RESUMO
Using food rewards to motivate mice is commonplace in behavioural research. Using a reward which is highly desirable is of benefit, as it can reduce the need to food restrict animals and can encourage higher levels of consumption, allowing for changes in levels of consumption following an intervention to be easily determined. Here, we aimed to determine the preferred milk reward for adult male C57Bl/6 mice. Thirty male C57Bl/6 mice were provided with soya milk, chocolate milk, almond milk or water for a four-hour period in a cross-over design. When planning studies that involve the use of a palatable liquid reward, soya milk is the preferred option for adult male C57BL/6 mice. Providing a liquid reward of high value will give increased levels of consumption, with little or no food restriction required.
Assuntos
Alimentos , Recompensa , Masculino , Camundongos , Animais , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
Rabbits typically undergo at least one painful procedure during their lifetime and appropriate methods of assessment are essential to reduce or alleviate pain. Various methods of assessing pain in rabbits have been investigated, with the validity of spontaneous behavior and grimace scale scoring being the most studied to date. Assessment of pain is challenging, compounded by rabbits being a prey species that display freezing behavior in the presence of unfamiliar caregivers. Here we discuss some key changes in rabbits that can be used in the assessment of pain and provide some practical suggestions to ensure that the assessment can be carried out effectively.
Assuntos
Dor , Coelhos , Animais , Medição da Dor/veterinária , Dor/prevenção & controle , Dor/veterináriaRESUMO
Prevention of pain in rabbits is a priority for both welfare and validity of scientific data. We aimed to determine if the rabbit grimace scale (RbtGS) could be used as a viable, rapid assessment tool in two breeds of rabbit, Dutch belted (DB) and New Zealand white (NZW), following orchidectomy, as an adjunct to behavioral analysis. All animals received analgesia. Rabbits were filmed and their behavior was recorded at multiple time points pre- and post-orchidectomy. Observers then scored specific pain associated behaviors for analysis. Time matched footage was also scored using the rabbit grimace scale (RbtGS). Following surgery, rabbits showed significant increases in the duration spent displaying key pain associated behaviors at 1 and 5 h post-surgery. DB rabbits that received low dose meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) showed significantly more pain behaviors at 1 and 5 h post-surgery compared to those administered a combination of higher dose meloxicam (0.6 mg/kg) and a lidocaine/bupivacaine local infusion. DB rabbits showed an increase in RbtGS score at both 1 and 5 h post-surgery. In the NZW rabbits, an increase in RbtGS score was only observed at 1 h post-surgery. Using behavioral analysis as the gold standard for comparison, the RbtGS was an effective means of determining when rabbits are painful following orchidectomy. Higher dose meloxicam (0.6 mg/kg) combined with local anesthetic was a more effective method of reducing pain, compared to lower dose meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) alone.
Assuntos
Fusobacterium necrophorum/isolamento & purificação , Síndrome de Lemierre/diagnóstico , Clavícula/diagnóstico por imagem , Clavícula/patologia , Transtornos de Deglutição/etiologia , Erros de Diagnóstico , Feminino , Febre/etiologia , Humanos , Síndrome de Lemierre/complicações , Síndrome de Lemierre/tratamento farmacológico , Pulmão/diagnóstico por imagem , Pulmão/patologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Osteomielite/diagnóstico , Faringite/etiologia , Radiografia Torácica , Insuficiência Respiratória/etiologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Adulto JovemAssuntos
Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais/diagnóstico , Hipertensão/etiologia , Diagnóstico Ausente , Miocárdio/patologia , Feocromocitoma/diagnóstico , Edema Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais/complicações , Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais/patologia , Artroplastia do Joelho , Eletrocardiografia , Evolução Fatal , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Feocromocitoma/complicações , Feocromocitoma/patologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Radiografia Torácica , Choque Cardiogênico/etiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Isolation of hospitalized persons under investigation (PUIs) for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reduces nosocomial transmission risk. Efficient evaluation of PUIs is needed to preserve scarce healthcare resources. We describe the development, implementation, and outcomes of an inpatient diagnostic algorithm and clinical decision support system (CDSS) to evaluate PUIs. METHODS: We conducted a pre-post study of CORAL (COvid Risk cALculator), a CDSS that guides frontline clinicians through a risk-stratified COVID-19 diagnostic workup, removes transmission-based precautions when workup is complete and negative, and triages complex cases to infectious diseases (ID) physician review. Before CORAL, ID physicians reviewed all PUI records to guide workup and precautions. After CORAL, frontline clinicians evaluated PUIs directly using CORAL. We compared pre- and post-CORAL frequency of repeated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), time from NAAT result to PUI status discontinuation, total duration of PUI status, and ID physician work hours, using linear and logistic regression, adjusted for COVID-19 incidence. RESULTS: Fewer PUIs underwent repeated testing after an initial negative NAAT after CORAL than before CORAL (54% vs 67%, respectively; adjusted odd ratio, 0.53 [95% confidence interval, .44-.63]; Pâ <â .01). CORAL significantly reduced average time to PUI status discontinuation (adjusted difference [standard error], -7.4 [0.8] hours per patient), total duration of PUI status (-19.5 [1.9] hours per patient), and average ID physician work-hours (-57.4 [2.0] hours per day) (all Pâ <â .01). No patients had a positive NAAT result within 7 days after discontinuation of precautions via CORAL. CONCLUSIONS: CORAL is an efficient and effective CDSS to guide frontline clinicians through the diagnostic evaluation of PUIs and safe discontinuation of precautions.
Assuntos
Antozoários , COVID-19 , Animais , Humanos , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico , Razão de Chances , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Cancer-bearing mice are at risk of developing anxiety, pain, or malaise. These conditions may not only harm welfare but could also undermine data quality and translational validity in studies to develop therapeutic interventions. We aimed to establish whether, or at what point mice developing lung cancer show these symptoms, what measures can best detect their onset, and if data quality and animal welfare can be enhanced by using non-aversive handling (NAH). Welfare was monitored using various daily methods. At the beginning and end of the study, we also scored behaviour for general welfare evaluation, recorded nociceptive thresholds, and applied the mouse grimace scale (MGS). Cancer caused a decline in daily welfare parameters (body weight, and food and water consumption) beginning at around 4 days prior to euthanasia. As cancer progressed, rearing and walking declined to a greater extent in cancer-bearing versus control mice, while grooming, inactive periods, and MGS scores increased. A decline in nest building capability and food consumption provided a particularly effective means of detecting deteriorating welfare. These changes suggested a welfare problem arose as cancer developed, so similar studies would benefit from refinement, with mice being removed from the study at least 4 days earlier. However, the problem of highly varied tumour growth made it difficult to determine this time-point accurately. There were no detectable beneficial effects of NAH on either data quality or in terms of enhanced welfare.
Assuntos
Doenças do Pé/diagnóstico , Fraturas Ósseas/etiologia , Hipofosfatemia/etiologia , Mesenquimoma/diagnóstico , Osteomalacia/diagnóstico , Feminino , Pé/diagnóstico por imagem , Pé/patologia , Doenças do Pé/complicações , Doenças do Pé/patologia , Humanos , Hipocalcemia/etiologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Mesenquimoma/complicações , Mesenquimoma/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osteomalacia/etiologia , Síndromes Paraneoplásicas/diagnóstico , Fosfatos/uso terapêutico , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia ComputadorizadaAssuntos
Dor Abdominal/etiologia , Exantema/etiologia , Neuroborreliose de Lyme/diagnóstico , Administração Intravenosa , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Borrelia , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Ceftriaxona/uso terapêutico , Nervos Cranianos/diagnóstico por imagem , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Humanos , Leucocitose/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Neuroborreliose de Lyme/complicações , Neuroborreliose de Lyme/tratamento farmacológico , Linfoma de Célula do Manto/complicações , Linfoma de Célula do Manto/terapia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Medula Espinal/diagnóstico por imagem , Medula Espinal/patologiaAssuntos
Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico , Dispneia/etiologia , Hipertensão Pulmonar/etiologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Pulmão/patologia , Adenocarcinoma/complicações , Adenocarcinoma/secundário , Idoso , Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Ecocardiografia , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Insuficiência Cardíaca/diagnóstico por imagem , Insuficiência Cardíaca/etiologia , Humanos , Hipertensão Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Pulmão/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Pulmonares/complicações , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada , Microangiopatias TrombóticasAssuntos
Diarreia/etiologia , Meningoencefalite/diagnóstico , Febre do Nilo Ocidental/diagnóstico , Adulto , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Herpes Simples/complicações , Herpesvirus Humano 2 , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/complicações , Nefrite Lúpica/etiologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Meningoencefalite/etiologia , Febre do Nilo Ocidental/etiologia , Vírus do Nilo Ocidental/isolamento & purificaçãoAssuntos
Dispneia/etiologia , Forame Oval Patente/diagnóstico , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/complicações , Insuficiência da Valva Tricúspide/diagnóstico por imagem , Valva Tricúspide/patologia , Adulto , Cateteres de Demora/efeitos adversos , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Ecocardiografia , Feminino , Forame Oval Patente/complicações , Forame Oval Patente/cirurgia , Implante de Prótese de Valva Cardíaca , Humanos , Hipóxia/etiologia , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/tratamento farmacológico , Embolia Pulmonar/etiologia , Tromboembolia/etiologia , Valva Tricúspide/diagnóstico por imagem , Valva Tricúspide/cirurgia , Insuficiência da Valva Tricúspide/complicações , Insuficiência da Valva Tricúspide/cirurgiaRESUMO
Disease is a leading cause of diminished welfare and productivity in pig systems, but its spread among pigs within commercial herds can be limited through early detection. Identifying specific behavioral changes at the onset of disease can have a substantial diagnostic value by improving treatment success through timely intervention. Our study aimed to identify key behaviors that visibly change at the group level when only a few individuals are acutely sick. First, we quantified the behavioral changes seen during an acute health challenge in groups of pigs, using total pen vaccination as an artificial sickness model. Then we investigated the minimum proportion of sick pigs needed to detect group level behavioral changes using three treatments: a control (Con; 0% pigs), low (±20% pigs), or a high (±50% pigs) number of pigs vaccinated in the pens. Total pen vaccination in Trial 1 produced group level behavioral changes, including reduced feeding (P < 0.001), non-nutritive visits to the feeder (P < 0.01), drinking (P < 0.001), standing (P < 0.001), and interaction with pen enrichment (P < 0.001), accompanied by increased lying rates (P < 0.01) and elevated body temperatures (P < 0.001), confirming that vaccination is an appropriate model to study effects of acute sickness. In Trial 2, group level declines in interaction with the enrichment device (P < 0.001) and standing rates (P = 0.064), along with an increase in pen lying rates (P < 0.001), were apparent in the Low treatment when compared to the Con rates, which suggests these key behaviors could serve an important diagnostic value for early disease detection in groups. These changes lasted for up to 3 h post vaccination. In contrast, feeding rates (treatment × time of day: P < 0.01) only showed a decrease from the Con in the High treatment after vaccination, with pen drinking showing a similar trend (treatment: P = 0.07), suggesting that these behaviors would be more appropriate for confirming the spread of disease within a herd. Identifying key behaviors that alert to the presence of disease is critical to further refine automated early warning systems using pen level sensors for commercial pig operations.