use showed no correlation with the quality of sleep however, problematic use was associated with poorer sleep quality (r=0.27; p=0.002). In our mediator analysis, problematic use was associated with higher levels of ADHD symptoms both directly (c'=-0.61; p=0.02) and indirectly (ab=-0.36; 95% CI: -0.60 - -0.10) through poorer sleep quality (F(1,120)=21.94; p<0.001; R2=0.27). Discussion. Our results support that it is not the intensity rather the problematic use that is an important factor in social media use. Our results suggest that problematic use may lead, not only directly but also through sleep quality to worsening ADHD symptoms.

Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms and parental cognitions: a meta-analysis.

Introduction: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in adults interfere with parental functioning. Dysfunctional parental cognitions may play a role in this impairment. Despite the importance of parental cognitions on parents and children's outcomes, up to now, no systematic review or meta-analysis of these findings is available. To fill this gap, this meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the relationship between adult ADHD symptoms and parental cognitions. Methods: We conducted searches in Web of Science, PubMed, and ProQuest from January 2000 to June 2023. Studies were included if they provided data on the relationship between parental ADHD symptoms and parental cognitions by means of a row correlational coefficient, or means and standard deviation were reported for each study group. A random-effects model was used. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot and Rosenthal's fail-safe N. Moderator analyses were conducted by means of subgroup analysis and meta-regression analyses. Results: Fifteen published papers were included (N = 2851), and 51 effect sizes were analysed. The weighted mean effect size was small but significant (Fisher's Z = 0.186, k = 15, 95% CI [0.120 - 0.252], z = 5.539, p < 0.001), indicating that ADHD symptoms in adults are associated with more negative and less positive parental cognitions. The Fail-Safe N analysis suggested a robust effect. Tweedie's trim and fill results suggested that five studies were missing; after five missing studies had been imputed, the mean overall effect size dropped to 0.116 (0.080 - 0.152). There was significant heterogeneity among effect sizes. The methodology of the study was found to be a significant moderator. Meta-regression analyses revealed that the lower age of the parent and the child were related to more negative parental cognitions. Discussion: Though the analysis might be inflated by publication bias, our results suggest a significant association between ADHD symptom level and dysfunctional parental cognitions. Biased negative perceptions of the parental role, the child and co-parenting may play a central mediator role between parental ADHD and parent and child outcomes. Given the familiar nature of ADHD, targeting dysfunctional parental cognitions in parent training programs is warranted. Systematic review registration: osf.io/pnur7.

[Sexual development in childhood and adolescence].

Sex and gender are essential, inalienable characteristics of the human being permeating the biological, psychological, interpersonal, social, transcendental aspects of our existence. Human sexual development takes place in the context of physical, emotional, cognitive, and social development, beginning at conception and continuing throughout life. It is influenced by biological maturation and complex interactions of psychological, interpersonal, cultural factors and (physical) environmental conditions. Using a developmental-psychopathology approach, we summarise our under standing of the life course-specific features of sexual development, placing them in the broader context of development. We will address gender differences, the development of gender-related concepts, sexual orientation, gender identity, and the development of sexual behaviour at different stages of life. In the field of sexual development and gender, science is often pushed to its limits. It is important that professionals express their opinions and make their decisions with due caution and objectivity.

[The adaptation of The parental reflective functioning questionnaire adolescent version to the Hungarian language and presentation of its psychometric characteristics].

INTRODUCTION: Parental reflective function is the ability of a parent to attribute mental states to their child and to themselves. In the English-speaking world, The Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ; Luyten, Mayes, Nijssens and Fonagy, 2017) is widely used for the measurement of this construct, the adolescent version of which can be used by parents of children aged 12-18. The aim of our research was to adapt the adolescent version of The Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire to Hungarian language and to analyze its factor structure. METHODS: In our cross-sectional, non-clinical study, 240 mothers completed the demographic form, the adolescent version of The Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ-A), and the Reflective Function Questionnaire (RFQ; Fonagy et al, 2016; Unoka et al, in press). RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis did not confirm the original three-factor structure. The principal component analysis resulted in a two-factor structure. Factors corresponded to the original questionnaire's certainty in mental states (Alpha=.81) and interest and curiosity subscales (Alpha=.70). When analyzing the relationship between parental reflective function and reflective function, the subscales of the parental reflective function questionnaire were examined with two types of median coding in addition to polar coding (higher values reflect more favorable reflective function). During the first median coding, the frequency of scores in the middle of the scales reflected optimal mentalization, while the frequency of extreme values on the scales corresponded to less favorable forms of reflective functioning - a category that included different kinds of mentalization deficits. With the second median coding, in addition to the optimal mentalization capacity subscale, hypermentalization and hypomentalization subscales were also created based on the frequency of the values achieved on (respectedly) the lower and the upper parts of the scales. The second median transcoding proved to be the most suitable for capturing the relationship between RFQ and PRFQ-A. CONCLUSION: The questionnaire proved to be a reliable measure on the Hungarian sample. Based on the results of the current study, we recommend using of the additional subscales of hypomentalization, optimal mentalization capacity, and hypermentalization.

[Psychometric properties of the Hungarian version of the Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire].

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire (BIQ) is a rating scale for measuring beha - vioral inhibition which was shown to be a risk factor of internalizing disorders. The scale was designed to measure this temperamental characteristic in both social and situational contexts. The aim of the present study is to describe the psychometric properties of the Hungarian version of the BIQ. METHOD: The back-translation method was used for the adaptation. 473 parents of preschool children (aged between 3 to 7 years) filled out the Hungarian version of the BIQ, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), State- Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and a short demographic form online. The factor structure, internal consistency, con - vergent and divergent validity of the scale was examined in a cross-sectional design. We also analysed the short, 14- item version of the questionnaire. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis supported the theoretical model with six factors. BIQ subscales showed good to very good internal consistencies (Cronbach's alphas ranging from 0,73 to 0,90). No association was found between BIQ scores and the socioeconomic or demographic characteristics. We found significant positive associations between BIQ scores and parent's trait anxiety level (r= 0,152-0,324) and the internalizing subscale of the SDQ (r = 0,345-0,613). Furthermore, significant negative associations were found between the BIQ scores and the prosocial subscale of the SDQ (r=-0,148- -0,337). No association was found between BIQ scores and the externalizing subscale of the SDQ. The short form of the questionnaire also showed a good internal consistency and convergent and divergent validity. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the Hungarian version of the BIQ is a reliable and useful instrument for the assessment of childhood behavioral inhibition.

[The contribution of developmental psychopathology to the better understanding of mental disorders]. / A fejlodési pszichopatológia hozzájárulása a pszichés zavarok jobb megértéséhez.

Developmental psychopathology is a relatively new discipline which aims to synthetize theories and empirical results of multiple disciplines focusing on development or psychopathology developmental psychology, psychopathology, neuroscience, genetics, personality psychology, volutionary psychopathology, etc.), in order to uncover mechanisms responsible for normative development and its alterations (psychopathology). We aim to give an introduction into three main themes of developmental psychopathology: models of evolutionary psychopathology mechanisms of the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors contributing normal and abnormal development, and the age-specific characteristics of mental disorders, as well as their continuities and discontinuities across the lifespan. The perspective of developmental psychopathology adds to our deeper understanding of the aetiology and course of mental disorders, and their recognition and treatment.

[Developmental psychopathology perspective of Social Anxiety Disorder]. / A szociális szorongás zavar a fejlodéspszichopatológia tükrében.

This review aims to present social anxiety disorder from a developmental psychopathological perspective. Evolutionary theories share the view that social anxiety might be adaptive in specific contexts, and suggest several mechanisms of dysfunction (adaptive trade-off , mismatch, individual differences). The aetiology of social anxiety disorder is characterized by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors including gene-environment interactions,correlations and epigenetic mechanisms. Although the main diagnostic criteria of social anxiety disorder are the same throughout the lifespan, developmental characteristics alter its presentation. In children, behavioural symptoms are common. We can view refusal of speech as a specific manifestation of avoidant behaviour related to young age. Therefore, some researchers suggest that selective mutism is an age-specific subtype of the disorder. Even though the majority of researchers agree that behavioural inhibition is an age-specific temperamental risk factor of social anxiety disorder, it might also be viewed as an early, subclinical form of the disorder. In adolescence, as part of the normal development, there is a temporary increase of social anxiety. In this age group, however, there is also an increase in the prevalence of socialanxiety disorder. Adult-onset social anxiety disorder is rare. In adults, social anxiety disorder has to be diff erentiated from avoidant personality disorder. Social anxiety disorder is characterized by strong homotypic continuity, but evidence for a heterotypic continuity is also available,especially with other anxiety disorders and major depression, probably due to shared genetic factors. The developmental psychopathological approach of social anxiety - developmental paths, age-specific characteristics, etc. - may contribute to an early recognition of the disorder and facilitate more effective therapeutic interventions.

[Developmental Psychopathology Perspective of Attention Defi cit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)]. / A figyelemhiányos/hiperaktivitás zavar fejlodéspszichopatológiai szemlélete.

This review aims to give an insight into the developmental psychopathology perspective of attention-defi cit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). According to evolutionary theories, phenotypes associated with ADHD might have been adaptive in the past but became dysfunctional in modern life (mismatch theory). Genome-wide association studies have supported this theory. Multiple developmental pathways lead to ADHD (equifi nality), and risk factors associated with ADHD may lead to different outcomes (multifi nality). Heritability of ADHD is high; however, its aetiology is heterogeneous and multifactorial, including genetic factors, gene-environment interactions and correlations, as well as epigenetic mechanism. Core symptoms of ADHD - inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity - are the same throughout the lifespan, but their presentation, as well as the comorbid profile, show typical age-specific diff erences. ADHD is characterized by strong homotypic continuity, ADHD in children persists in a large proportion into adolescence and adulthood - underlying the importance of lifespan perspective. Heterotypic continuity of ADHD has been described with externalizing and internalizing disorders; research on the different developmental pathways contribute to the recognition and prevention of maladaptive outcomes.

[Quality of life of adolescents with conduct disorder: gender differences and comorbidity with oppositional defiant disorder].

BACKGROUND: Quality of life is the individuals' subjective evaluation of their general well-being, including physical and mental health, social relationships and everyday functionality. The aim of our study was to examine conduct disorder in terms of gender differences in prevalence, and relationship to quality of life domains in the presence or absence of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder. METHODS: Altogether 392 adolescents, aged 13-18 years (M=14.5; SD= 1.37), participated in this study. The members of the clinical group were selected from Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Hospital, Budapest, Hungary with externalizing symptoms in their case history. The control group was selected from public schools in Budapest, Hungary. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Kid was used to diagnose conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder, and parent and adolescent version of the Inventory of Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents (Inventar zur Erfassung der Lebensqualität bei Kindern und Jugendlichen) was used to measure the children's quality of life. RESULTS: In this sample 8.5% of adolescents were diagnosed with conduct disorder, of which 52.9% had a comorbid oppositional defiant diagnosis. Conduct disorder diagnosis was only present in the clinical group, 9 of participants with such diagnosis were male and 24 were female. Girls with conduct disorder evaluated their family life domain (p<0.01) and their global quality of life (p<0.05) lower than the boys. Compared to adolescents without comorbid oppositional defiant disorder diagnosis, adolescents with conduct disorder and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder had significantly worse quality of life in the domain of time spent alone (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Conduct disorder is associated with decreased quality of life. The presence of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder correlates with lower quality of life in several domains. These findings are considerable for the clinical management of these externalizing disorders.

Comorbidity of Physical and Anxiety Symptoms in Adolescent: Functional Impairment, Self-Rated Health and Subjective Well-Being.

Physical disorders and anxiety are frequently comorbid. This study investigates the characteristics of physical disorders, self-rated heath, subjective well-being and anxiety in adolescents. Data were drawn from the Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe cohort study. From 11 countries 11,230 adolescents, aged 14⁻16 years were included. Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), WHO-5 Well-Being Index and five questions prepared for this study to evaluate physical illnesses and self-rated heath were administered. Anxiety levels were significantly higher in adolescents who reported having physical disability (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.40), suffering from chronic illnesses (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.40), impairments associated to health conditions (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.61), or reported poor to very poor self-rated health (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.11). Mediational analyses revealed no direct effect of having a chronic illness/physical disability on subjective well-being, but the indirect effects through higher levels of anxiety were significant. Functional impairment related to health conditions was both directly and indirectly (through higher levels of anxiety) associated with lower well-being. The co-occurrence of anxiety and physical disorders may confer a greater level of disability and lower levels of subjective well-being. Clinicians have to screen anxiety, even in a subthreshold level in patients with choric physical illness or with medically unexplained physical symptoms.

Suicidal Risk, Psychopathology, and Quality of Life in a Clinical Population of Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: According to literature data, psychopathology is associated with both quality of life (QoL) and suicidal risk in adolescents, but the literature does not fully support a direct association between psychopathology and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible mediational role of QoL in the relationship between psychopathology and level of suicidal risk in a clinical sample of adolescents. METHOD: The authors examined a clinical population of 134 adolescents, aged 13-18 years. Suicidal risk-having any current suicidal ideations and/or previous suicide attempt-was assessed by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. QoL was evaluated by the adolescent self-rated versions of "Das Intervertar zur Erfassung der Lebensqualität Kindern und Jugendlichen" (ILK: Measure of Quality of Life for Children and Adolescents) and psychopathology was measured by adolescent self-rated versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). A mediational model, in which QoL mediated the relationship between psychopathology and suicidal risk controlling for gender and age, was tested by means of regression analyses. RESULTS: Gender and age were both associated with suicidal risk. Self-reported QoL significantly mediated the relationships between emotional problems (=1.846; 95% BCa CI: 0.731-2.577), as well as peer problems (=0.883; 95% BCa CI: 0.055-1.561) and suicidal risk: more emotional and peer problems were associated with lower QoL, which in turn was related to higher level of suicidal risk. CONCLUSION: Based on this study, which aims to make further steps in suicidal prevention, our findings suggest that clinicians should routinely screen the QoL of their patients, especially in adolescents with emotional and peer problems. Furthermore, it is important to focus intervention and treatment efforts on improving the QoL of adolescents with emotional and peer problems.

Reading Disability Spectrum: Early and Late Recognition, Subthreshold, and Full Comorbidity.

Several studies have reported high comorbidity for reading disability (RD) and psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the comorbidity of subthreshold and full psychiatric disorders with RD while comparing subgroups based on age of RD recognition (early vs. late). We analyzed data from 130 children with RD and 82 typically developing children aged 7 to 18 years. RD was assessed with the Dyslexia Differential Diagnosis Maastricht-Hungarian Standard Test. Psychiatric diagnoses were based on the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Kid. Chi-square tests were used for group comparisons of the prevalence of subthreshold and full disorders. A higher proportion of children in the RD group were assessed as having internalizing or externalizing disorders. When subthreshold and full diagnoses were considered together, the prevalence of internalizing but not externalizing pathology was higher in the RD group than the control group. The prevalence of internalizing pathology was similar in the early and late RD subgroups, but externalizing pathology was more common in the late RD subgroup. When subthreshold and full diagnoses were considered together, mood disorder and externalizing pathology were more prevalent in the late RD subgroup than the early RD subgroup. This study demonstrated that early recognition of RD may play a role in determining comorbid psychopathology and should therefore be an educational and clinical priority. Clinicians should routinely screen children with RD for comorbid disorders, including subthreshold pathology.

[Cross-Informant Agreement Between Parent-Reported and Adolescent Self-Reported Quality of Life in children with externalising symptoms].

BACKGROUND: It is well-known phenomena both in clinical practice and research, that there is a discrepancy between the parents' and children's report about children's Quality of Life (QoL). The purpose of our research was to examine the differences in self and caregiver's proxy report of child's QoL. We also compared mothers', fathers' and other caregivers' reports of children's QoL. METHODS: Patients with externalizing symptoms in their history, aged 13-18 years were selected from the Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Hospital and Outpatient Clinic. We used the Inventory of Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents (QL), parent and children version to measure the children's QoL. We used F-factor analysis (Principal Component Analysis and direct oblimin rotation) and t-tests for data analysis. RESULTS: Altogether 138 caregiver-child dyads filled the QL. The adolescents mean age was 14.47 years (SD=.40). Seventy-four mothers, 37 fathers and 27 other caregivers were included into our study. The caregivers' ratings were settled sorted into three factors, the adolescents' ratings were settled sorted into two factors. We found significant differences between mothers, fathers and other caregivers' ratings in the following domains of QoL: school, loneliness, peer relations, physical health, mental health and problem/illness. The caregivers evaluated adolescents' QoL more positively then the adolescents did (t=761, df=139, p<0,0001). CONCLUSIONS: The caregivers and their children's reported different domains of QoL as problematic. Therefore, it is important to gain information from several sources about the adolescent's QoL.

Self- and Parent-Rated Quality of Life of a Treatment Naïve Sample of Children With ADHD: The Impact of Age, Gender, Type of ADHD, and Comorbid Psychiatric Conditions According to Both a Categorical and a Dimensional Approach.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the Quality of Life (QoL) of treatment naïve children with ADHD. METHOD: Data from 178 parent-child dyads were analyzed using multiple regression to assess the relationships between QoL, and characteristics of ADHD and comorbid psychopathology. RESULTS: Lower self-reported QoL was associated with female gender, higher age, more symptoms of anxiety and trauma-related disorders in dimensional approach, and with the comorbid diagnoses of trauma-related disorders and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)/conduct disorder (CD) in categorical approach. Lower parent-reported QoL was related to older age and increasing number of symptoms of mood and anxiety disorders on one hand, and any diagnosis of mood and anxiety disorders and ODD/CD on the other. CONCLUSION: Our results draw the attention to the importance of taking into account age, gender, and both self- and parent reports when measuring QoL of children with ADHD and both dimensional and categorical approaches should be used.

Reading Disability and Quality of Life Based on Both Self- and Parent-Reports: Importance of Gender Differences.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate self- and parent-rated quality of life (QoL) in children with a reading disability (RD) and the impact of comorbid psychopathology, with special focus on age and gender differences. Methods: Using the Dyslexia Differential Diagnosis Maastricht-Hungarian standard test, 127 children (aged < 18) were included in the RD group and 81 in the control group. To measure comorbid psychopathology, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was administered. To evaluate the children's QoL self- and parent-rated versions of the Measure of Quality of Life for Children and Adolescents (ILK) were used. Group differences in QoL and psychopathology were assessed using Mann-Whitney U-tests. Moderated mediational models were tested in which comorbid psychopathology mediated the relationship between group membership and self- and parent-rated QoL, which was dependent on gender. Child's age and parents' level of education were included as covariates. Results: The RD group showed lower QoL than the controls in several domains, according to the parent-report, while no differences between the two groups were found, according to self-report. In boys, results revealed conditional and indirect effects of group membership on self- and parent-rated QoL through comorbid psychopathology (-0.046, BCa 95% CI: -0.135 to 0.043 and 0.064, BCa 95% CI: 0.024-0.111, respectively) as well as a conditional direct effect of group membership on parent-reported (-0.098, BCa 95% CI: 0.012-0.184), but not self-rated, QoL. No relationship was found for girls. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of measuring QoL and comorbid psychopathology in children with RDs from more sources and accounting for gender and age differences.