Valorization of poultry slaughterhouse sludge oil: a strategy to reduce Brazil's dependency on soybean oil in the biodiesel industry.

During the poultry industrialization process the so-called sludge oil, a residual chicken fat, is recovered in the wastewater treatment plant and its use presents potential as raw material for biodiesel production. Thus, the aim of the study was to prepare blends of sludge oil with soybean oil to obtain fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) through the homogeneous alkaline transesterification reaction. To perform this study, a simple pre-treatment process - heating and subsequent filtration - was used, allowing sludge oil to be mixed with soybean oil to compose blends, without the need to use more sophisticated pre-treatment processes. After this step, blends ranging from 5% to 90% (m/m) of sludge oil mixed with soybean oil were prepared. The results showed that the molar ratio (1:6 oil blend:methanol), catalyst concentration 0.5% NaOH (mcat/moil), at 65 °C for 60 min yielded FAME above 99.0 and 90.0% (m/m) for blends with up to 5 and 15% sludge oil, respectively. By increasing the temperature to 70 °C, under the same selected parameters, the blend with 10% sludge oil provided yield above 99.0% (m/m), presenting appropriate physicochemical properties, within the parameters required by National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP). These findings show the great potential sludge oil provides to reduce Brazil's dependency on soybean oil for biodiesel production.Highlights Sludge oil, a waste raw material for biodiesel production, is not yet explored in Brazil.A procedure for biodiesel production using soybean oil and sludge oil blends was proposed.The best reaction condition was 1:6 oil blend:MeOH molar ratio; 0.5% NaOH (mcat/moil), at 70 °C for 60 min.Biodiesel yield was higher than 99% (m/m) under optimal reaction conditions.Sludge oil represents a promising waste raw material for biodiesel production.

High performance on the moisture reduction in waste oils by a bentonite-based adsorption process.

In this work, the reduction of the moisture content from waste oils by a bentonite-based adsorption process was investigated as an alternative for reuse in energy production. Waste cooking oil (WCO) and waste poultry fat (WPF) were characterised (moisture and viscosity, values of acidity, saponification, and peroxide), as well as bentonite clay adsorbent. The response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to define the best moisture adsorption condition by bentonite-based adsorbent regarding a full factorial experimental design (FFED). In the framework of RSM, the adsorbent mass, oil acidity, and agitation speed were varied in three levels in the range of 1.5-3.0 g, 1-38 mgKOH goil-1, and 50-150 rpm, respectively, while the adsorption time was fixed in 24 h. Under the best moisture adsorption condition, kinetic tests were performed in a 1-24 h contact time range, besides performing equilibrium adsorption tests at 5 h contact time. Around 90% moisture removal was attained with 1.5 g adsorbent, acidity value of 1 mgKOH goil-1, and 50 rpm agitation speed, achieving the equilibrium in 5 h. A multilayer adsorption process, as described by the BET isotherm model, was acting in dried bentonite clay, allowing getting excellent moisture adsorption capacity (∼200 mgwater gBent-1). Therefore, moisture removal from waste oils by a bentonite clay-based adsorption process has provided results that are suitable and recommendable for economically viable biodiesel production.

Physicochemical Characteristics of Oil Obtained from the Treatment of Poultry Abattoir Effluents and its Potential for Biodiesel Production

ABSTRACT Sludge oil derived from the effluent generated in poultry abattoirs offers a promising biomass for the production of biodiesel. In this work, determination was made of its physicochemical characteristics, including acidity, density at 20ºC, peroxide index, moisture content, and saponification index, together with evaluation of a route for its conversion to biodiesel.

Effects of partial replacement of corn and soybean meal with sunflower cake in pig diets on ham fatty acid composition / Efeitos da substituição parcial de milho e farelo de soja por torta de girassol na dieta de suínos sobre a composição em ácidos graxos do pernil

Forty-eight pigs (24 barrows and 24 gilts), Landrace X Large White with initial liveweight of 22.69 kgwere subjected to four treatments: diets with 0, 5, 10, and 15% of sunflower cake (SFC). No significant(P>0.05) effect of dietary treatment was observed on crude protein (19.6%), total fat (15.3%), ash (0.89%),and moisture (63.9%) contents of ham. Fatty acids in all ham (Biceps femoris, Semimembranosus andSemitendinosus) were significantly influenced by diets. Palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were the mostabundant fatty acids in both diets and pork meat. Linoleic acid (18:2n-6) was the most abundant fattyacid under SFC-based diets. Its levels were also higher in ham of pigs fed SFC diets (T2, T3, and T4 with15.79, 18.66, and 22.85%, respectively) than in that of pig fed the control diet (13.73%). Incorporation of5, 10, and 15% SFC in pig diet markedly decreased the proportion of monounsaturated and saturatedfatty acids and increased polyunsaturated fatty acids in ham (P<0.05).

Quarenta e oito suínos (24 fêmeas e 24 machos), Landrace x Large White com peso vivo inicial de 22.69kg foram submetidos a quatro tratamentos: dietas com 0 , 5, 10 e 15% de torta de girassol (SFC). Nãoforam observados efeitos significativos (P>0.05) nas dietas para os teores de proteína total (19,6%),gordura total (15,3%), cinzas (0,89%) e umidade (63,9%) nos pernis. Os ácidos graxos foramsignificativamente influenciados pelas dietas. Os ácidos palmítico, oléico e linoléico foram os ácidosgraxos mais abundantes tanto nas dietas como no pernil como um todo (Biceps femoris, Semimembranosusand Semitendinosus). Ácido linoléico (18:2n-6) foi o ácido graxo mais abundante nas dietas SFC. Seusníveis também foram maiores em pernis de suínos alimentados com dietas com SFC (T2, T3 e T4 com 15,8,18,7 e 22,9%, respectivamente) em relação aos suínos que se alimentaram com a dieta controle (13,7%).Incorporação de 5, 10, 15% de SFC em dietas de suínos, diminuem a proporção de ácidos graxos saturadose monoinsaturados e aumentam a de poliinsaturados na carne de pernil (P<0,05)